a. 完成時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成 have/had/will have done
b. 完成時(shí)態(tài)的意義
i. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在回顧過去
ii. 過去完成時(shí)態(tài) 過去回顧更遠(yuǎn)的過去
iii. 將來完成時(shí)態(tài) 未來的時(shí)間角度回顧在此之前發(fā)生的事件
c. 回顧思維
i. 完成時(shí)態(tài)的本質(zhì)就是用來回顧
d. 延續(xù)事件
i. 過去的事件延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在表悬，一個(gè)開始于過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在
- I have learned English for 8 years
- I have been a computer engineer for almost 6 years
ii. 延續(xù)事件與時(shí)間狀語的關(guān)系皂股。
- 謂語要表示延續(xù) 注意：短暫動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài)淡溯，但不能和連續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用
- 要與“延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語”連用
a. Since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)或從句
b. For+時(shí)間段
c. 到目前為止：until now,up until now , up to now, up till now, so far
d. 在最近幾個(gè)世紀(jì)靡砌、幾年懂扼、幾個(gè)月以來
i. In the past few years
ii. Over the past few years
iii. During the last three months
iv. For the last few centuries
v. Through centuries
vi. Throughout history - 沒有延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語，則表示一個(gè)“完成了”的動(dòng)作
e. 重復(fù)事件
i. 過去的事件重復(fù)到現(xiàn)在
- I’ve been in Canada for six months, I’ve met many new friends.
- I have lived in Beijing for 10 years(兩種意思：這10年住北京從沒離開過. 二是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的在北京生活了10年)
- I have lived in Beijing on and off for 10 years
- I have lived in Beijing every winter for 10 years
ii. 重復(fù)事件與事件狀語關(guān)系
- 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)具有將來可重復(fù)性览濒，一般過去時(shí)態(tài)不具有將來可重復(fù)性
- 可重復(fù)性原則是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的一條根本原則
- 可重復(fù)原則與將來的時(shí)間有關(guān) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以說是以現(xiàn)在為參照來談一個(gè)可以持續(xù)或重復(fù)到將來的事件
- 可重復(fù)性與過去事件 一姿，確定的過去時(shí)間狀語不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
- 可重復(fù)性原則與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在時(shí)間可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)或一般過去時(shí)態(tài)
- 可重復(fù)性原則與一般時(shí)間摘仅。 （一般時(shí)間時(shí)指不確定是現(xiàn)在還是過去的時(shí)間 例如 in the morning ） 比較少用
a. I have gotten up at 5 o’clock in the morning
b. I have gone swimming at 12 at midnight. - 可重復(fù)性原則與地點(diǎn)表達(dá)
a. In my hometown, I had five jobs（隱含過去時(shí)間靶庙，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
b. In this city, I have had two jobs. - 可重復(fù)性原則與去世的人的情況 （如果人已經(jīng)去世代表過去時(shí)間，回顧生前的所作所為不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）
f. 單一事件
i. 何謂對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響 需要結(jié)合上下語境
- David has fallen in love娃属，and that’s why he’s becoming so excited.
ii. 何謂過去事件六荒？ 過去的遠(yuǎn)近之分
- Have you asked your little brother to wash the dishes? (你曾經(jīng)讓你弟弟洗過碗么？遠(yuǎn)矾端。 你有沒有讓你弟弟把碗洗了掏击？近)
iii. 新聞熱點(diǎn) 近的過去
- 所造成現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果往往是直接具體或依然清晰可見的
a. The car has arrived - 具有最新熱點(diǎn)新聞的效果
- 時(shí)態(tài)搭配： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一般過去時(shí)
a. The president has been assassinated.
b. Really? What did that happen?
c. He was killed last night when he spoke in crowd
iv. 過去經(jīng)歷 遠(yuǎn)的過去
- 表示過去經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
a. Have you ever..…
b. I’ve killed men and I’ve heard them dying
v. 單一事件與時(shí)間狀語的關(guān)系
- 單一事件完成時(shí)的肯定句不與連續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用
a. I have bought this pair of shoes for a year 改 I have had this pair of shoes for a year - 單一事件完成時(shí)的肯定句表示狀態(tài)意義，可與持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用
a. I haven’t bought a pair of shoes for a year - 單一事件 完成時(shí)常與不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用
a. 遠(yuǎn)的過去 ever
i. Have you ever been to China?
