倉促的結(jié)論
倉促的下結(jié)論，有時候是因為無知，有時候是因為片面
文中給出了避免倉促下結(jié)論的方法有三點轿衔，
第一是下結(jié)論的時候先問下自己有沒有把所有的重要情況考慮到
第二是如果有幾種情況無法確定，那么就分情況給出結(jié)論
第三是，如果不知道會得出什么結(jié)論屑咳，那么先嘗試作出一個自己的結(jié)論不要怕錯
倉促的下結(jié)論就是片面的考慮問題，武斷的得出結(jié)論弊琴，認(rèn)為自己的就是好的
我們生活中又是不是會經(jīng)常倉促下結(jié)論呢兆龙？
A hasty conclusion is a premature judgment – that is, one drawn before sufficient evidence is obtained. Exactly what constitutes sufficient evidence varies from case to case. In general, we may say the evidence is clearly insufficient when there are two or more possible conclusions and the evidence does not clearly favor any one of them.
倉促的結(jié)論是不成熟的判斷 - 也就是說一個人在得到充分的證據(jù)之前得出結(jié)論。確切地說敲董，構(gòu)成充分證據(jù)的因素因案例而異紫皇。一般來說，當(dāng)有兩個或兩個以上的可能結(jié)論時腋寨，而且證據(jù)并不明顯支持其中的任何一個聪铺，證據(jù)顯然是不夠充分的。
For example, consider a conclusion some people accept quite readily: "The average American college student is in college to have a good time."Most who accept this probably arrive at their position from a mixture of the stereotype of the carefree, fun-loving college student and some acquaintance with a few college students. They may know a neighbor who failed out of a couple of colleges, have heard stories about wild irresponsibility among other young people, and believe their own sons or daughters pay too little attention to their studies.
例如萄窜，考慮一些人很容易接受的結(jié)論：“?普通的美國大學(xué)生在大學(xué)里度過了一段美好的時光铃剔。?”大多數(shù)接受這種觀點的人可能會從無憂無慮锣杂，愛好娛樂的刻板印象中混合出來總結(jié)的大學(xué)生和一些大學(xué)生的共性。他們可能認(rèn)識一個在幾個學(xué)院都失敗的鄰居番宁，聽說過其他年輕人中瘋狂的不負(fù)責(zé)任的故事元莫，并認(rèn)為自己的兒子或女兒對學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)注太少。
Is that enough evidence to support the conclusion? Hardly. The judgment may not even fit the known students. The neighbor may have been enrolled in programs beyond his capacity and failed despite arduous effort. The stories about the other students may be inaccurate or oversimplified. And the people's own children may be more conscientious than they appear to be. Yet even if the judgment fits all those individuals, that does not prove that their behavior is typical of the"average American college student."
是否有足夠的證據(jù)支持這一結(jié)論蝶押？幾乎不踱蠢。這個判斷甚至可能不適合已知的學(xué)生。鄰居可能已經(jīng)參加了超出他的能力的項目棋电，并且盡管付出了艱辛的努力也失敗了茎截。有關(guān)其他學(xué)生的故事可能不準(zhǔn)確或過于簡單。人民自己的孩子可能比他們看起來更認(rèn)真赶盔。然而企锌，即使這些判斷適合所有這些學(xué)生，但這也并不能證明他們的行為是“普通美國大學(xué)生”的典型表現(xiàn)于未。
The close study of a wider sampling of college students would undoubtedly reveal that for many, perhaps a majority, there is no single motivation for being in college. Rather,?there are several motivations – for example, some degree of interest in their particular field of study, a hope for the added career security that a degree traditional brings, the desire to please their parents, and the hope of meeting other young people with similar interests. In such cases, where the motivation to have a good time exists – and it is entirely normal for it to exist – having a good time is usually only a part of the overall motivation.
