一虏等、The war was actually only a minor part of the American Revolution!
獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)只是美國(guó)革命的一小部分,而非全部。
John Adams wrote to Thomas Jefferson in 1815:The war was no part of the Revolution.It was only an effect and consequence of it.The Revolution was in the minds of the people,from 1760 to 1775,before a drop of blood was drawn at Lexington.
約翰亞當(dāng)斯(二代總統(tǒng))寫信給托馬斯杰弗遜(三代總統(tǒng)):獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與革命無關(guān),只不過是革命的體現(xiàn)和結(jié)果刁笙。革命根植在人們心中,從1760到1775谦趣,在列克星敦的土地還沒灑滿鮮血之前便已存在疲吸。
解讀:戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是政治手段的延續(xù)。美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)只是政治革命到一個(gè)點(diǎn)上之后被引爆的火藥桶而已前鹅。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前摘悴,有思想意識(shí)形態(tài)的改變和政治手段的抗?fàn)帲ㄒ€),在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后嫡纠,有政治制度的改變和對(duì)人們精神物質(zhì)生活的沖擊(余音和波及)烦租。
二延赌、The Revolution actually becomes the begaining of a period,in which?the American nation was really inventing itself.Peoples are turning?away from an assumption that the few are in power and they are saying:“What if we?try putting the many in power?”
美國(guó)革命開啟了一個(gè)新的時(shí)代除盏,是美國(guó)國(guó)家建立的開始。人們打破了少數(shù)人統(tǒng)治的假設(shè)挫以,開始思考者蠕,何不讓人民群眾擁有統(tǒng)治權(quán)?
解讀:關(guān)于美國(guó)革命掐松,有多種說法踱侣,與本說法相反的一種認(rèn)為,美國(guó)革命根本就不叫革命大磺,只是從遙遠(yuǎn)政府換了一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)卣崖站洹jP(guān)于統(tǒng)治,可以分為one,few,many三種杠愧,獨(dú)裁者待榔,寡頭政治,和民主政治,有些政治哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為锐锣,三種制度不分好壞腌闯,如寫出《君主論》的馬基雅維利,有的認(rèn)為雕憔,民主政治根本就不可能姿骏,因?yàn)槊癖娛菢I(yè)余的,而政治家是專業(yè)的斤彼,應(yīng)該有專業(yè)的人做專業(yè)的事分瘦,如柏拉圖《理想國(guó)》中的蘇格拉底。不過今天琉苇,我們更加接受約翰·洛克的《政府論》中的民主觀念擅腰,這一觀念也是影響美國(guó)革命思想的一個(gè)重大源泉。
三翁潘、At that time,each individual colonies were realy like little?independent nation-state colonies.They were not united in any sense of the?term.There was not any traditon of colonies being able to communicate between?each other.It was actually in some ways easier to communicate with the mother?country.The united nation was not the goal but the outcome.Many people at that time thought it was a big surprise.
當(dāng)時(shí)趁冈,每個(gè)殖民地都像個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,并非一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的整體拜马。他們彼此之間并沒有相互溝通的傳統(tǒng)渗勘。實(shí)際上,從某種程度上講俩莽,它們和母國(guó)的關(guān)系更為緊密旺坠。美國(guó)的建立并非是他們的最初目標(biāo),而是結(jié)果扮超。當(dāng)時(shí)許多人認(rèn)為取刃,美國(guó)的建立只是一個(gè)意外。
解讀:與很多人的想象大不相同出刷,殖民地之間的關(guān)系反而沒有與母邦親密督暂。當(dāng)時(shí)的北美殖民者都認(rèn)可自己是英國(guó)人蓬衡,對(duì)大英帝國(guó)有著極強(qiáng)的歸屬感。因此,也就不意外為什么當(dāng)時(shí)很多人認(rèn)為獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不可能成功了溶浴。
四友扰、Readings for the course(閱讀材料)
Gordon Wood:Radicalism of the American Revolution(美國(guó)獨(dú)立革命中的激進(jìn)主義)
Robert Gross:The Minutemen and Their World(民兵和他們的世界)
Bernard Bailyn:Faces of Revolution(革命中的人物)
Ray Raphael:A People's History of the American Revolution(美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的民族歷史)
Thomas Paine:Common Sense(常識(shí))
Alexander Hamilton,James Madison,John Jay:Essays from the Federalist(聯(lián)邦黨人文集)
Thomas Jefferson:Declaration of Independence(獨(dú)立宣言)
Major Problem in the Era of the American Revolution(美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)年代的主要問題)
五栖雾、Freeman's Top Five Tips for Studying the American Revolution(弗里曼教授關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的五大建議)
