When nudge comes to shove
文章標題來源文美國俚語when?push?comes?to?shove
(idiomatic)When the?pressure?is on; when the situation is?critical?or?urgent; when the time has come for?action, even if it is difficult.
He is not a particularly talented builder, but?when push comes to shove, he can usually get the job done.
nudge指“用手肘輕推某人露筒，以引起某人注意”的意思滋迈。在文章當中指的是英國的這個項目的名字，通過閱讀全文了解這個項目的操作方法，覺得這個名字起得真的是很形象匈睁。
But they attended schools where few pupils?progressed?to university at age 18, and those that did were likely to go to their nearest one.?
progress 熟詞生用，我覺得翻譯成“升入大學”比較合適洽议，因為progress當中含有“過程中人的能力的提升”之意低匙。
[VERB]To progress means to move over a period of time to a stronger, more advanced, or more desirable state.
He will visit once a fortnight to see how his new staff are progressing...
Were you surprised that his disease progressed so quickly?...
[V to n]He started only five years ago, sketching first and then progressing to painting.
?That suggested the schools were poor at nurturing aspiration.?
搭配：nuture aspiration
aspiration，了解一個名詞至少要學習以下幾方面：
名詞本身含義避消，可數(shù)與否
Someone’s aspirations are their desire to achieve things.
??與名詞搭配的動詞
VERB + ASPIRATION have|achieve, fulfil/fulfill, meet, realize, satisfy a political party that realizes the~s of the people
??搭配的形容詞
ADJECTIVE high, lofty He has high~sand wants to improve his qualifications.|human, personal, social|career,professional|political, presidential|academic, artistic, cultural, educational, literary|democratic, national
??搭配的介詞
PREPOSITION~for an~for personal power|~to the country's~s to independence|~towards/toward~s towards/toward starting his own business
??與同義詞的區(qū)別
And the approach was less heavy-handed than imposing quotas for poorer pupils, an option previous governments had considered.
heavy-handed
1[ADJ-GRADED (disapproval)]If you say that someone's behaviour isheavy-handed, you mean that they are too forceful or too rough.
//...heavy-handed police tactics...
The demonstration had been dealt with in a violent and heavy handed way...
You can't be heavy handed. You have to make people aware that you understand their concerns.
2[ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ with n]If someone isheavy-handedwithsomething, they use too much of it or use it in a clumsy way.
It all depends on how heavy-handed you are with the paprika...
In fact she tends to be a little heavy-handed when she wears make-up.
學習搭配：impose quotas for
VERB + QUOTA allocate (esp. BrE), establish, impose, introduce?(esp. BrE), set|increase|reduce|fill, fulfil/fulfill, meet, reach We had to increase our output to fill the~by the end of the year.|exceed Many countries are still exceeding their~s.
The trial was run by? the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), a company spun out of the British? government in 2014 and which remains in part publicly owned.
spin out
[PHRASAL VERB]If you spin something out, you make it last longer than it normally would.
[V n P]My wife's solicitor was anxious to spin things out for as long as possible...
[V P n (not pron)]The Government will try to spin out the conference into next autumn.
Others warned that governments were straying perilously close to mass manipulation.
stray[stre?]
strays, straying, strayed
1[VERB]If someone strays somewhere, they wander away from where they are supposed to be.
[V prep/adv]Tourists often get lost and stray into dangerous areas...
[V prep/adv]Crews stray outside to film the view from the pavement...
A railway line crosses the park so children must not be allowed to stray.
perilously?
/?per?l?sli, ?per?l?sli/ BrE? AmE? adverb literary or formal
in a way that is dangerous and likely to result in something bad soon SYN dangerously:
Karpov, the champion, came perilously close to losing.
By and large those doubts have been allayed. Even if? specific results turn out to be mistaken, an experimental, iterative, data-driven approach to policymaking is gaining ground in many? places, not just in dedicated units, but? throughout government.
allay [?le?]
allays, allaying, allayed
[VERB]If you allay someone's fears or doubts, you stop them feeling afraid or doubtful.
[V n]He did what he could to allay his wife's myriad fears.
iterative
adjective
relating to or involving iteration, especially of a mathematical or computational process
重復(fù)的低滩，反反復(fù)復(fù)的
(Linguistics)denoting a grammatical rule that can be applied repeatedly
(語言學)（語法規(guī)則）反復(fù)的，多次的
(Grammar). another term for frequentative
(語法)岩喷。 同 frequentative
dedicated [ded?ke?t?d]
1[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n]You use dedicated to describe someone who enjoys a particular activity very much and spends a lot of time doing it.
Her great-grandfather had clearly been a dedicated and stoical traveller.
//...dedicated followers of classical music.
2[ADJ: oft ADJ to n]You use dedicated to describe something that is made, built, or designed for one particular purpose or thing.
Such areas should also be served by dedicated cycle routes.
//...the world's first museum dedicated to ecology.
