Stanford Report, June 14, 2005

‘You’ve got to find what you love,’ Jobs says

This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest ?I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn’t all romantic. I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5?? deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky - I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn’t know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me - I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn’t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don’t lose faith. I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don’t settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything - all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn’t even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor’s code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you’d have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I’m fine now.

This was the closest I’ve been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960’s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Thank you all very much.

Steve Jobs說国拇，你得找出你愛的 (You’ve got to find what you love.)。

以下是蘋果計算機公司與Pixar動畫制作室執(zhí)行長Steve Jobs在2005年六月12日對全體史丹佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的演講內(nèi)容。

今天，有榮幸來到各位從世界上最好的學(xué)校之一畢業(yè)的畢業(yè)典禮上。我從來沒從大學(xué)畢業(yè)栓撞。說實話，這是我離大學(xué)畢業(yè)最近的一刻。今天绩卤，我只說三個故事途样，不談大道理，三個故事就好濒憋。

第一個故事何暇，是關(guān)于人生中的點點滴滴怎么串連在一起。

我在里德學(xué)院（Reed college）待了六個月就辦休學(xué)了凛驮。到我退學(xué)前裆站，一共休學(xué)了十八個月。那么黔夭，我為什么休學(xué)宏胯？

這得從我出生前講起。我的親生母親當(dāng)時是個研究生本姥，年輕未婚媽媽肩袍，她決定讓別人收養(yǎng)我。她強烈覺得應(yīng)該讓有大學(xué)畢業(yè)的人收養(yǎng)我婚惫，所以我出生時氛赐，她就準(zhǔn)備讓我被一對律師夫婦收養(yǎng)。但是這對夫妻到了最后一刻反悔了先舷，他們想收養(yǎng)女孩艰管。所以在等待收養(yǎng)名單上的一對夫妻，我的養(yǎng)父母密浑，在一天半夜里接到一通電話蛙婴，問他們「有一名意外出生的男孩，你們要認養(yǎng)他嗎尔破？」而他們的回答是「當(dāng)然要」街图。后來，我的生母發(fā)現(xiàn)懒构，我現(xiàn)在的媽媽從來沒有大學(xué)畢業(yè)餐济，我現(xiàn)在的爸爸則連高中畢業(yè)也沒有。她拒絕在認養(yǎng)文件上做最后簽字胆剧。直到幾個月后絮姆，我的養(yǎng)父母同意將來一定會讓我上大學(xué)，她才軟化態(tài)度秩霍。

十七年后篙悯，我上大學(xué)了。但是當(dāng)時我無知選了一所學(xué)費幾乎跟史丹佛一樣貴的大學(xué)铃绒，我那工人階級的父母所有積蓄都花在我的學(xué)費上鸽照。六個月后，我看不出念這個書的價值何在颠悬。那時候矮燎，我不知道這輩子要干什么定血，也不知道念大學(xué)能對我有什么幫助，而且我為了念這個書诞外，花光了我父母這輩子的所有積蓄澜沟，所以我決定休學(xué)，相信船到橋頭自然直峡谊。當(dāng)時這個決定看來相當(dāng)可怕茫虽，可是現(xiàn)在看來，那是我這輩子做過最好的決定之一靖苇。當(dāng)我休學(xué)之后席噩，我再也不用上我沒興趣的必修課，把時間拿去聽那些我有興趣的課贤壁。

這一點也不浪漫悼枢。我沒有宿舍，所以我睡在友人家里的地板上脾拆，靠著回收可樂空罐的五先令退費買吃的馒索，每個星期天晚上得走七里的路繞過大半個鎮(zhèn)去印度教的 Hare Krishna神廟吃頓好料。我喜歡Hare Krishna神廟的好料名船。追尋我的好奇與直覺绰上，我所駐足的大部分事物，后來看來都成了無價之寶渠驼。舉例來說：

當(dāng)時里德學(xué)院有著大概是全國最好的書法指導(dǎo)蜈块。在整個校園內(nèi)的每一張海報上，每個抽屜的標(biāo)簽上迷扇，都是美麗的手寫字百揭。因為我休學(xué)了，可以不照正常選課程序來蜓席，所以我跑去學(xué)書法器一。我學(xué)了serif與san serif字體，學(xué)到在不同字母組合間變更字間距厨内，學(xué)到活版印刷偉大的地方祈秕。書法的美好、歷史感與藝術(shù)感是科學(xué)所無法捕捉的雏胃，我覺得那很迷人请毛。

