數(shù)碼海洛因

Susan bought her6-year-old son John an iPad when he was in first grade. “I thought,’ Why notlet him get a jump on things?’” she told me during a therapy session. John’sschool had begun using the devices with younger and younger grades—and histechnology teacher had raved about their educational benefits—so Susan wantedto do what was best for her sandy-haired boy who loved reading and playingbaseball.

在蘇珊六歲兒子約翰上一年級的時候，蘇珊給他買了一個iPad甘穿∪鳎“我覺得我為什么不讓他對事物的認識有更快的成長？”她在一次療愈會議中對我說道温兼。約翰的學校已經(jīng)開始給越來越低的年紀配備這些設(shè)施進行使用—并且他的技術(shù)性教師極力稱贊這些設(shè)備所帶來的教育受益—因此蘇珊想要給她沙色頭發(fā)兒子最好的事物秸滴，她兒子熱愛閱讀和棒球。

She startedletting John play different educational games on his iPad. Eventually, hediscovered Minecraft, which the technology teacher assured her was “just likeelectronic Lego.” Remembering how much she had as a child building and playingwith the interlocking plastic blocks, Susan let her son Minecraft hisafternoons away.

她開始允許約翰在iPad上面玩不同的教育游戲募判。最終荡含，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了游戲’我的世界’，這個游戲技術(shù)性的老師向其保證是一款“如同樂高積木一樣的游戲届垫∈鸵海”回想起自己曾經(jīng)小時候玩這種塑料搭接的連鎖玩具，蘇珊便允許她的兒子下午玩装处。

At first, Susanwas quite pleased. John seemed engaged in creative play as he explored thecube-world of the game. She did notice that the game wasn’t quite like theLegos that she remembered—after all, she didn’t have to kill animals and findrare minerals to survive and get to the next level with her beloved old game.But John did seem to really like playing and the school even had a Minecraftclub, so how bad could it be?

剛開始的時候误债，蘇珊非常高興。約翰看起來在玩一種創(chuàng)新性的游戲符衔，就像是他自己在游戲中開發(fā)一個全新的世界找前。她沒有注意到這個游戲與她記憶中的樂高游戲非常不一樣—畢竟她心愛的游戲中不需要獵殺動物，不需要尋找大量的礦物去生存判族，也不需要升級躺盛。但是約翰看起來非常喜歡這個游戲并且在學校成立了我的世界俱樂部，因此這又能又多糟糕呢?

Still, Susancouldn’t deny she was seeing changes in John. He started getting more and morefocused on his game and losing interest in baseball and reading while refusingto do his chores. Some morning he would wake up and tell her that he could seethe cube shapes in his dreams.

盡管如此形帮，蘇珊也不否認她看出了約翰的變化槽惫。他開始花越來越多的時間不注意力放在游戲中，并且當他空閑時間也對閱讀和打棒球失去了興趣辩撑。有時候早晨起床界斜，他會告訴他在夢中看到的那個世界。

Although thatconcerned her, she thought her son might just be exhibiting an activeimagination. As his behavior continued to deteriorate, she tried to take thegame away but John threw temper tantrums. His outbursts were so severe that shegave in, still rationalizing to herself over and over again that “it’s educational.”

雖然這些她都有所察覺合冀，但是她認為她兒子也許僅僅是顯得想象力比較活躍而已各薇。當他的行為持續(xù)惡化，她嘗試讓兒子遠離游戲，但是此時約翰就開始大發(fā)脾氣峭判。他的火氣如此暴躁以至于她需要做出讓步开缎，并不斷地安慰自己這是有教育意義的。

Then, one night,she realized that something was seriously wrong.

然后林螃，直至一晚奕删，她認識到這是一個非常嚴重的事情。

“I walked intohis room to check on him. He was supposed to be sleeping—and I was just so frightened..”

“我走到他的房間檢查疗认。他看起來睡著了—然后我發(fā)現(xiàn)了令我驚恐的事情完残。”

She found himsitting up his bed staring wide-eyed, his bloodshot eyes looking into thedistance as his glowing iPad lay next to him. He seemed to be in a trance.Beside herself with panic, Susan had to shake the boy repeatedly to snap himout of it. Distraught, she could not understand how her once-healthy and happylittle boy had become so addicted to the game that he would up in a catatonicstupor.