對大學(xué)生進行更廣泛抽樣的深入研究無疑會揭示撕攒，對于許多人，也許是大多數(shù)人來說烘浦，大學(xué)里沒有單一的動機抖坪。相反，有?幾個?動機 - 例如闷叉，他們對特定研究領(lǐng)域的某種程度的興趣擦俐，傳統(tǒng)學(xué)位帶來的更多職業(yè)安全的希望，取悅父母的愿望以及與其他有類似興趣的年輕人會面的希望握侧。在這種情況下蚯瞧，如果存在一段美好時光的動機 - 而且存在這種情況完全是正常的 - 享受美好時光通常只是整體動機的一部分。
WEIGHING BOTH SIDES
衡量兩邊
Another example of a quite common hasty conclusion is this one: "The overall effect of technology has been dehumanize people."Many arrive at this conclusion after reading an article or two lamenting the decline of craftsmanship or the rising rate of crime in cities. There is a wide array of additional evidence that can be used to attack technology – from the character of many of the tasks workers are expected to perform to the development of sprawling suburbs, the emphasis on objects rather than human relationships, the increase in personal mobility, and the resulting erosion of family life and the values traditionally taught by the family.
另一個相當(dāng)普遍的草率結(jié)論的例子是這樣的：“?技術(shù)的整體效應(yīng)已經(jīng)使人們失去人性品擎。?”許多人在閱讀了一篇文章或兩篇文章在感嘆工藝技術(shù)的衰落或城市犯罪率上升之后就得出這個結(jié)論埋合。有許多可用于攻擊技術(shù)的額外證據(jù) - 從工作人員計劃將執(zhí)行的許多工作的特點來看，這些工作將發(fā)展到郊區(qū)孽查，強調(diào)對象是物體而不是人際關(guān)系饥悴，增加了個人的能動性，以及由此導(dǎo)致的家庭生活的受損和家庭傳統(tǒng)教導(dǎo)的價值的受損盲再。
However, even this impressive evidence would not be sufficient to support the conclusion. Any judgment about the "net or overall effect" demands a weighing of both sides, the plus and the minus. Specifically what is needed, then, is the other side of the issue – the favorable effects of technological advance. 然而西设，即使這個令人印象深刻的證據(jù)也不足以支持這一結(jié)論。任何關(guān)于“凈效應(yīng)”或“總效應(yīng)”的判斷都要求衡量雙方的增加或減少答朋。具體而言贷揽，需要的是該問題的另一方面 - 技術(shù)進步的有利影響。
If we were to look for such balancing effects, we'd find that technology has decreased the burden of extreme physical labor for millions of people. It has cut the fourteen- to?sixteen-hour?workday in half and given people time to invest in the?finer?human pursuits. It has given us electric lights and central heating and the means to travel long distances quickly and comfortably. It has conquered?plague?and famine. Any judgment of technology that does not weigh these and other advantages against the shortcomings is unfair and shallow.
如果我們要尋找這種平衡效應(yīng)梦碗，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)技術(shù)已經(jīng)減輕了數(shù)百萬人體力勞動的負(fù)擔(dān)禽绪。它將工作時間從16個半小時減少到了14個小時蓖救，讓人們有時間投入更精細(xì)的人類追求。它為我們提供了電燈和中央供暖系統(tǒng)印屁，以及快速循捺，舒適地遠(yuǎn)距離旅行的方式。它征服了瘟疫和饑荒雄人。對技術(shù)的任何判斷如果不能衡量這些缺點和與之對應(yīng)的優(yōu)點从橘，這是不公平和淺薄的。
Hasty conclusions are not just an affliction of the uneducated. They are also found among the highly educated – even among serious scholars. The reason is that hasty conclusions are a consequence of the human condition. In other words, they are made possible by our own natural tendencies and the peculiarities of certain normal situations.
