Chapter 3 Mental Representations
- The Accidental Blindfold Chess Master
- The Secret To Winning Chess
- Mental Representations
- Recognizing And Responding To Patterns
- Making Sense Of Information
- Finding An Answer
- Planning
- Mental Representations In Learning
- Physical Activities Are Mental Too
閱讀體會(huì)
In this chapter, the author is going to discuss about the question that he left at the end of last chapter: What exactly are we trying to improve about our brains?
He brought us the concept of mental process by citing Alekhine's story, and two small experiments to get to mental representation. The differences between chess masters and novices: Firstly they process and make sense of chess positions. They have built up their organized chunks with hierarchy from years of practice; Secondly, they are capable of judging on every move and also see potential moves; Thirdly, they are able to analyze positions according to the known patterns and manage the game with a much more boarder view.
Mental representation在本書的中文版中譯為心理表征儒飒。心理表征不僅僅只有象棋大師才有，其實(shí)我們每個(gè)人都擁有它檩奠，只不過是在質(zhì)和量上與各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的大師有別桩了，他們?cè)谙嗤那闆r下能做出更快、更準(zhǔn)確的判斷埠戳。他們的刻意練習(xí)是其所在領(lǐng)域的高效的心理表征井誉。刻意練習(xí)越多整胃，心理表征就越豐富颗圣，就越能更好的吸收新的知識(shí)。也就是說，提高水平與改進(jìn)心理表征是相輔相成的在岂。
詞語學(xué)習(xí)
Twenty-six boards, 832 individual pieces, and 1664 individual squares to keep track of -- all without taking notes or having any sort of memory aid -- and yet Alekhine never stumbled.
stumble 此處為不及物動(dòng)詞奔则，字典上它的釋義有很多種，符合文意的是 to speak or act in a hesitant or faltering manner, 即面對(duì)下盲棋的種種障礙和不利蔽午，他從不躊躇
例句：The manager stumbled through his opening speech as if he were afraid of making a mistake.
造句：He stumbled when she asked him to make a choice between her and his mistress.
Chess masters have been playing blindfolded for more than a thousand years, mostly as a way of showing off, although sometimes as a way of handicapping themselves when playing less-skilled opponents.
handicap 最初學(xué)過形容詞handicapped意為殘疾的易茬，這里的handicap及物動(dòng)詞，表示使祠丝。疾呻。。不利写半，讓子岸蜗， to make it difficult for someone to do something that they want or need to do
例句：Each has at least one handicap that, in any other year, would make it impossible for him to win the nomination.
造句：You don't have to handicap yourself as I do hope to have a fair game with you.
這句我一開始以為是說大師們偶爾會(huì)和less-skilled players下棋，后來發(fā)現(xiàn)play的賓語前并沒有介詞aganist叠蝇，所以這里它并不是和誰對(duì)弈的意思璃岳，而是表示扮演
造句：Don't play fool. You know what's going on here.
Alekhine was well on this way toward that goal when the First World War began, an interruption that rekindled his interest in blindfold chess.
rekindle 及物動(dòng)詞，在這里表示他重燃了對(duì)盲棋的興趣悔捶，英文釋義是to make someone have a particular feeling, thought etc again
例句：The trial has rekindled painful memories of the war.
造句：I wish we could rekindle the feeling we used to have.
Over the coming years Alekhine would set the word record twice more -- with twenty-eight games in 1925 and thirty-two games in 1933 -- but he always contended that blindfold chess was little more than a way of bringing attention to the game of chess and, of course, to himself.
contend 同insist, to argue or state that something is true
例句：Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.
造句：Suspects always contend that they are innocent before truths come out.
Before we delve into this, however, let us take a quick detour to examine in more detail the sort of memory that chess experts have for pieces arranged on a chessboard.
delve 不及物動(dòng)詞, to try to find more information about someone or something
例句：We are working on a research that delves deeply into this issue.
造句：To avoid any loose ends, let's keep on delving into this subject.
Gradually, however, as you spend time around dogs and start to understand them, all this information becomes integrated into one holistic concept that is represented by the word dog.
holistic 形容詞 considering a person or thing as a whole, rather than as separate parts铃慷，近義表達(dá)有all-inclusive, rounded, full, complete, general, universal, whole
例句：Finally, the author sums up the holistic concept of human information acceptance behavior, and prospects the research trends.
造句：We can try to delve into the theme in a more holistic way.
