第五章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
?1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析
①表示客觀事實(shí)或普通真理(不受時(shí)態(tài)限制)
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
②表示現(xiàn)狀但荤、性質(zhì)早芭、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞彼城;表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作逼友,多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞精肃,且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知覺帜乞、態(tài)度、感情筐眷、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):see黎烈、hear、smell匀谣、taste照棋、feel、notice武翎、agree烈炭、believe、like宝恶、hate符隙、want趴捅、think
belong seem等。如:
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在時(shí)間霹疫、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)拱绑。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示時(shí)態(tài)丽蝎。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)猎拨,我的家人會(huì)非常高興。
⑤少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come屠阻、go红省、leave、arrive国觉、fly类腮、return、start蛉加、begin蚜枢、pen、close针饥、end厂抽、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定丁眼、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作筷凤。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排,肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)苞七,只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)藐守。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
(2)一般過去時(shí)的考點(diǎn)分析(考核重點(diǎn))。
①一般過去時(shí)的基本用法:表示過去的事情蹂风、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時(shí)間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示)卢厂;用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣;表示說話人原來沒有料到惠啄、想到或希望的事通常用過去式慎恒。如:
I met her in the street yesterday.
②如果從句中有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間狀語,盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生撵渡,但從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞連用過去式融柬。如:
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常由以下詞語連接趋距,用一般過去時(shí)粒氧。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
④常用一般過去時(shí)的句型:
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
(3)一般將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析节腐。
①表示未來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動(dòng)詞(常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語邊用如tomorrow外盯、next week等)摘盆。
②表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞如come门怪、go骡澈、start、begin掷空、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來時(shí)肋殴。
④be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別:
be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈拢@種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮坦弟,甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備护锤;shall / will do表示未事先考慮過,即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定酿傍。
be going to 表將來烙懦,不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中;而will則能赤炒,表意愿氯析。如:
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正確)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤)
be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作莺褒,還可表示吩咐掩缓、命令、禁止遵岩,可能性等你辣。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可,就要”尘执,后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句舍哄。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。
①表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作誊锭;表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)表悬;表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃;go炉旷、come等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)签孔。如:
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the baby before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public. (與always、often等頻度副詞連用窘行,表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩)
②下面四類動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(A)表示心理狀態(tài)图仓、情感的動(dòng)作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need罐盔。
(B)表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。
(C)表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete救崔。(D)表示感官的動(dòng)詞:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look惶看。
(5)過去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析(考核重點(diǎn))捏顺。
①常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況:
(A)在by、by the end纬黎、by the time幅骄、until、before本今、since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作拆座。如:By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
(B)表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算冠息、意圖挪凑、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/
though / wanted / expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即:hoped / planned … + to have done逛艰。
(C)“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語躏碳,謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí);“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語散怖,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式菇绵。如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
(D)表示“一……就”的幾個(gè)句型:Hardly / No sooner / scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時(shí)。如:We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí)镇眷。
After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
(6)過去將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析咬最。
參照一般將來時(shí)對(duì)比:用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來偏灿;come丹诀、go、leave等過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過去將來時(shí)翁垂;was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來铆遭。
(7)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。
①過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生沿猜。
②某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生枚荣,其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。
(8)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析啼肩。
①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for橄妆、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外,還可以和下面的介詞短語連用:during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)祈坠、in recent years等害碾。
②下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
It is (has been) + 一段時(shí)間 + since從句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成時(shí)
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成時(shí)
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 從句 + 完成時(shí)
③在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來時(shí)赦拘。如:
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
(9)注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別:
①一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):時(shí)間上有差異:凡有過去時(shí)間的均用過去時(shí)態(tài)慌随,不能用完成時(shí)態(tài),如含有ago、last year阁猜、just now丸逸、the other day等。
結(jié)果上有差異:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果剃袍,動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)黄刚;一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去”,和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系民效。
②過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí):過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”憔维;如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作(“連謂”)形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。
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