匆忙的結(jié)論不僅僅是未受過教育的人的痛苦础钠。他們也是受過高等教育的人 - 即使是在嚴(yán)肅的學(xué)者中也是如此恰力。原因是倉促的結(jié)論是人類狀況的后果。換句話說旗吁，它們是由我們自己的自然傾向和某些正常情感情況的特性而形成的一種可能踩萎。
CAUSES OF HASTY CONCLUSIONS
倉促下結(jié)論的原因
Some people's major concern in thinking is convenience. They are afraid of arduous analysis and rattled by complexity. As a result, they will leap at the first conclusion that occurs to them. They may hear someone saying energy shortages are artificial, manufactured by the oil companies and corrupt government officials. And so they will accept that conclusion uncritically. After repeating it a few times, they harden it into an article of faith.
有些人主要關(guān)心的是方便。他們害怕艱難的分析和復(fù)雜性很钓。因此香府，他們會跳出對他們發(fā)生的第一個結(jié)論。他們可能會聽到有人說能源短缺是人為的履怯，由石油公司和腐敗的政府官員造成的回还。所以他們會毫不含糊地接受這個結(jié)論裆泳。經(jīng)過幾次重復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)述之后叹洲，它們變成了一篇真實的文章」ず蹋【所謂的三人成虎吧】
Compounding this tendency is the desire to sound authoritative. Feeling some insecurity and wanting to compensate for it, or wanting to make their conversation livelier, many people have the habit of escalating every statement to a higher level of generalization. "A teenager was behaving very boisterously in the supermarket yesterday" becomes "Today's teenagers are very boisterous." "Mr. Easel, the art teacher at the local high school, gave my son an unfairly low grade" becomes "Teachers aren't fair in their grading." In a thousand different ways, "one" becomes"many" or "all," and "once" becomes"often" or "always."
多元化這種趨勢是權(quán)威性的愿望运提。感覺到一些不安全感并想要補償它，或者想要讓他們的談話更加活躍闻葵，許多人都有將每一個陳述升級到更高層次的概念的習(xí)慣民泵。 “一個十幾歲的孩子昨天在超市里表現(xiàn)得非常熱情”變成“今天的青少年非常熱鬧”。 “當(dāng)?shù)馗咧忻佬g(shù)老師艾瑟爾先生給我兒子一個不公平的低分?jǐn)?shù)”變成“老師對他們的評分不公平”槽畔。千種不同的方式栈妆，“一個”變成“許多”或“全部”，還有“一次”變成“經(jīng)诚峋”或“總是”鳞尔。
Even people who have managed to get beyond convenience-thinking to greater intellectual maturity can not escape another normal tendency – the tendency to prefer, in certain matters, one idea over all others. People may be fully conscious of this tendency, even as it is exerting its pull on their thinking. Or they may be completely unaware of it. In the latter case, of course, they are more likely to be affected by it. But either way its attraction is powerful.
即使那些設(shè)法超越便利思考的人，為了智力成熟度的提高早直，也無法擺脫另一種正常的傾向 - 在某些事情上傾向于所有其他人的傾向寥假。人們可能完全意識到這種傾向，即使它正在對自己的想法施加壓力霞扬「馊停或者他們可能完全不了解它枫振。當(dāng)然，在后一種情況下萤彩，它們更可能受其影響粪滤。但無論如何它的吸引力是強大的。
Many movie magazine and romance magazine readers fall prey to this tendency. They stand ready to embrace any report, however farfetched, of scandalous behavior among celebrities. They accept as gospel the most incredible fictions, like "I was Attacked by a Creature from Another Galaxy." Undoubtedly, many of the conclusions they eagerly accept reinforce their own deep desires and fantasies. Almost certainly, their conclusions support their view of life and human nature.
許多電影雜志和浪漫雜志讀者都成為這種傾向的犧牲品雀扶。他們隨時準(zhǔn)備接受任何報道额衙，無論這些報道如何牽扯到名人之間的令人反感的行為。他們接受福音書為最難以置信的小說怕吴，如“我被另一個銀河的生物攻擊”窍侧。毫無疑問，他們熱切接受的許多結(jié)論強化了他們自己的深度愿望和幻想转绷。幾乎可以肯定伟件，他們的結(jié)論支持他們對生命和人性的看法∫榫【現(xiàn)如今的知識爆炸知識訂閱都是這樣】
Here's how ones preferences can influence one's judgment. Two businessmen have just concluded an extended conference and are having a late dinner in a crowded restaurant. Across the room, they notice an acquaintance dining with a woman. They realize she is not the man's wife. The first businessman has had several illicit affairs himself and assumes other people behave similarly. He is also erotically stimulated by the idea that the couple are cheating on their mates.He concludes that they are.
