By Jacey Fortin
作者 Jacey Fortin
Oct 2, 2018
2018年10月2日
Since 1901, when the annual Nobel Prize in Physics was first awarded, it has been given almost exclusively to men, year after year. Women had won the award exactly twice.
自從1901年年度諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)被第一次頒發(fā)刨疼，年復(fù)一年，它幾乎全部被授予給了男性陈轿。女性只有兩次獲得該獎(jiǎng)。
That changed this week, when the number rose to three. Donna Strickland, a Canadian who is an associate professor of physics at the University of Waterloo, received the prize on Tuesday for her work on high-intensity laser pulses.
這周情況發(fā)生了改變竿痰，女性獲獎(jiǎng)數(shù)字從2上升到了3斤程。 Donna Strickland ——一個(gè)在滑鐵盧大學(xué)擔(dān)任物理學(xué)副教授的加拿大人在星期二的時(shí)候因?yàn)槠湓诟邚?qiáng)度激光脈沖所做的工作獲得該獎(jiǎng)。
Dr. Strickland, 59, shared the award with the French physicist Gérard Mourou, 74, with whom she was working as a graduate student when they published a groundbreaking scientific paper in 1985; and Arthur Ashkin, 96, an American scientist who pioneered a way of using light to manipulate physical objects.
59歲的斯特里克蘭博士和74歲的法國物理學(xué)家Gérard Mourou分享了這一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)叹誉，1985年她們發(fā)布了一篇重大的科學(xué)論文時(shí)她以研究生的身份和他一起工作强霎；以及96歲的美國科學(xué)家Arthur Ashkin忿项，他首創(chuàng)了一種用光來操縱物體的方法。
Dr. Ashkin will receive half of the monetary prize, worth about $1 million. Dr. Mourou and Dr. Strickland will split the remainder.
埃西肯博士將獲得一半的獎(jiǎng)金城舞，價(jià)值大約100萬美元轩触。穆魯博士和斯特里克蘭博士將分得剩余的獎(jiǎng)金。
In an interview with NobelPrize.org, the official website of the prize, Dr. Strickland said that when she first learned that she had won, she wondered if it might be a prank. “It was just a fun thing to do, and so I enjoyed putting many hours into it,” she said of her work with short-pulse lasers more than 30 years ago.
在接受諾貝爾官方網(wǎng)站的采訪時(shí)家夺，斯特里克蘭博士說脱柱，當(dāng)她剛開始知道自己獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，以為這也許是一個(gè)惡作劇拉馋≌ノ“這對我來說只是一件有趣的事情惨好，所以我非常享受花很多時(shí)間在里面，” 她談到她30多年前就開始了短脈沖激光器的工作随闺。
That work resulted in Dr. Strickland’s first published scientific paper in 1985, and she went on to base her doctoral dissertation on it.
1985年日川，斯特里克蘭博士就該項(xiàng)工作第一次發(fā)表科學(xué)論文，并繼續(xù)以此作為博士論文的基礎(chǔ)板壮。
At the time, scientists had been trying to figure out how to amplify high-energy laser pulses without destroying the amplifiers. Dr. Strickland suggested stretching out the pulses in time, amplifying them and then compressing them again to the desired level of intensity.
當(dāng)時(shí)逗鸣，科學(xué)家們致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)合住，在不毀壞放大器的情況下放大高能激光脈沖的方法绰精。斯特里克蘭博士建議迅速拉伸脈沖，放大然后壓縮其到需要的強(qiáng)度水平透葛。
Her work with Dr. Mourou “paved the way towards the shortest and most intense laser pulses ever created by mankind,” according to NobelPrize.org.
根據(jù)NobelPrize.org的說法笨使，她和穆魯博士的工作“為人類創(chuàng)造最短且最強(qiáng)的激光脈沖鋪平了道路”。
Their method, known as chirped pulse amplification, allowed for more precision in laser technology and has allowed for several real-world applications, including Lasik eye surgery. Some physicists think it can one day be used to accelerate subatomic particles, just like the Large Hadron Collider.