1 Avoid the dreaded Revolutionary War fact bubble.
不要把美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)看成一個(gè)事實(shí)的泡沫
獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不僅僅只是事實(shí)的堆砌赡艰,事件、日期矢炼、名字系瓢,事實(shí)并不那么重要,重要的是其中的思考句灌。
2 Think about the meaning of words
思考詞語(yǔ)的含義
那些現(xiàn)在看起來意義明顯的詞語(yǔ)夷陋,在1776或1787年,意思完全不同
For example:
Democracy:It signaled a kind of goverment in which every single paticipated personally,not a goverment based on representation.
民主:暗示著有一個(gè)政府,每一個(gè)人都可以參與肌稻,而非由代表參政清蚀。
Alexander Hamilton:Our real disease is democracy.
亞歷山大·漢密爾頓:民主是一種疾病。
Thomas Jefferson:Actually,democracy is pretty impractical.
托馬斯·杰弗遜:實(shí)際上爹谭,民主根本就不現(xiàn)實(shí)枷邪。
3 Founders were people
國(guó)父?jìng)円彩侨恕?/p>
Do not assume that they were these all-knowing? demigods.These are people who are scared.These are people who make dumb mistakes on occasion.They are figuring it out as they go.They are really in the dark.
不要把他們當(dāng)成什么都知道的半仙。他們會(huì)恐懼诺凡,也會(huì)犯一些低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤东揣。他們摸索著前行。他們也不知未來如何腹泌。
American were the British
美國(guó)人當(dāng)時(shí)就是英國(guó)人
在當(dāng)時(shí)人看來嘶卧,這不是美國(guó)人和英國(guó)人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),而是一場(chǎng)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)凉袱,是自己人打自己人芥吟,是英國(guó)人(美國(guó)人)爭(zhēng)取自己作為英國(guó)人的權(quán)利的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
British's pollicies made sense to them
英國(guó)人的政策對(duì)英國(guó)人是合理的专甩,只是對(duì)美國(guó)殖民地的人不合理
4 We are not just talking about Founders,they are not the only ones who mattered
我們并非只是討論國(guó)父?jìng)冎油遥@并非是個(gè)只屬于他們的故事
The Revolution was a popular uprising by vast numbers of colonists fought on American ground by Americans of all kinds.It is a popular revolution,grounded on the ideas and actions of people,throughout many different levels of society.
革命是成千上萬的殖民地人奮起反抗涤躲,各行各業(yè)的人在美國(guó)土地上的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)棺耍。這是人民的革命,有著人民的理念和行動(dòng)种樱,橫跨社會(huì)各個(gè)階層蒙袍。
5 Remember contingency
記住事件的偶然性
People at that time didn't know what was going to happen.There are no predetermined outcomes.Anything can happen.
當(dāng)時(shí)的人們不知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。萬事沒有一個(gè)固定的結(jié)局嫩挤。一切皆有可能害幅。
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)必然會(huì)發(fā)生?革命必然會(huì)勝利俐镐?殖民地必然聯(lián)合成美國(guó)矫限?這只是我們后人們所給的“必然”。在當(dāng)時(shí)佩抹,有很多時(shí)候事情可以不這樣發(fā)展。