以下是人們的偏好如何影響人們的判斷斧账。兩位商人剛剛結(jié)束了一次擴大的會議，并在擁擠的餐廳吃晚飯煞肾。整個房間里咧织，他們注意到一個熟人和一個女人在一起吃飯。他們意識到她不是男人的妻子籍救。第一個商人本人有風(fēng)流韻事习绢，他就假定其他人的行為類似。他被這對夫妻在欺騙他們各自的伴侶的想法激怒了蝙昙。他得出的結(jié)論說他們是偷情闪萄。
The second businessman likes to think well of people. He is also very disturbed by the thought of any thought of any kind of dishonesty, including martial infidelity. He concludes the couple are innocent of any wrongdoing.
第二個商人喜歡往好處思考人。他也對任何一種不誠實的想法奇颠，包括對婚姻不忠行為的想法也感到非常不安败去。他總結(jié)這對夫婦是無辜的沒有做任何不法行為。
Which conclusion is reasonable? Neither. In the absence of additional evidence, both are hasty conclusions. It may be that the couple are having an affair. Or it may not.(there could be any number of other explanations for their being together.) So the only reasonable reaction is not to draw any conclusion at that time.
哪個結(jié)論是合理的烈拒？都不是圆裕。在沒有其他證據(jù)的情況下，兩者都是草率的結(jié)論荆几。這可能是夫妻倆有私情吓妆。或者它可能不會伴郁。（對于他們在一起可以有任何其他的解釋）耿战。因此，唯一合理的反應(yīng)是當(dāng)時不會得出任何結(jié)論焊傅。
THE UNPREDICTABLE ELEMENT
不可預(yù)知的要素
The other major cause of hasty conclusions – the peculiarities of certain situations – is largely unpredictable. Therefore, it can trap even the most careful thinker. Examples occur in every field of thought and work. One good example is the problem facing drug manufacturers. Every new drug must be thoroughly tested and proved safe for people to take before it can be released on the market. But testing is expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, competition with other firms in the industry encourages speedy research. For these reasons it is tempting to judge a drug prematurely.
倉促結(jié)論的另一個主要原因 - 某些情況的特殊性 - 在很大程度上是不可預(yù)測的剂陡。因此狈涮，即使是最謹(jǐn)慎的思想家也會陷入困境。例子出現(xiàn)在每個領(lǐng)域的思想和工作中鸭栖。一個很好的例子是藥物制造商面臨的問題歌馍。每一種新藥都必須經(jīng)過徹底的測試，并且在人們可以在市場上銷售之前證明是安全的晕鹊。但是測試是昂貴和耗時的松却。此外，與該行業(yè)其他公司的競爭鼓勵了快速研究溅话。由于這些原因晓锻，很容易過早地判斷藥物。
In the 1960s the most tragic example of this tendency was the drug thalidomide, which was branded safe and sold to thousands of pregnant women around the world. Only when hundreds of babies were born deformed, some grotesquely so, was the harm of the drug recognized. In the 1970s the "safe" drug Innovar began to be used as an anesthetic. A number of people now appear to have suffered extensive paralysis and brain damage from it.
在1960年代飞几，這種趨勢最悲慘的例子就是沙利度胺砚哆，該品牌是安全的，并銷售給世界各地成千上萬的孕婦屑墨。只有當(dāng)數(shù)百個嬰兒出生畸形時躁锁，有些奇怪的是，藥物的危害才得到確認(rèn)卵史。在20世紀(jì)70年代战转，“安全”藥物Innovar開始被用作麻醉劑。現(xiàn)在很多人似乎都遭受了廣泛的癱瘓和腦損傷以躯。
How much testing of drugs is enough? It is a difficult question. A drug called Intal has been effective in controlling the symptoms of asthma. A powder, it is sprayed into the bronchial passages. It desensitizes these passages so that they no longer constrict when allergens (pollen, for instance) are inhaled. During the early testing of this drug, one group of monkeys developed kidney lesions after being administered the drug. Was the reaction coincidental to the use of the drug, or did the drug cause the lesions? More testing was done, but the kidney lesions did not occur, so the conclusion was drawn that the lesions in the early testing had probably been coincidental.