她發(fā)現(xiàn)他在床邊睜著眼睛凝視熬夜横漏，他充血的眼睛正看著不遠處放著的放光的iPad上谨设。他正看得入迷。她自己感覺到非常驚恐缎浇，蘇珊搖起孩子不斷厲聲批評孩子要遠離iPad铝宵。令人心煩的是，她無法理解她曾經(jīng)健康快樂的小男孩怎就如此沉迷于游戲之中华畏，以至于他都開始有些緊張性木訥沈堡。

There’s a reason that the most tech-cautious parents are tech designers and engineers.Steve Jobswas a notoriously low-tech parent.Silicon Valleytechexecutives and engineers enroll their kids in no-tech Waldorf Schools. GooglefoundersSergey BrinandLarry Pagewent to no-tech Montessori Schools, as did Amazon creatorJeff Bezosand Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales.

這有一些事實是大多數(shù)對待科技謹慎的父母都是科技設(shè)計者或者工程師歧譬。史蒂芬喬布斯是眾所周知的低科技使用的父親驹饺。硅谷科技公司的高管和工程師都讓孩子去沒有科技的華德福教育學校祠乃。谷歌的創(chuàng)始人謝爾蓋布林和拉里佩奇去了沒有科技的蒙特梭利學校，同樣這樣做的還有亞馬遜的創(chuàng)始人杰夫貝左斯和維基百科的創(chuàng)始人杰米威爾斯仑乌。

Many parentsintuitively understand that ubiquitous glowing screens are having a negativeeffect on kids. We see the aggressive temper tantrums when the devices aretaken away and the wandering attention spans when children are not perpetuallystimulated by their hyper-arousing devices. Worse, we see children who becomebored, apathetic, uninteresting and uninterested when not plugged in.

許多家長直觀的理解電子產(chǎn)品的增長會給孩子帶去負面的影響百拓。我們看到當拿走孩子的這些產(chǎn)品他們就會發(fā)很大的具有攻擊性的脾氣，而且當孩子由這些吸引注意力的產(chǎn)品的持久的刺激也不會帶來所希望的提高注意力的持久性晰甚。糟糕的是衙传，我們看到孩子們變得煩躁，冷漠厕九，無趣并對緊跟時代的事物毫無興趣蓖捶。

But it’s evenworse than we think.

但是我們想到的這些還不是最糟糕的。

We now know thatthose iPads, smartphones and Xboxes are a form of digital drug. Recent brainimaging research is showing that they affect the brain’s frontal cortex—whichcontrols executive functioning, including impulse control—in exactly the sameway that cocaine does. Technology is so hyper-arousing that it raises dopaminelevels—the feel-good neurotransmitter most involved in the addiction dynamic—asmuch as sex.

我們現(xiàn)在知道這些iPad,智能手機和Xbox都屬于數(shù)字毒品扁远。近代大腦成像研究表明這些會影響大腦前端皮層—大腦前端皮層是控制人們的執(zhí)行能力的俊鱼，包括脈沖信號的控制—也就是說它的原理和可卡因是一樣的。技術(shù)帶來強烈的吸引力可以提高多巴胺的水平—讓人感覺良好的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)大部分就是上癮的動力—就如同性愛一樣畅买。

This addictive

effect is why Dr. Peter Whybrow, director of neuroscience at UCLA并闲，calls screens “electronic cocaine” andChinese researchers call them “digital herion.” In fact, Dr. Andrew Doan, thehead of addiction research for the Pentagon and the US Navy--who has beenresearching video game addiction—calls video games and screen technologies “digitalpharmakeia ”(Greek for drug).

加州大學洛杉磯分校神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學的主管Peter WhyBrow教授，他對為什么會有這種上癮效果稱之為“電子可卡因”谷羞，而中國研究者將其稱之為“數(shù)字海洛因”帝火。實際上，Andrew Doan教授，他是為五角大樓和美國海軍早期做上癮研究—他過去一直研究視頻游戲上癮—他說視頻游戲和屏幕技術(shù)是“數(shù)字法瑪西亞”（希臘的毒品）

That’s right—yourkid’s brain on Minecraft looks like a brain on drugs. No wonder we have a hardtime peeling kids from their screens and find our little ones agitated whentheir screen time is interrupted. In addition, hundreds of clinical studiesshow that screen increase depression, anxiety and aggression and can even leadto psychotic-like features where the video gamer loses touch with reality.

沒有錯—你家孩子的大腦在游戲我的世界中就如同染上了毒癮犀填。這也難怪我們要想讓孩子離開屏幕會非常困難或當他們在屏幕面前被打斷的時候會有所焦慮萌京。另外，大量的臨床研究表明屏幕世界會增加沮喪宏浩，焦慮和攻擊性并且甚至會造成精神病—表現(xiàn)特征就如視頻游戲會讓人在現(xiàn)實中迷失。

In my clinicalwork with over 1,000 teens over the past 15 years, I have found the old axiomof “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” to be especially true whenit comes to tech addiction. Once a kid has crossed the line into true techaddiction, treatment can be very difficult. Indeed, I have found it easier totreat heroin and crystal meth addicts than lost-in-the-matrix video gamers orFacebook-dependent social media addicts.