他們的方法僚害，被稱為啁啾脈沖放大硫椰，使激光科技更為精密，并被應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中萨蚕，包括 Lasik眼睛手術(shù)靶草。一些物理學(xué)家認(rèn)為它未來也可被用于加速亞原子粒子，就像大型強(qiáng)子對撞機(jī)那樣岳遥。
A self-described “l(fā)aser jock,” Dr. Strickland was born in Guelph, Ontario, in 1959. Today she runs a laboratory for students at Waterloo called the Ultrafast Laser Group, where one of her favorite activities is to generate a full color spectrum of white light from a narrow bandwidth of wavelengths.
自稱“激光運(yùn)動員”的斯特里克蘭博士奕翔，出生于1959年安大略省的圭爾夫。如今她為滑鐵盧大學(xué)的學(xué)生開設(shè)了一個(gè)名為“超快激光組”的實(shí)驗(yàn)室浩蓉，在那里她最喜歡的活動之一就是從窄帶寬波長生成全色光譜派继。
But her work did not get widespread public attention before she won the Nobel. In fact, Wikipedia rejected a draft page about her in May, saying that she had not met “notability guidelines.” (She now has a detailed Wikipedia page.)
但是在獲得諾貝爾前，她的工作并沒有引起公眾的廣泛關(guān)注捻艳。事實(shí)上驾窟，維基百科在五月時(shí)拒絕了為她建立簡單的介紹頁，聲稱她沒有達(dá)到“知名度指南”认轨。（現(xiàn)在她已經(jīng)擁有了一個(gè)詳細(xì)的維基頁面绅络。）
Dr. Strickland said that her work depended in part on the work of the two women who won the Nobel Prize in Physics before her.
斯特里克蘭博士說她的工作部分建立在，于她之前獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的兩位女性的工作之上嘁字。
Marie Curie was the first woman to win the prize in 1903, for the discovery of radioactivity. (Eight years later, she also won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work on isolating pure radium.) The second was Maria Goeppert Mayer, who won in 1963 for developing a model that could predict the properties of atomic nuclei.
1903年昨稼，瑪麗·居里因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)放射性成為首個(gè)獲得該獎(jiǎng)的女性。（八年后拳锚，她再次因?yàn)殡x析出純鐳獲得諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)假栓。）第二位是瑪麗·朱伯特·梅耶，她在1963年因?yàn)殚_發(fā)可以預(yù)測原子核性質(zhì)的模型而獲獎(jiǎng)霍掺。
But for 54 years after that, only men won the Nobel Prize in Physics. And only a handful of women won the prize in either of the other two scientific categories: chemistry and physiology or medicine. Last year, the nine people who won Nobel Prizes in all three of the scientific categories were men from Western countries.
在此之后54年里匾荆，只有男性獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)拌蜘。只有少數(shù)女性在其他兩個(gè)科學(xué)類別獲獎(jiǎng)：化學(xué)和生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)。
The Nobel Prizes have come under criticism in recent years for the lack of female laureates across all categories.
近年來牙丽，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)因其所有類別都缺乏女性獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叨鴤涫芘u简卧。
While women are generally underrepresented in fields like science and technology, the disparities in physics seem to be particularly pronounced, said Rachel Ivie, the director of the Statistical Research Center at the American Institute of Physics.
美國物理學(xué)會研究中心主任Rachel lvie說，女性通常在科技領(lǐng)域內(nèi)缺乏代表性烤芦，在物理學(xué)中的差異似乎尤為顯著举娩。
She cited institutional issues that have made it more difficult for women to advance their careers, mentioning maternity leave, which can take women out of the workplace for months or years at a time, as one example.
她列舉了令女性難以提升職業(yè)生涯的制度問題，例如修產(chǎn)假构罗，會讓女性一次離開工作數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年铜涉。
But Dr. Ivie added that there seemed to be cultural reasons for the disparities, too. That could explain why the change has been especially slow in physics even though women are increasingly represented in the field.
但艾維博士補(bǔ)充說，這種差異也有文化原因遂唧。這就可以解釋芙代，為什么該領(lǐng)域的女性代表在增加，物理學(xué)依然改變的特別緩慢盖彭。
“It hasn’t really caught up yet to the other fields,” she said. “And I think a lot of that is the cultural perception that this is a man’s science, for whatever reason.”
“它還沒有真正趕上別的學(xué)科纹烹，”她說≌俦撸“并且我認(rèn)為絕大部分是因?yàn)槲幕^念铺呵，認(rèn)為這是男人的科學(xué)，不論出于何種原因隧熙∑遥”