多少藥物測試就夠了槐秧？這是一個困難的問題。一種名為Intal的藥物可有效控制哮喘癥狀寸潦。粉末色鸳，它被噴射到支氣管通道。它使這些段落不敏感见转，以便當(dāng)過敏源（例如花粉）被吸入時不再收縮。在這種藥物的早期檢測過程中蒜哀，一組猴子在給藥后出現(xiàn)腎臟損害斩箫。該反應(yīng)是否與該藥的使用巧合，還是該藥引起了損害撵儿？進行了更多的檢測乘客，但沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟病變，所以得出的結(jié)論是淀歇，早期檢測中的病變可能是巧合的易核。
It is possible that the conclusion about the drug Intal may be proved incorrect in the future. However, that would not mean that the original conclusion had been hasty. A conclusion is hasty only if the person drawing it fails to make a reasonable to obtain sufficient evidence to judge responsibly.
有可能關(guān)于藥物口服劑的結(jié)論在將來可能被證明是不正確的。但是浪默，這并不意味著最初的結(jié)論很倉促牡直。只有當(dāng)檢測者沒有合理地獲得充足的證據(jù)來進行判斷責(zé)任時缀匕，結(jié)論才是倉促的。
It is important, not to rush to conclusions because once we form a nay conclusion, our curiosity in the matter is diminished. In other words, we make up our mind, and before we can even entertain a different conclusion, we must first unmake our mind. Doing that is difficult. "Mine is better" thinking, resistance to change, and face-saving weigh heavily against us.
重要的是不要急于下結(jié)論碰逸，因為一旦我們形成了否定的結(jié)論乡小，我們對此事的好奇心就會減弱。換句話說饵史，我們下定決心满钟，在我們可以得出不同的結(jié)論之前，我們必須首先?放下自己的想法胳喷。這樣做很困難湃番。“我的更好”吭露，思考牵辣，抵制改變，面子保護奴饮，嚴(yán)重影響我們纬向。【空杯心態(tài)】
Here are three suggestions that can help you avoid hasty conclusions in your thinking:
以下三點建議可以幫助您避免在您的思維中得出倉促的結(jié)論：
Before you draw any conclusion, be sure you have identified answered all important questions pertaining to the issue.
1在您得出任何結(jié)論之前戴卜，請確定您已確定?回答?有關(guān)該問題的所有重要問題逾条。
Where you cannot obtain sufficient evidence, either withhold judgment or (if circumstances require an immediate judgment) use the "If… then" approach for example, if the issue concerned what punishment would be most appropriate for a murderer and you lacked some important details about the case, you might say, "If the murderer acted in the heat of anger, without any premeditation, then I believe he deserves leniency. However, if he visited victim with the clear intention of harming her, then I believe his punishment should be severe."
2如果你無法獲得充分的證據(jù)，或者維持判決或者（如果情況要求立即判決）投剥，可以使用“如果......那么”的方法师脂，如果問題涉及對兇手最適合的懲罰并且你缺乏一些關(guān)于兇手的重要細(xì)節(jié)這個案子你可能會說：“如果兇手因為憤怒而在沒有任何預(yù)謀的情況下行動的，?那么?我相信他應(yīng)該寬大處理江锨，但如果他以明顯的意圖傷害她的方式來訪問受害人吃警，?那?我相信他的懲罰應(yīng)該是嚴(yán)重的∽挠”
3Where the evidence will support probability but not certainty, make your conclusion reflect that fact. That is, admit that it is impossible to say for sure what the right conclusion is, and explain why that is so. Then say what the right conclusion probably is.
