Sleep and neuropsychiatric illness

Sleep disturbances may cause major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder
睡眠紊亂可能會引起嚴(yán)重的抑郁癥寞钥，焦慮萍桌，創(chuàng)傷性應(yīng)激障礙(PTSD)，躁郁癥(bipolar disorder)。

What is DSM-5 diagnostic ?

• The DSM-5 outlines the following criterion to make a diagnosis of depression. (DSM-5 是用于診斷抑郁癥的一份評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）The individual must be experiencing five or more symptoms during the same 2-week period and at least one of the symptoms should be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. (如果一個人符合5個或以上癥狀，則可能患有抑郁癥，其中應(yīng)有抑郁的情緒或喪失興趣這一條)

1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day.
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day.
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day.
4. A slowing down of thought and a reduction of physical movement (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
5. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
6. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day.
7. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day.
8. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

circadian rhythm dysregulation (independent of sleep disturbance) may be a risk for neuropsychiatric illness, including bipolar disorder, neurodegen- erative disorders, and schizophrenia.
節(jié)律失調(diào)(不同睡眠紊亂)可能也是神經(jīng)精神疾病的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這些疾病包括：躁郁癥哩都，神經(jīng)退行性疾病和精神分裂癥。

analysis of sleep function

• EEG has been the standard method to determine differences in brain activity during vigilance states.
  EGG 依然是測量睡眠和警覺狀態(tài)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手段
• fMRI, DTI, and other imaging methods have added information about the role of specific networks in sleep/wake dysfunction and hyperarousal conditions.
  fMRI 功能性核磁共振成像, DTI 擴(kuò)散張量成像,以及其他成像手段可以相互印證婉徘，提供更多在 “睡眠/清醒” 正常漠嵌、紊亂、 警覺狀態(tài)下大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)的信息

neuropsychiatric illness 一些神經(jīng)精神疾病的描述或定義

insomnia 失眠

• insomnia is difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, even when a person has the chance to do so.
• People with insomnia can feel dissatisfied with their sleep and usually experience one or more of the following symptoms:
  1. fatigue, low energy
  2. difficulty concentrating
  3. mood disturbances
  4. decreased performance in work or at school

depression 抑郁癥

• Those who suffer from depression experience persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness and lose interest in activities they once enjoyed. Aside from the emotional problems, individuals can also present with a physical symptom such as chronic pain or digestive issues.
  抑郁癥的人會感到持續(xù)的沮喪盖呼，喪失生活的喜歡和興趣儒鹿。除了心里上的壓抑，身體上可能也會有慢性疼痛或消化能力下降等問題

• Depressed individuals also present with irritability (易怒), brooding (陰森的), and obsessive rumination (沉思), and report anxiety, phobias (恐懼), excessive worry over physical health, and complain of pain.

autism 自閉癥

• Autism or autism spectrum disorder causes a person to establish repetitive behavioral patterns and often impairs their social interactions with other people.
  患自閉癥或自閉譜系障礙的人會重復(fù)某種行為模式几晤，并且有嚴(yán)重的社交障礙
• symptoms includes:
  1. adoption of unusual speech patterns, such as using a robot-like tone 不同尋常的說話模式
  2. avoiding eye contact with others 避免眼神交流
  3. not babbling or cooing to parents as an infant 在嬰兒的時候就沉默寡言
  4. not responding to their name 對人喊他沒反應(yīng)
  5. late development of speech skills 語言能力發(fā)育晚
  6. having difficulty with maintaining conversation 對話困難
  7. frequently repeating phrases 重復(fù)某個詞
  8. apparent difficulty in understanding feelings and expressing their own 不能理解和表達(dá)自己的感受

generalized anxiety disorder

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is perpetual state of constant worry about a variety of everyday situations for at least six months.
  廣泛性焦慮癥是一種反復(fù)的约炎，持續(xù)的擔(dān)心狀態(tài)。

1. Irritability 易怒
2. Muscle tension 肌肉緊張
3. Difficulty concentrating 注意力不集中
4. Sleep disturbances 睡眠紊亂
5. Easy fatigue 容易疲憊
6. Restlessness or feeling on edge 煩躁

post-traumatic stress disorder

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
  創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙是受到可怕事件后的一種精神創(chuàng)傷蟹瘾。通常表現(xiàn)為不能控制地回想起事故圾浅，做噩夢，嚴(yán)重焦慮热芹。

bipolar disorder 躁郁癥：時而寧靜贱傀，時而瘋狂

• bipolar disorder includes mania and depression.
• mania:
  1. increased talkativeness 話多
  2. increased self-esteem or grandiosity 感覺自己很厲害
  3. decreased need for sleep 不需要睡覺
  4. increase in goal-direct activity, energy level, or irritability 精力旺惨撇，易怒
  5. racing thought 想法激進(jìn)
  6. poor attention 注意力不集中
  7. increased risk-taking (spending money, risky sexual behaviors, etc.) 冒險(xiǎn)行為增加
• depression:
  1. depressed mood 沮喪
  2. changes in sleep 失眠伊脓？
  3. changes in eating 吃得少體重下降
  4. fatigue or lack of energy 疲憊沒有能量
  5. loss of pleasure in activities once enjoyed 沒意思
  6. restlessness or slowing down 煩躁，或不緊不慢魁衙？
  7. feelings of guilt or worthlessness 愧疚报腔？人生不值得
  8. indecision or difficulty concentrating 沒主意，注意不集中
  9. thoughts of suicide 想死

neurodegenerative disease

• Examples of neurodegenerative diseases are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia and the spinocerebellar ataxias.
• These diseases are diverse in their pathophysiology – with some causing memory and cognitive impairments and others affecting a person’s ability to move, speak and breathe

schizophrenia 精神分裂癥

• Schizophrenia is a chronic psychological disorder that affects a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. A person suffering from schizophrenia has difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is not real. Major symptoms that include delusions and hallucinations are distressing
  精神分裂癥是一種慢性的精神疾病剖淀，影響病人的思考纯蛾、感受和行為。精神分裂的人很難區(qū)分什么是真實(shí)纵隔，一個主要的癥狀就是會產(chǎn)生錯覺或幻覺翻诉。