Ivan Pavlov(Russian)

????CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, 1890s

????????Conditioned responses could be repressed or unlearned. The notion of conditioning referred to as "stimulus-response" ????????(S-R)psychology.

????Experiments on: dogs. Experiments in 1890s.

Edward Thorndike (American)

????Connectionism: Law of Effect and Law of Excercise, 1911

????????learn through achieving successful outcomes from their behaviour.

????????Experiments on: cats in puzzle boxes

????CAVD test

????????Completion, Arithmetic, Vocabulary and Directions, to measure Human Intelligence.

Joh Watson (American)

????CLASSICAL BEHAVIOURISM, 1920s

????????"Dozen infant" boast: Anyone regardless of their nature can be trained to be anything

????Experiments on: Little Albert

????????Unemotional parenting 1920s-1930s

????????????Child is shaped by environment, a strict behaviorist approach

Edward Tolman (American)

????Cognitive (Purposive) Behaviorism, 1932

????????Human creates a cognive map (God-given maze) of their environment

????Experiments on: rats in maze

Edwin Guthrie (American)_Mar24a

????LEANRING THEORY, 1920

? ? ? ? Once a rat has visited our grain sack, we can plan on its return. A movement is learned from stimulus-response ? ? ? ? ? ?????????association.

????????Cats trapped in puzzle boxes.

Zing-Yang Kuo 郭任遠(yuǎn) (Chinese)_Mar24b

????Behavioural Epigenetics, 1930s

????????Deny the existence of instinct as an explanation for behaviour. Harmonious relationship, can exist between animals that ????????are traditionally regarded as enemies.

????Experiments: raise kittens with rats

Karl Lashley (American Physiologist)_Mar25a

????Neuropsychology, before 1950s

????????The memory trace is not located in a particular place in the brain, but distributed evenly throughout the cerebral cortex.

????Experiments: surgery on rats and remove different parts of the cerebral cortex

Konrad Lorenz (Austrian zoologist)_Mar25b

????Ethology

????????Imprinting: happens only in "critical period", it is rapid, irreversible, cannot be forgotten. Geese and other birds follow and ????????become attached to the first moving object they encounter after emerging from their eggs.

????"fixed-action patterns": are not learned but genetically programmed.

????Experiments on: geese and ducks

B.F.Skinner （Burrhus Frederic Skinner)昌简，

????behavior is primarily learned from the results of actions.

????Operant conditioning (differs from classical conditioning):

????????depends on what follows as a consequence of the behavior, not on a preceding stimulus

????represents a two-way process, in which an action (or behavior) is operating on the environment, just as much as the environment is shaping the behavior.

????Negative reinforcement

????????whenever a behavior resulted in the negative consequence (of something), there was a decrease in that behavior.

????Positive reinforcement

????????If a behavior leads to the removal of a negative stimulus, that behavior increases.

????????Positive reinforcement can stimulate particular patterns of behavior.

????Experiments on: rats in "Skinner Boxes"