b. 較近的過去 yet, already, lately , recently
i. The car has already arrived
c. 更近的過去 just
i. I’ve just had dinner
g. 延續(xù)事件秩铆，重復(fù)事件砚亭，單一事件的關(guān)系
i. 延續(xù)事件和單一事件 單一事件謂語動(dòng)詞是短暫動(dòng)詞，而延續(xù)事件則必須帶有一個(gè)持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語殴玛，否則表示曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情捅膘。
- He has married（近的過去）
- I have been married for a year （我結(jié)婚已經(jīng)一年了，現(xiàn)在是已婚狀態(tài)）
- I have been married (我曾經(jīng)結(jié)過婚)
ii. 延續(xù)事件與重復(fù)事件（較難區(qū)分）
- I have lived here since 1988/ I have lived here on and off since 1988
iii. 重復(fù)事件與單一事件
- 重復(fù)事件與遠(yuǎn)的過去單一事件 一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)的單一事件相當(dāng)于一個(gè)隱性的重復(fù)事件
a. I have been married
b. I have been married for three times - 重復(fù)事件與近的單一事件 近的單一事件時(shí)重復(fù)事件的一個(gè)特例
a. He has been fired
b. He has just been fired
iv. 動(dòng)作表達(dá)的完成時(shí)態(tài)與狀態(tài)表達(dá)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài) - 英語中滚粟，動(dòng)作表達(dá)的完成時(shí)態(tài)相當(dāng)于狀態(tài)表達(dá)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)寻仗。這里的動(dòng)作往往是短暫動(dòng)作，指近的過去
a. His father has died = His father is died
v. 動(dòng)作表達(dá)的完成時(shí)態(tài)與狀態(tài)表達(dá)的完成時(shí)態(tài) - 動(dòng)作表達(dá)完成時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)最近發(fā)生的事情凡壤，狀態(tài)表達(dá)的完成時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)較遠(yuǎn)的過去
h. 完成時(shí)態(tài)用于最高級(jí)
i. 最高級(jí)+名詞+that 從句+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)謂語
- This is the hardest job that I’ve ever done
ii. 序數(shù)詞+名詞 +that 從句+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)謂語
- This is the tenth cup of coffee that I’ve drunk this evening
i. 時(shí)間連詞since的特殊用法
i. Since+短暫動(dòng)詞
- I have worker in this company since I left school
ii. Since + 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞
- 從句過去時(shí)表從句結(jié)束后開始算起
a. It’s been three years since I worked in this company (我不在這公司工作三年了) - 從句完成時(shí)表從句開始以來
a. It’s been three years since I have worked in this company
j. 過去完成時(shí)
i. 過去回顧更遠(yuǎn)的過去
- 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)參照時(shí)間“現(xiàn)在”可以隱含在語境中不說出來
- 過去完成時(shí)態(tài)可以說是一個(gè)不能獨(dú)立使用的時(shí)態(tài)署尤，必須依附于上下文中的一個(gè)一般過去時(shí)態(tài)
ii. 延續(xù)事件耙替、重復(fù)事件和單一事件的過去完成時(shí)
- 過去完成時(shí)表延續(xù)事件 過去完成時(shí)可以表示開始于過去之前的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去這一時(shí)刻仍在延續(xù)。
a. I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year - 過去完成時(shí)的重復(fù)事件
a. I had proposed to her for five times, but she still refused to marry me.
iii. 過去完成時(shí)表示單一事件 開始于過去之前的動(dòng)作到這一時(shí)刻之前即停止
- Her baby had fallen asleep when she went into the room.
iv. 過去完成時(shí)的其他意義和用法
- 表示非真實(shí)的過去 intent, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, wish 等動(dòng)詞用于過去完成時(shí)曹体，可表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的過去
a. I had intended to see you, but I was busy. - 用于最高級(jí)句型 It was the +序數(shù)詞/最高級(jí) +名詞 +that 從句
a. It was the third time that some had interrupted me that night
v. 過去完成時(shí)與一般過去式比較
- 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上相繼發(fā)生的動(dòng)作俗扇，用and或 but按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序連接，此時(shí)要用過去時(shí)混坞，不用過去完成時(shí)
a. He opened the door and entered, but found nobody.
b. He served in the army for ten years; then retired and married. His children are now at school.
c. He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children were now at school.
vi. 將來完成時(shí)狐援，需要以將來時(shí)間為坐標(biāo)
- By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer