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky described the mental short-cuts and biases that influence decision-making.
short cut
short cuts
Also:short-cut, shortcut
1[N-COUNT]A short cutis a quicker way of getting somewhere than the usual route.
I tried to take a short cut and got lost.
2[N-COUNT: oft N to n]A short cut is a method of achieving something more quickly or more easily than if you use the usual methods.
Fame can be a shortcut to love and money...
There is no short cut from dictatorship to democracy.
But governments’ use of psychological insights to achieve policy goals was occasional and unsystematic.
un?sys?tem?at?ic/??n?s?st??m?t?k/adj.
not organized into a clear system無系統(tǒng)的恕沫；紊亂的；雜亂無章的
The book attacked the assumption of rational decision-making inherent in most economic models and showed how “choice architecture”, or context, could be changed to “nudge” people to make better choices.
inherent?
[?nher?nt, -h??r-]
[ADJ: usu ADJ n] The inherent qualities of something are the necessary and natural parts of it.
Stress is an inherent part of dieting.
//...the dangers inherent in an outbreak of war.
architecture [ɑ:(r)k?tekt??(r)]
architectures
[N-UNCOUNT: also N in pl, N of n]The architecture of something is its structure.[FORMAL]
//...the crumbling intellectual architecture of modern society.
//...the architecture of muscle fibres.
Not all these schemes involve a dedicated nudge unit. Many draw on initiatives that predate BIT. But all use similar insights from behavioural psychology to design and test policy tweaks. These are summed up in EAST, a mnemonic devised by BIT: in order to change behaviour, make good choices easy, attractive, social and timely.
predate [pri:de?t]
predates, predating, predated
[VERB]If you say that one thing predated another, you mean that the first thing happened or existed some time before the second thing.
[V n]His troubles predated the recession...
[V n]The monument predates the arrival of the druids in Britain.
tweak [twi:k]
tweaks, tweaking, tweaked
1[VERB]If yout weak something, especially part of someone's body, you hold it between your finger and thumb and twist it or pull it.
[V n]He tweaked Guy's ear roughly...
[V n]`A handsome offer', she replied, tweaking his cheek.
2[VERB]If you tweak something such as a system or a design, you improve it by making a slight change.[INFORMAL]
[V n]He expects the system to get even better as the engineers tweak its performance.
[N-COUNT]Tweak is also a noun.
Regular readers may notice a few changes in this issue - nothing too radical, just a tweak here and there.
mnemonic [n?m?n?k]
mnemonics
[N-COUNT: oft N n]A mnemonic is a word, short poem, or sentence that is intended to help you remember things such as scientific rules or spelling rules. For example, `i before e, except after c' is a mnemonic to help people remember how to spell words like `believe' and `receive'.幫助記憶的詞句（或詩歌等）纱意；助記符號
Like many mnemonic devices these depend for effect upon their bizarreness.
In 2014 Hamad Medical Corporation, a health-care provider in Qatar, raised?take-up?rates for diabetes?screening?by offering it during?Ramadan.
take-up
[N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp, oft N of n]Take-up is the rate at which people apply for or buy something which is offered, for example financial help from the government or shares in a company.[mainly BRIT]
//...a major campaign to increase the take-up of welfare benefits.
screen:
To screen for a disease means to examine people to make sure that they do not have it.
[V for n]//...a quick saliva test that would screen for people at risk of tooth decay. [Also V n]
Derived word:screening
[N-VAR] [usu N for n]Britain has an enviable record on breast screening for cancer.
Many of the early critics of nudge techniques regarded them as?infantilising, or even a type of government mind control.
infantilize
in|fant|il|ize /?n?fant?l??z/
(also infantilise)
VERB[with object]Treat (someone) as a child or in a way which denies their maturity in age or experience.
Laws in some American states that have suppressed black people’s votes, such as those passed by North Carolina in 2013, look remarkably like?nefarious?nudges, from limiting the types of IDs that can be used for registration to banning out-of-precinct?voting.
Nefarious
[n?fe?ri?s]
[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n]If you describe an activity as nefarious, you mean that it is wicked and immoral.[LITERARY]
Why make a whole village prisoner if it was not to some nefarious purpose?
precinct
/?pri:s??kt/ noun
1 (BrE) a commercial area in a town where cars cannot go 步行商業(yè)區(qū)
a pedestrian/ shopping precinct
步行╱購物區(qū)
2 (NAmE) one of the parts into which a town or city is divided in order to organize elections 選區(qū)
3 (NAmE) a part of a city that has its own police station; the police station in this area 警區(qū)婶溯；分區(qū)警察局；派出所
Detective Hennessy of the 44th precinct
第44 警區(qū)的亨尼西警探
The murder occurred just a block from the precinct.
謀殺案就發(fā)生在和警察分局相隔一條街的地方偷霉。
4 [usually pl.] the area around a place or a building, sometimes surrounded by a wall （建筑物等的）外圍迄委，圍墻內(nèi)區(qū)域
the cathedral/ college precincts
大教堂╱學院周圍
within the precincts of the castle
在城堡的圍墻內(nèi)