我沒預(yù)期過學(xué)的這些東西能在我生活中起些什么實際作用，不過十年后瞭亮，當(dāng)我在設(shè)計第一臺麥金塔時获印，我想起了當(dāng)時所學(xué)的東西，所以把這些東西都設(shè)計進了麥金塔里，這是第一臺能印刷出漂亮東西的計算機兼丰。如果我沒沉溺于那樣一門課里，麥金塔可能就不會有多重字體跟變間距字體了唆缴。又因為Windows抄襲了麥金塔的使用方式鳍征，如果當(dāng)年我沒這樣做，大概世界上所有的個人計算機都不會有這些東西面徽，印不出現(xiàn)在我們看到的漂亮的字來了艳丛。當(dāng)然，當(dāng)我還在大學(xué)里時趟紊，不可能把這些點點滴滴預(yù)先串在一起氮双，但是這在十年后回顧，就顯得非常清楚霎匈。

我再說一次戴差，你不能預(yù)先把點點滴滴串在一起；唯有未來回顧時铛嘱，你才會明白那些點點滴滴是如何串在一起的暖释。所以你得相信，你現(xiàn)在所體會的東西墨吓，將來多少會連接在一塊球匕。你得信任某個東西，直覺也好帖烘，命運也好亮曹，生命也好，或者業(yè)力秘症。這種作法從來沒讓我失望照卦，也讓我的人生整個不同起來。

我的第二個故事历极，有關(guān)愛與失去窄瘟。

我好運－年輕時就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己愛做什么事。我二十歲時趟卸，跟Steve Wozniak在我爸媽的車庫里開始了蘋果計算機的事業(yè)蹄葱。我們拼命工作，蘋果計算機在十年間從一間車庫里的兩個小伙子擴展成了一家員工超過四千人锄列、市價二十億美金的公司图云，在那之前一年推出了我們最棒的作品－麥金塔，而我才剛邁入人生的第三十個年頭邻邮，然后被炒魷魚竣况。要怎么讓自己創(chuàng)辦的公司炒自己魷魚？好吧筒严，當(dāng)蘋果計算機成長后丹泉，我請了一個我以為他在經(jīng)營公司上很有才干的家伙來情萤，他在頭幾年也確實干得不錯∧『蓿可是我們對未來的愿景不同筋岛，最后只好分道揚鑣，董事會站在他那邊晒哄，炒了我魷魚睁宰，公開把我請了出去。曾經(jīng)是我整個成年生活重心的東西不見了寝凌，令我不知所措柒傻。

有幾個月，我實在不知道要干什么好较木。我覺得我令企業(yè)界的前輩們失望－我把他們交給我的接力棒弄丟了红符。我見了創(chuàng)辦HP的David Packard跟創(chuàng)辦Intel的Bob Noyce，跟他們說我很抱歉把事情搞砸得很厲害了劫映。我成了公眾的非常負面示范违孝，我甚至想要離開硅谷。但是漸漸的泳赋，我發(fā)現(xiàn)雌桑，我還是喜愛著我做過的事情，在蘋果的日子經(jīng)歷的事件沒有絲毫改變我愛做的事祖今。我被否定了校坑，可是我還是愛做那些事情，所以我決定從頭來過千诬。

當(dāng)時我沒發(fā)現(xiàn)耍目，但是現(xiàn)在看來，被蘋果計算機開除徐绑，是我所經(jīng)歷過最好的事情邪驮。成功的沉重被從頭來過的輕松所取代，每件事情都不那么確定傲茄，讓我自由進入這輩子最有創(chuàng)意的年代毅访。

接下來五年，我開了一家叫做NeXT的公司盘榨，又開一家叫做Pixar的公司喻粹，也跟后來的老婆談起了戀愛。Pixar接著制作了世界上第一部全計算機動畫電影草巡，玩具總動員守呜，現(xiàn)在是世界上最成功的動畫制作公司。然后，蘋果計算機買下了NeXT查乒，我回到了蘋果弥喉，我們在NeXT發(fā)展的技術(shù)成了蘋果計算機后來復(fù)興的核心。我也有了個美妙的家庭侣颂。

我很確定档桃，如果當(dāng)年蘋果計算機沒開除我，就不會發(fā)生這些事情憔晒。這帖藥很苦口，可是我想蘋果計算機這個病人需要這帖藥蔑舞。有時候拒担，人生會用磚頭打你的頭。不要喪失信心攻询。我確信从撼，我愛我所做的事情，這就是這些年來讓我繼續(xù)走下去的唯一理由钧栖。你得找出你愛的低零，工作上是如此，對情人也是如此拯杠。你的工作將填滿你的一大塊人生掏婶，唯一獲得真正滿足的方法就是做你相信是偉大的工作，而唯一做偉大工作的方法是愛你所做的事潭陪。如果你還沒找到這些事雄妥，繼續(xù)找，別停頓依溯。盡你全心全力老厌，你知道你一定會找到。而且黎炉，如同任何偉大的關(guān)系枝秤，事情只會隨著時間愈來愈好。所以慷嗜，在你找到之前淀弹，繼續(xù)找，別停頓洪添。