在證據(jù)支持概率但不確定的地方酌心，請您作出您的結(jié)論反映這一事實。也就是說挑豌，承認(rèn)不可能肯定地說出正確的結(jié)論安券，并解釋為什么是這樣。然后說出正確的結(jié)論?可能?是什么氓英。
APPLICATIONS
應(yīng)用
Examine each of the following conclusions. Decide the specific kind and amount of information that would be necessary to obtain before the conclusion would be justified. Determine whether another possible conclusion might be more supportable than this one.
檢查以下每個結(jié)論侯勉。決定在結(jié)論合理之前獲得必要的信息的具體種類和數(shù)量。確定另一個可能的結(jié)論是否可能比這個結(jié)論更能獲得支持铝阐。?
Why are there so many broken homes today? Why are crimes of violence increasing at an alarming rate? Why is pornography flooding our country? Because religion has been shut out of the schools.
為什么今天有那么多破房子址貌？為什么暴力犯罪以驚人的速度增加？為什么色情充斥著我們的國家？因為宗教已經(jīng)被拒之門外练对。
Many people have spoken out in recent years for a reduction in U.S. military spending. This is madness. We need to spend every dollar we are spending to maintain our national security.
近年來遍蟋，許多人已經(jīng)表示要減少美國的軍費開支。這太瘋狂了锹淌。我們需要花費每一美元來維持國家安全匿值。
What makes people willing to speak out against lawful authority? What makes them attack the representatives of that authority – police officers, judges, member of Congress, presidents? Only one thing: lack of respect for authority.
是什么讓人們愿意冒犯合法權(quán)威呢？是什么讓他們襲擊該當(dāng)局的代表 - 警察赂摆，法官挟憔，國會議員，總統(tǒng)烟号？只有一件事：缺乏對權(quán)威的尊重绊谭。
Have you ever wondered why European and American cultures have been so opposed to premarital sex? The answer is simple: prudishness.
你有沒有想過為什么歐美文化如此反對婚前性行為？答案很簡單： 拘謹(jǐn) 汪拥。
While reading her evening newspaper, Jean notices that her congressman has voted against a highway proposal that would bring revenue to the area. She recalls that a recent poll of the voters in the district revealed that 63percent favor the proposal. Concluding that the congressman has violated the people's trust, Jean composes an angry letter reminding the congressman of his obligation to support the will of the majority. Is Jean guilty of drawing a hasty conclusion? Explain your answer.
在閱讀她的晚報時达传，Jean注意到她的國會議員投票反對高速公路的提案，該舉措將為該地區(qū)帶來收入迫筑。她回憶說宪赶，最近對該地區(qū)選民的民意調(diào)查顯示，63％的人贊成該提議脯燃。認(rèn)為國會議員違反了人民的信任搂妻，吉恩撰寫了一封憤怒的信件，提醒國會議員他有義務(wù)支持多數(shù)人的意愿辕棚。 Jean是否犯有匆忙的結(jié)論欲主？解釋你的答案。
Ramona and Stuart are arguing over whether their ten-year-old son should have certain duties around the home, such as taking out the garbage and mowing the lawn. Ramona thinks he should. Stuart's response is as follows:"When I was a kid, a close friend of mine was so busy with household chores that he could never play with the rest of the guys. He always had a hurt look on his face then, and as he got older, he became increasingly bitter about it. I vowed a long time ago that I would never burden my son with duties and responsibilities. He'll have more than enough of them when he grows up."Evaluate Stuart's conclusion in light of the chapter.