在過去15年中有超過1000個青少年參與了我的臨床工作靠瞎，當我進入技術(shù)性上癮領(lǐng)域比庄，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一句老話“一盎司的預防價值要遠大于一磅的治療”是無比的正確。一旦一個孩子跨越底線真正陷入技術(shù)上癮乏盐，治療會變得非常困難佳窑。的確，我發(fā)現(xiàn)治療海洛因和對水晶甲胺非他名上癮著要比迷失在黑客帝國視頻游戲或者Facebook社交媒體依賴癥的人要容易的多父能。

According to a2013 Policy Statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 8-to 10 year-oldsspend 8 hours a day with various digital media while teenagers spend 11 hoursin front of screens. One in three kids are using tables or smartphones beforethey can talk. Meanwhile, the handbook of “ Internet Addiction” by Dr. KimberlyYoung states that 18 percent of college-age internet users in the US sufferfrom tech addiction.

根據(jù)2013年來自美國兒科學院的一份政治聲明神凑，8到10歲的兒童每天花8小時時間在數(shù)字媒體當中，然而這些年輕人會花11個小時在屏幕面前何吝。三分之一的孩子在會說話前使用臺式機或智能手機溉委。與此同時，Kunberly Young教授在網(wǎng)絡成癮指南中聲明在美國百分之十八的大學生網(wǎng)絡使用者正在忍受技術(shù)成癮癥爱榕。

Once a personcrosses over the line into full-blown addiction—drug, digital or otherwise—theyneed to detox before any other kind of therapy can have any chance of beingeffective. With tech, that means a full digital detox—no computers, nosmartphones, no tablets. The extreme digital detox even eliminates television.The prescribed amount of time is four to six weeks; that’s the amount of timethat is usually required for a hype-aroused nervous system to reset itself. Butthat’s no easy task in our current tech-filled society where screens areubiquitous. A person can live without drugs or alcohol; with tech addiction,digital temptations are everywhere.

一旦一個人跨越底線完全上癮—毒品瓣喊，數(shù)字或者其他—他們在其他各種治療之前都需要先戒掉癮才有可能達到治療效果。通過技術(shù)黔酥，也就是說一個充滿無數(shù)碼的戒除環(huán)境—沒有電腦藻三，沒有智能手機，沒有平板電腦跪者。這種極端的數(shù)字上癮戒除甚至需要排除電視的干擾棵帽。這種治療方式規(guī)定時間需要四到六周；這段時間通常是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)需要重新建立的階段渣玲。但是這在我們這個充滿數(shù)碼技術(shù)的社會不是一件簡單的任務逗概，這個社會屏幕無處不在。一個人可以生活在沒有毒品或酒精的環(huán)境忘衍，但是技術(shù)上癮仗谆，數(shù)字誘惑到處都有。

So how do wekeep our children from crossing this line? It’s not easy.

因此我們?nèi)绾巫屛覀兊暮⒆釉诘拙€之內(nèi)淑履？這不是一件簡單的事情隶垮。

The key is toprevent your 4-5 or 8-year old from getting hooked on screens to begin with.That means Lego instead of Minecraft; books instead of iPads; nature and sportsinstead of TV. If you have to, demand that your children’s school not give thema tablet or Chromebook until they are at least 10 years old (others recommend12).

方法是讓4-5歲或8歲的孩子不要接觸屏幕以防上鉤。也就意味著用樂高積木代替我的世界秘噪；用書本代替iPad;讓大自然和運動代替電視。如果有必要的話，要求你孩子的學校不要給他們使用平板電腦或者chrome筆記本直到他們至少長到10歲（另外一些推薦到12歲）便斥。

Have honestdiscussions with your child about why you are limiting their screen access. Eatdinner with you children without any electronic devices at the table—just asSteve Jobs used to have tech-free dinners with his kids. Don’t fall victim to “DistractedParent Syndrome” –as we know from Social Learning Theory, “ Monkey see, monkeydo.”

