單詞：

rekindle

verbatim?

overarching

assimilate

score 樂譜

come to fore

red herrings

第二章結(jié)尾留下一個(gè)問題：即然大腦是可改變的谴忧，那什么是提升我們大腦improve our brain的好方法很泊？

答案是是刻意練習(xí)角虫。在刻意練習(xí)之中，我們的大腦究竟是什么發(fā)生了變化委造？

實(shí)驗(yàn)表明區(qū)分專家和我們普通人的主要因素是：他們經(jīng)過年復(fù)一年的練習(xí)戳鹅，已經(jīng)改變了大腦中的神經(jīng)回路，以創(chuàng)建高度專業(yè)化的心理表征昏兆，這些心理表征反過來使得令人難以置信的記憶枫虏、規(guī)則等等

“So here is a major part of the answer to the question we asked at the end of the last chapter: What exactly is being changed in the brain with deliberate practice? The main thing that sets experts apart from the rest of us is that their years of practice have changed the neural circuitry in their brains to produce highly specialized mental representations, which in turn make possible the incredible memory, pattern recognition, problem solving, and other sorts of advanced abilities needed to excel in their particular specialties.”

刻意練習(xí)和建立有效的心理表征和關(guān)系。

意練習(xí)包括創(chuàng)建心理表征：

大多數(shù)的刻意練習(xí)爬虱，包括創(chuàng)建更加有效的心理表征隶债，不論你在練習(xí)什么，都可以使用這些心理表征跑筝。

“Much of deliberate practice involves?developing ever more efficient mental representations?that you can use in whatever activity you are practicing. ”

什么是mental representation

先來了解一下什么是表征：

表征是外部事物在心理活動(dòng)中的內(nèi)部再現(xiàn)死讹，因此，它一方面反映客觀事物曲梗，代表客觀事物赞警，另一方面又是心理活動(dòng)進(jìn)一步加工的對(duì)象。表征有不同的方式稀并，可以是具體形象的仅颇，也可以是語詞的或要領(lǐng)的。

心理表征：A mental representation is a mental structure that corresponds to an object, an idea, a collection of information, or anything else, concrete or abstract, that the brain is thinking about. A simple example is a visual image”

特點(diǎn)一：具有行業(yè)的特定性碘举，不具備通用性忘瓦。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因，建立心理表征不容易引颈，但是心理表征的通性是：

“The thing all mental representations have in common is that they make it possible to process large amounts of information quickly, despite the limitations of short-term memory. Indeed, one could define a mental representation as a conceptual structure designed to sidestep the usual restrictions that short-term memory places on mental processing.”

特點(diǎn)二：日常生活中我們總是在建立這樣那樣的心理表征耕皮，只是我們不知道罷了。

“so we are always building mental representations of one sort or another without even being aware of it. Indeed, without mental representations we couldn’t walk (too many muscle movements to coordinate), we couldn’t talk (ditto on the muscle movements, plus no understanding of the words), we couldn’t live any sort of human life.”

特點(diǎn)三：人人都有mental presentation的能力蝙场，只是專家和一般人的心理表在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上不同凌停，直接表是現(xiàn)專家和新手之間巨大的差異。專家是通過多年的練習(xí)售滤，建立了高度復(fù)雜的心理表征罚拟。這使得他們面對(duì)某一情形，可以做出更快速完箩、精準(zhǔn)的決策和響應(yīng)赐俗。

“So everyone has and uses mental representations. What sets expert performers apart from everyone else is the quality and quantity of their mental representations.”

“This explains a crucial fact about expert performance in general: there is no such thing as developing a general skill. ”

一般來說， better mental representation lead to better performance.

那專家的心理表征是什么樣子弊知？

某個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專家即能夠看到“一片森林”阻逮，又可以小到關(guān)注一棵，而普通人秩彤，卻只看見“一棵樹”叔扼。

1. 心理表征能夠在隨機(jī)事物中發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律事哭，做出無意識(shí)的決策

“In pretty much every area, a hallmark of expert performance is the ability to see patterns in a collection of things that would seem random or confusing to people with less well developed mental representations. In other words, experts see the forest when everyone else sees only trees.”

??“Again, better mental representations lead to better performance.”

幾乎在每一個(gè)行業(yè)或領(lǐng)域，杰出表現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志是能在一系列事物中找出規(guī)律瓜富，這些事物鳍咱，在無法創(chuàng)建高效心理表征的人們看來，可能是隨機(jī)或令人困惑的与柑。換句話講流炕，杰出人物能夠看到“一片森林”，又可以小到關(guān)注一棵仅胞，而普通人每辟，卻只看見“一棵樹”。

2. ?幫助處理信息?

the key benefit of mental representations lies in how they help us deal with information: understanding and interpreting it, holding it in memory, organizing it, analyzing it, and making decisions with it. The same is true for all experts—and most of us are experts at something, whether we realize it or not.

??“The more you study a subject, the more detailed your mental representations of it become, and the better you get at assimilating new information. ”

3. 吸收信息干旧，找到答案

This is a major advantage of highly developed mental representations: you can assimilate and consider a great deal more information at once. Research on expert diagnosticians has found that they tend to see symptoms and other relevant data not as isolated bits of information but as pieces of larger patterns—in much the same way that grandmasters see patterns among chess pieces rather than a random assortment of pieces.”

4. 計(jì)劃

“mental representations can be used to plan a wide variety of areas, and the better the representation, the more effective the planning.”

“The more effective the mental representation is, the better the performance will be. ”

5. 有助于學(xué)習(xí)

“In general, mental representations aren’t just the result of learning a skill; they can also help us learn. ”

技能和mental representation的過關(guān)系：相輔相成

In these areas too, the virtuous circle rules: honing the skill improves mental representation, and mental representation helps hone the skill.?

“It’s like a staircase that you climb as you build it. Each step of your ascent puts you in a position to build the next step. Then you build that step, and you’re in a position to build the next one. And so on. Your existing mental representations guide your performance and allow you to both monitor and judge that performance. As you push yourself to do something new—to develop a new skill or sharpen an old one—you are also expanding and sharpening your mental representations, which will in turn make it possible for you to do more than you could before.”

感悟：

以攝影來舉例

1. 每個(gè)人都有mental representations的能力渠欺，只是我們不知道。在學(xué)習(xí)攝影之初椎眯，我們總是會(huì)思考我要用什么鏡頭挠将，拍攝距離多遠(yuǎn)，我要用多大的快門编整，光圈舔稀，ios，對(duì)焦模式掌测，甚至是閃光燈怎么調(diào)内贮。當(dāng)經(jīng)過大量的拍攝練習(xí)之后，拍攝都是在一瞬間完全的汞斧。以前我不曾思考過這個(gè)過程夜郁。其實(shí)在大量地?cái)z影練習(xí)之后，你的大腦會(huì)根據(jù)不同的拍攝場景粘勒，快速做出決策竞端，選擇用什么參數(shù)拍攝。

2. 一般來講在攝影的拍攝初期庙睡，想提高技能事富，一定離不開大量讀圖，讀圖可以有助于找到喜歡的拍攝風(fēng)格乘陪，進(jìn)而模仿统台。在學(xué)習(xí)了第三章的內(nèi)容后，我意識(shí)到“讀圖”的這一過程暂刘，實(shí)際上就是在建立有效的mental representations饺谬。讀圖量越大捂刺，你在拍攝時(shí)的拍攝速度和成功率越大谣拣。