我的第三個故事垦页，關(guān)于死亡。

當(dāng)我十七歲時干奢，我讀到一則格言痊焊，好像是「把每一天都當(dāng)成生命中的最后一天，你就會輕松自在”∩叮」這對我影響深遠辕羽，在過去33年里，我每天早上都會照鏡子垄惧，自問：「如果今天是此生最后一日刁愿，我今天要干些什么？」每當(dāng)我連續(xù)太多天都得到一個「沒事做」的答案時到逊，我就知道我必須有所變革了铣口。

提醒自己快死了，是我在人生中下重大決定時觉壶，所用過最重要的工具脑题。因為幾乎每件事－所有外界期望、所有名譽铜靶、所有對困窘或失敗的恐懼－在面對死亡時叔遂，都消失了，只有最重要的東西才會留下争剿。提醒自己快死了已艰，是我所知避免掉入自己有東西要失去了的陷阱里最好的方法。人生不帶來蚕苇，死不帶去哩掺，沒什么道理不順心而為。

一年前捆蜀，我被診斷出癌癥疮丛。我在早上七點半作斷層掃描，在胰臟清楚出現(xiàn)一個腫瘤辆它，我連胰臟是什么都不知道誊薄。醫(yī)生告訴我，那幾乎可以確定是一種不治之癥锰茉，我大概活不到三到六個月了呢蔫。醫(yī)生建議我回家，好好跟親人們聚一聚飒筑，這是醫(yī)生對臨終病人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議片吊。那代表你得試著在幾個月內(nèi)把你將來十年想跟小孩講的話講完。那代表你得把每件事情搞定协屡，家人才會盡量輕松俏脊。那代表你得跟人說再見了。

我整天想著那個診斷結(jié)果肤晓，那天晚上做了一次切片爷贫，從喉嚨伸入一個內(nèi)視鏡认然，從胃進腸子，插了根針進胰臟漫萄，取了一些腫瘤細胞出來卷员。我打了鎮(zhèn)靜劑，不醒人事腾务，但是我老婆在場毕骡。她后來跟我說，當(dāng)醫(yī)生們用顯微鏡看過那些細胞后岩瘦，他們都哭了未巫，因為那是非常少見的一種胰臟癌，可以用手術(shù)治好启昧。所以我接受了手術(shù)橱赠，康復(fù)了。

這是我最接近死亡的時候箫津，我希望那會繼續(xù)是未來幾十年內(nèi)最接近的一次。經(jīng)歷此事后宰啦，我可以比之前死亡只是抽象概念時要更肯定告訴你們下面這些：

沒有人想死苏遥。即使那些想上天堂的人，也想活著上天堂赡模。但是死亡是我們共有的目的地田炭，沒有人逃得過。這是注定的漓柑，因為死亡簡直就是生命中最棒的發(fā)明教硫，是生命變化的媒介，送走老人們辆布，給新生代留下空間∷簿兀現(xiàn)在你們是新生代，但是不久的將來锋玲，你們也會逐漸變老景用，被送出人生的舞臺。抱歉講得這么戲劇化惭蹂，但是這是真的伞插。

你們的時間有限，所以不要浪費時間活在別人的生活里盾碗。不要被信條所惑－盲從信條就是活在別人思考結(jié)果里媚污。不要讓別人的意見淹沒了你內(nèi)在的心聲。最重要的廷雅，擁有跟隨內(nèi)心與直覺的勇氣耗美，你的內(nèi)心與直覺多少已經(jīng)知道你真正想要成為什么樣的人京髓。任何其它事物都是次要的。

在我年輕時幽歼，有本神奇的雜志叫做Whole Earth Catalog朵锣，當(dāng)年我們很迷這本雜志。那是一位住在離這不遠的Menlo Park的Stewart Brand發(fā)行的甸私，他把雜志辦得很有詩意诚些。那是1960年代末期，個人計算機跟桌上出版還沒發(fā)明皇型，所有內(nèi)容都是打字機诬烹、剪刀跟拍立得相機做出來的。雜志內(nèi)容有點像印在紙上的Google弃鸦，在Google出現(xiàn)之前35年就有了：理想化绞吁，充滿新奇工具與神奇的注記。

Stewart跟他的出版團隊出了好幾期Whole Earth Catalog唬格，然后出了图移疲刊號。當(dāng)時是1970年代中期购岗，我正是你們現(xiàn)在這個年齡的時候汰聋。在停刊號的封底喊积，有張早晨鄉(xiāng)間小路的照片烹困，那種你去爬山時會經(jīng)過的鄉(xiāng)間小路。在照片下有行小字：

求知若饑乾吻，虛心若愚髓梅。

那是他們親筆寫下的告別訊息，我總是以此自許绎签。當(dāng)你們畢業(yè)枯饿，展開新生活，我也以此期許你們辜御。

求知若饑鸭你，虛心若愚。

非常謝謝大家擒权。