雷蒙娜和斯圖亞特正在爭論他們的十歲兒子是否應(yīng)該在家附近有某種職責(zé)逝嚎，比如拿出垃圾和修剪草坪扁瓢。雷蒙娜認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該。斯圖亞特的回應(yīng)如下：“當(dāng)我還是一個孩子的時候补君，我的一個好朋友忙于做家務(wù)引几，他無法與其他人一起玩，他的臉上總是有一種傷害的表情赚哗，當(dāng)他年紀(jì)越來越大她紫，他越來越感到痛苦，我很久以前就發(fā)誓屿储，我永遠(yuǎn)不會讓兒子承擔(dān)起責(zé)任和義務(wù)，長大后他會有足夠多的渐逃。根據(jù)本章評估斯圖爾特的結(jié)論够掠。
Apply your critical thinking to the following cases. Be especially careful to avoid hasty conclusions.
將您的批判性思維應(yīng)用于以下案例。要特別小心避免草率的結(jié)論茄菊。
An Oklahoma man was sentenced to ninety-nine years in prison for indecent exposure. The prosecutor was able to ask for and get such a long sentence because the man had eleven prior convictions for burglary. The district attorney explained, "People are just tired of crime – they want the repeat offenders off the streets." Do you support the sentence in this case?
俄克拉何馬州一名男子因不雅暴露而被判入獄九十九年疯潭。檢察官能夠要求并得到如此長的判決赊堪，因為該名男子之前有11起因入室盜竊而被定罪。該地區(qū)檢察官解釋說：“人們對犯罪感到厭倦 - 他們希望重復(fù)的罪犯不在街頭竖哩】蘖”?你是否支持這種情況下的判決？
A Connecticut teenager who stabbed a neighbor to death argued that he had not been responsible for his actions because at the time he had been possessed by demons. Despite that defense he was found guilty. Do you agree with the verdict in this case?
康涅狄格州的一名捅死鄰居的少年認(rèn)為相叁，自己沒有對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)遵绰，因為當(dāng)時他被惡魔占領(lǐng)。盡管如此增淹，他被判有罪椿访。你是否同意這種情況下的判決？
A New York woman was having an argument with her neighbor over their children. In anger she used an anti-Semitic obscenity. Because it is a misdemeanor in New York to harass others will racial or ethnic slurs, the woman was sentenced to thirty-five hours of community service. Do you think such a law makes sense?
一位紐約女子與她的鄰居因為他們的孩子發(fā)生爭吵虑润。在憤怒中她使用了反猶太人的淫穢成玫。因為在紐約騷擾別人會引起種族或民族誹謗，這名婦女被判處三十五小時的社區(qū)服務(wù)拳喻。你認(rèn)為這樣的法律有道理嗎哭当？
A high school anatomy class in Agoura, California, dissects human cadavers as well as cats and frogs. The teacher obtains the bodies from a university medical school. Do you approve of this practice?
加利福尼亞州阿古拉市的一所高中解剖學(xué)課程解剖人類尸體以及貓和青蛙。老師從大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院獲得尸體冗澈。你贊成這種做法嗎钦勘？
Some people believe the college degree should be abolished as a job requirement. They reason that because of it is possible to be qualified for many jobs without formal academic preparation (or, conversely, to be unprepared for many jobs even with a college degree), the only criterion employers should use for hiring and promoting is ability. Do you agree?
有些人認(rèn)為作為工作要求應(yīng)該取消大學(xué)學(xué)歷。他們認(rèn)為渗柿，即使沒有正式的學(xué)術(shù)準(zhǔn)備个盆，也有可能獲得許多工作的資格（或者相反，即使擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位也沒為許多工作做好準(zhǔn)備）朵栖，雇主應(yīng)該用來招聘和晉升的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是能力颊亮。?你同意嗎？
Group discussion exercise: Discuss one of the cases in application 4with two or three of your classmates. Try to reach a consensus on the issue, taking special care to avoid hasty conclusions. Be prepared to present your group's view (or the individual views) to the class.
小組討論練習(xí)：與你的兩個或三個同學(xué)討論申請4中的一個案例陨溅。嘗試就此問題達成共識终惑，特別注意避免草率的結(jié)論。準(zhǔn)備好向班級介紹團隊的觀點（或個人觀點）门扇。
這個系列是對超越感覺：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻譯練習(xí)雹有，如果覺得有幫助可以點鏈接購買第九版中文，英文原版在這里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英語）
