第五章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

?1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析

①表示客觀事實(shí)或普通真理（不受時(shí)態(tài)限制）

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.

②表示現(xiàn)狀但荤、性質(zhì)早芭、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞彼城；表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作逼友，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞精肃，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。

Ice feels cold.

We always care for each other and help each other.

③表示知覺帜乞、態(tài)度、感情筐眷、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see黎烈、hear、smell匀谣、taste照棋、feel、notice武翎、agree烈炭、believe、like宝恶、hate符隙、want趴捅、think

belong seem等。如：

I know what you mean.

Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

④在時(shí)間霹疫、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)拱绑。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)丽蝎。

If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)猎拨，我的家人會(huì)非常高興。

⑤少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come屠阻、go红省、leave、arrive国觉、fly类腮、return、start蛉加、begin蚜枢、pen、close针饥、end厂抽、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定丁眼、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作筷凤。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)苞七，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)藐守。

The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.

Tomorrow is Wednesday.

（2）一般過去時(shí)的考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。

①一般過去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過去的事情蹂风、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時(shí)間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）卢厂；用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到惠啄、想到或希望的事通常用過去式慎恒。如：

I met her in the street yesterday.

②如果從句中有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間狀語，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生撵渡，但從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞連用過去式融柬。如：

He told me he read an interesting novel last night.

③表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語連接趋距，用一般過去時(shí)粒氧。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。

The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.

④常用一般過去時(shí)的句型：

Why didn’t you / I think of that?

I didn’t notice it.

I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.

I didn’t recognize him.

（3）一般將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析节腐。

①表示未來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動(dòng)詞（常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語邊用如tomorrow外盯、next week等）摘盆。

②表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。

We’ll die without air or water.

③表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞如come门怪、go骡澈、start、begin掷空、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來時(shí)肋殴。

④be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：

be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈拢@種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮坦弟，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備护锤；shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定酿傍。

be going to 表將來烙懦，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能赤炒，表意愿氯析。如：

If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正確)

If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤)

be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作莺褒，還可表示吩咐掩缓、命令、禁止遵岩，可能性等你辣。

A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.

be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”尘执，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句舍哄。

Autumn harvest is about to start.

（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。

①表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作誊锭；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)表悬；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go炉旷、come等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)签孔。如：

It is raining now.

He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.

We are leaving on Friday.

At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the baby before six.)

The girl is always talking loud in public. (與always、often等頻度副詞連用窘行，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩)

②下面四類動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

（A）表示心理狀態(tài)图仓、情感的動(dòng)作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need罐盔。

（B）表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。

（C）表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete救崔。（D）表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look惶看。

（5）過去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）捏顺。

①常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：

（A）在by、by the end纬黎、by the time幅骄、until、before本今、since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作拆座。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.

(B)表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算冠息、意圖挪凑、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/

though / wanted / expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done逛艰。

（C）“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語躏碳，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語散怖，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式菇绵。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.

（D）表示“一……就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly / No sooner / scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時(shí)。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.

②在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí)镇眷。

After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.

We arrived home before it snowed.

（6）過去將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析咬最。

參照一般將來時(shí)對(duì)比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來偏灿；come丹诀、go、leave等過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過去將來時(shí)翁垂；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來铆遭。

（7）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。

①過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生沿猜。

②某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生枚荣，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。

（8）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析啼肩。

①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for橄妆、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)祈坠、in recent years等害碾。

②下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

It is (has been) + 一段時(shí)間 + since從句

This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成時(shí)

This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成時(shí)

This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 從句 + 完成時(shí)

③在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來時(shí)赦拘。如：

I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.

If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.

Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

（9）注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：

①一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過去時(shí)間的均用過去時(shí)態(tài)慌随，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago、last year阁猜、just now丸逸、the other day等。

結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果剃袍，動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)黄刚；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系民效。

②過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”憔维；如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。

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