一
本書首先從介紹西點軍校入學(xué)的野獸營開始坏平，野獸營，比正常的新生軍訓(xùn)要嚴格得多锦亦，從名字叫可以看到舶替。其實能夠走進野獸營的，已經(jīng)非同凡響了杠园。這是在14000名年輕人申請西點顾瞪，最終只有不到十分之一經(jīng)過嚴格的學(xué)業(yè)和體能測試，最后有1200人會被錄取抛蚁，所以能夠參加野獸營的都已經(jīng)是佼佼者了陈醒。可是每五個學(xué)員中間會有一個提前退學(xué)瞧甩。其中很多都是在第一個夏天的野獸營中離開的钉跷，花費那么大的努力來到西點，卻在開頭的兩個月里退出了肚逸。是什么讓人退出爷辙，是什么讓人留下呢？
西點的老師們也很苦惱吼虎，退出的人中和學(xué)業(yè)無關(guān)犬钢，和體能無關(guān)，好像沒有任何規(guī)律思灰。最后作者通過與一位在西點工作多年的心理學(xué)家Mike交談后玷犹，得出的結(jié)論是，退出者的身上缺少一種永不放棄的態(tài)度洒疚。Those who dropped out of training rarely did so from lack of ability. Rather, what ?mattered, Mike said,was a“never give up”attitude.
在西點軍校的這個發(fā)現(xiàn)歹颓，讓作者想去了解軍校以外的事情，所以她去采訪了很多牛人油湖∥】福“I interview leaders in business, art, athletics, journalism, academia, medicine, and law》Φ拢”她這樣做的目的就是想要知道“Who are the people at the very top of your field? What are they like? What do you think makes them special?”
最后她發(fā)現(xiàn)“It was this combination of passion and perseverance that made high achievers special. In a word, they had grit.”
然后坐下來開始設(shè)計自己的“Grit Scale”撤奸。
I sat down and looked over my interview notes. And I started writing questions that captured, sometimes verbatim, descriptions of what it means to have grit.
Half of the questions were about perseverance. They asked how much you agree with statements like“I have overcome setbacks to conquer an important challenge”and“I finish whatever I begin.”
The other half of the questions were about passion. They asked whether your“interests change from year to year”and the extent to which you“have been obsessed with a certain idea or project for a short time but later lost interest.”
What emerged was the Grit Scale—a test that, when taken honestly,measures the extent to which you approach life with grit.
通過“Grit Scale”測試，我們能夠很容易的預(yù)測那些人在生活和工作中喊括，更容易放棄胧瓜。那些人更容易取得最后的成功。
二
Grit這個詞郑什，原義是沙礫府喳，但也有其比喻義。解釋為：面對挫折與危險上蘑拯，精神或思想上的堅定钝满。但作者賦予了這個詞更多外延兜粘，作者認為，堅毅意味著對一件你所傾心的事努力弯蚜，并且一直持續(xù)忠實于此孔轴。也就是說，能長期精一于所做之事熟吏。堅毅距糖，不只是一見傾心玄窝，更是長相廝守牵寺。因此，那些聰明恩脂、熱情果敢的創(chuàng)業(yè)者未必是堅毅者帽氓，因為創(chuàng)業(yè)者往往跟著資本走，不會對一件事業(yè)持續(xù)努力俩块。
Grit不是Talent黎休。堅毅是可以通過培養(yǎng)而獲得的，在書中作者指出玉凯，我們可以通過四個步驟來培養(yǎng)我們自身的堅毅的势腮。
一、INTEREST漫仆。
“My advice for you is, figure out what you enjoy doing most in life, and then try to do it full-time. Life is short. Follow your passion.”
在追隨我們的興趣前捎拯，我們需要先培養(yǎng)激情。對于興趣盲厌，可能需要通過多年的尋找署照，才能發(fā)掘自己真正感興趣的事物。發(fā)現(xiàn)興趣后吗浩，繼而發(fā)展興趣建芙，更進一步深化興趣。做自己真正感興趣的事情你才會一直做下去懂扼。
二禁荸、PRACTICE
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)堅毅的孩子會比其他孩子練習(xí)的時間更多。
In one of my earliest research studies, I found that grittier kids at the National Spelling Bee practiced more than their less gritty competitors. These extra hours of practice, in turn, explained their superior performance in final competition.
This finding made a lot of sense. As a math teacher, I’d observed a huge range in effort among my students. Some kids spent, quite literally, zero minutes a week on their homework; others studied for hours a day. Considering all the studies showing that gritty people typically stick with their commitments longer than others, it seemed like the major advantage of grit was, simply, more time on task.
但是練習(xí)并不是盲目的重復(fù)性的練習(xí)阀湿，練習(xí)需要刻意練習(xí)（“刻意練習(xí)”這個概念在美國也是很流行的啊赶熟，上一本書so good that they can’t ignore you。里面也談到了這個概念）炕倘。
?A clearly defined stretch goal
?Full concentration and effort
?Immediate and informative feedback
?Repetition with reflection and refinement
對于刻意練習(xí)作者給出的幾點建議：a.刻意練習(xí)要求：清晰定義的目標钧大，完全的專注與努力，及時與有效的反饋罩旋，以及通過反思(reflection)和提煉(refinement)之后的重復(fù)用功啊央。b.要讓刻意練習(xí)能有最大成效眶诈，最好讓這種刻意練習(xí)成為你的習(xí)慣c.改善體驗刻意練習(xí)的方式。如嬰兒學(xué)步一般瓜饥，跌倒再爬起逝撬，不要有受挫、尷尬乓土、恐懼等負面情緒宪潮。
三、PURPOSE
要培養(yǎng)堅毅趣苏，需要有目的狡相。
Interest is one source of passion. Purpose—the intention to contribute to the well-being of others—is another. The mature passions of gritty people depend on both.
興趣是激情源泉之一，而為了他人的福利而奉獻的目的食磕，同樣也有助于鍛造激情尽棕。
當然，人們會在pleasure與purpose之間有所側(cè)重與取舍彬伦。作者調(diào)查的堅毅模范者滔悉，他們也與普通人一樣，追求個人享受单绑，但很明顯的是回官，這些模范者卻表現(xiàn)出相比普通人更多的利他情懷。
四搂橙、HOPE
要有希望
What is hope?
One kind of hope is the expectation that tomorrow will be better than today. It’s the kind of hope that has us yearning for sunnier weather, or a smoother path ahead. It comes without the burden of responsibility. The onus is on the universe to make things better.
Grit depends on a different kind of hope. It rests on the expectation that our own efforts can improve our future. I have a feeling tomorrow will be better is different from I resolve to make tomorrow better. The hope that gritty people have has nothing to do with luck and everything to do with getting up again.
“殺不死你的歉提，會使你更強壯”。用發(fā)展的思維模式（growth mindset)來看待問題份氧，培養(yǎng)樂觀的心態(tài)唯袄。