與你的孩子開誠布公的去談為什么你會限制他們的屏幕使用權(quán)枢纠。與孩子一起吃飯的時候不要在飯桌上使用任何電子設(shè)施—就像史蒂夫喬布斯過去經(jīng)常和孩子一起吃無電子產(chǎn)品晚餐一樣。不要陷入“注意力分散綜合癥的父母”成為受害人—就像我們知道的一條社會學習理論一樣“猴子看到黎棠，猴子就會去做晋渺。”

When I speak tomy 9-year-old twin boys, I have honest conversations with them about why we don’twant them having tablets or playing video games. I explain to them that somekids like playing with their devices so much, they have a hard time stopping orcontrolling how much they play. I’ve helped them to understand that if they getcaught up with screens and Minecraft like some of their friends have, otherparts of their lives may suffer: They may not want to play baseball as much;not read books as often; be less interested in science and nature projects;become more disconnected from their real-world friends. Amazingly, they don’tneed much convincing as they’ve seen first-hand the changes that some of theirlittle friends have undergone as a result of their excessive screen time.

當我和我9歲的雙胞胎男孩們說起時脓斩，我會誠實的在對話中告訴他們?yōu)槭裁次也幌胱屗麄儞碛衅桨咫娔X或者玩視頻游戲木西。我解釋說一些孩子非常喜歡玩這些產(chǎn)品，他們很難停止下來或者控制他們玩耍的時間随静。我協(xié)助他們懂得了如果他們像他們的一些朋友一樣沉迷于屏幕或者我的世界游戲中八千，他們生活中的其他部分都會遭到傷害。他們可能不會再想要去玩棒球燎猛；不會經(jīng)常讀書恋捆；會減少對科學和自然事物的興趣；變得更加脫離現(xiàn)實生活中的朋友重绷。神奇的是鸠信，他們不需要過多的說教就好像已經(jīng)直接看到他們中一些小朋友由于過多沉迷于屏幕當中發(fā)生的變化。

Developmentalpsychologists understand that children’s healthy development involves socialinteraction, creative imaginative play and an engagement with the real, naturalworld. Unfortunately, the immersive and addictive world of screens dampens andstunts those developmental processes.

發(fā)展心理學認為孩子們的健康發(fā)展包括社會互動论寨，創(chuàng)造性想象游戲和參與真實星立，自然的世界。不幸的是葬凳，虛擬和上癮的屏幕世界抑制和阻礙了這些發(fā)展歷程绰垂。

We also know that kids are more prone to addictive escape if they feelalone,alienated,purposeless and bored. Thus the solution is often to help kids to connect to meaningful real-life experiences and flesh-and-blood relationships. The engaged child tethered to creative activities and connected to his or her family is less likely to escape into the diglital fantasy world. Yet even if a child has the best and most loving support, he or she could fall into the Matrix once they engage with hypnotic screens and experience their addicting effect. After all,about one in 10people are predisposed towards addictive tendencies.

我們也知道當孩子們感到孤獨，被疏遠劲装，沒有目標或者無聊的時候占业，他們會更傾向于通過這種上癮來逃避生活谦疾。因而解決問題的方法通常是幫助孩子們?nèi)ズ驼鎸嵉纳罱⑦B接六剥，和有血有肉的人們建立關(guān)系疗疟。保證將孩子拴在創(chuàng)造性的活動當中并經(jīng)常和其父母建立溝通就會減少孩子們逃向數(shù)字幻想的世界當中。但是即使一個孩子擁有最好的環(huán)境和愛的支持店诗，一旦他們被屏幕吸引或者體驗過了上癮的感覺，他們還是有可能跌入黑客帝國不能自拔囊咏。畢竟梅割，大約有十分之一的人已經(jīng)提前體驗過這種上癮的感受。

In the end, myclient Susan removed John’s tablet, but recovery was an uphill battle with manybumps and setbacks along the way.

最終底燎，我的客戶蘇珊拿走了約翰的平板電腦双仍，但是恢復期如逆水行舟朱沃，不進則退。

Four years later, after much support and reinforcement, John is doing much better today. He has learned to use a desktop computer in a healthier way, and has gotten some sense of balance back in his life: He’s playing on a baseball team and has several close friends in his middle school. But his mother is still vigilant and remains a positive and proactiveforcewith his tech usage because, as with any addiction,relapse can sneak up in moments of weakness. Making sure that he has healthyoutlets, no computer in his bedroom and a nightly tech-free dinner at thedinner table are all part of the solution.

四年后翎卓，在大量支持和強化下蹂安，約翰現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)好多了田盈。他已經(jīng)可以以健康的方式使用臺式電腦了允瞧，并且回到生活中找到了平衡的感覺：他參加了一支棒球隊，在中學有一些親密的朋友畦韭。但是他的母親仍然警惕并保持一種積極向上并有前瞻性的力量在約翰的技術(shù)使用當中艺配，因為對于任何一個上癮者來說，在意志力薄弱的任何時候這種癮都會悄悄襲來赠法。要保證他在外面生活健康砖织，沒有電腦在他的臥室镶苞，每夜都有無電子產(chǎn)品的晚餐，這些都是解決問題的一部分聋涨。