The history of our world in 18 minutes
18分鐘了解世界史
L8-U3-P3: The history of our world 1
1
First, a video.
首先惹悄，我們來(lái)看一段視頻。
2
Yes, it is a scrambled egg.
是的，這是個(gè)打散的雞蛋觉啊。
3
But as you look at it, I hope you'll begin to feel just slightly uneasy.
但是當(dāng)你看這個(gè)視頻的時(shí)候，我希望你會(huì)開始感到有點(diǎn)不對(duì)勁谓苟。
4
Because you may notice that what's actually happening is that the egg is unscrambling itself.
因?yàn)槟憧赡茏⒁獾搅肆０曨l的內(nèi)容是這個(gè)雞蛋在復(fù)原。
5
And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated.
你現(xiàn)在會(huì)看到蛋黃和蛋清已經(jīng)分離了允耿。
6
And now they're going to be poured back into the egg.
現(xiàn)在他們要倒回到雞蛋里。
7
And we all know in our heart of hearts that this is not the way the universe works.
我們內(nèi)心深處都知道扒怖，這不是宇宙運(yùn)行的方式较锡。
8
A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush.
一個(gè)打散的雞蛋是一團(tuán)糊 -- 可口的糊狀物 -- 但它一定是糊狀物。
9
An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing that can create even more sophisticated things, such as chickens.
雞蛋是一種漂亮盗痒、復(fù)雜的東西蚂蕴，它可以創(chuàng)造出更加復(fù)雜的東西來(lái)低散，比如小雞。
10
And we know in our heart of hearts that the universe does not travel from mush to complexity.
我們內(nèi)心深處知道骡楼，宇宙不會(huì)從混沌走向復(fù)雜熔号。
11
In fact, this gut instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.
事實(shí)上，這個(gè)直覺反映了一個(gè)很重要的基礎(chǔ)物理定律鸟整，熱力學(xué)第二定律引镊，或叫做熵定律。
12
What that says basically is that the general tendency of the universe
這基本上說(shuō)的就是宇宙的總體趨勢(shì)
13
is to move from order and structure to lack of order, lack of structure -- in fact, to mush.
從有序和結(jié)構(gòu)化轉(zhuǎn)向無(wú)序篮条、無(wú)結(jié)構(gòu) -- 事實(shí)上弟头，是轉(zhuǎn)向混沌。
14
And that's why that video feels a bit strange.
這就是為啥那個(gè)視頻讓人感覺有點(diǎn)怪兑燥。
15
And yet, look around us.
現(xiàn)在亮瓷，看下我們周圍。
16
What we see around us is staggering complexity.
我們可以看到周圍非常地復(fù)雜降瞳。
17
Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone, there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded.
Eric Beinhocker估算嘱支，單單在紐約城，有100億件存貨挣饥，或者說(shuō)100億種不同的商品除师，在交易著。
18
That's hundreds of times as many species as there are on Earth.
這比地球上的物種數(shù)量還要多幾百倍扔枫。
19
And they're being traded by a species of almost 7 billion individuals,
這些商品汛聚，在70億個(gè)的同一物種之間交易著，
20
who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet into a global system of stupendous complexity.
他們被交易短荐、航行以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)所連接進(jìn)一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的全球系統(tǒng)中倚舀。
L8-U3-P3: The history of our world 2
21
So here's a great puzzle:
所以這里有個(gè)很大的疑問：
22
in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics,
在一個(gè)被熱力學(xué)第二定律所約束的宇宙，
23
how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described,
它是怎么可能產(chǎn)生我所描述的那種復(fù)雜的忍宋，
24
the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center?
這種由你我和這個(gè)會(huì)議中心所代表的這種復(fù)雜痕貌？
25
Well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty.
答案似乎是：這個(gè)宇宙可以創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜，但是非常困難糠排。
26
In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls "Goldilocks conditions"
在這種情況下舵稠，我得提一下我的同事，F(xiàn)red Spier, 他稱之為"金發(fā)姑娘條件"
in pockets中的pockets應(yīng)該指“像口袋一樣入宦，范圍很小”哺徊，in pockets的意思我理解為：在這樣一個(gè)很小的情況下。
從全球來(lái)看乾闰，應(yīng)該都沒幾個(gè)人研究宇宙史吧落追。
我認(rèn)為Goldilocks conditions在這里也可以理解為“剛性條件”、“平衡條件”涯肩。
Goldilocks principle
Goldilocks principle
27
-- not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity.
不是太熱轿钠，不是太冷雹熬，正適合創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜性。
28
And slightly more complex things appear.
稍微有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜的事情出現(xiàn)谣膳。
29
And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things.
當(dāng)你有稍微復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)的東西時(shí)，你可以得到稍微復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)的東西铅乡。
30
And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage.
在這種方式下继谚，復(fù)雜性一步步形成了。
31
Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.
每一步都很魔幻阵幸，因?yàn)樗鼊?chuàng)建了一個(gè)全新的東西花履，它幾乎在宇宙的任何地方都沒出現(xiàn)過(guò)。
32
We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments.
我們?cè)跉v史上把這些時(shí)刻稱為極限時(shí)刻挚赊。
33
And at each threshold, the going gets tougher.
在每一個(gè)極限诡壁，過(guò)程都會(huì)變得更困難。
34
The complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable;
復(fù)雜的事變得更脆弱荠割；
35
the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent,
金發(fā)姑娘條件變得更苛刻妹卿，
36
and it's more difficult to create complexity.
宇宙更難去創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜性了。
37
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law,
現(xiàn)在蔑鹦，我們夺克，作為極其復(fù)雜的生物，迫切需要知道宇宙是如何創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜的嚎朽，盡管有熱力學(xué)第二定律铺纽，
38
and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility.
以及為什么復(fù)雜意味著無(wú)助和弱小。
vulnerability意思是受到攻擊的概率大哟忍，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜本就難以形成狡门，而宇宙中率先具備復(fù)雜性的事物又容易受到攻擊，所以我在這里將這個(gè)詞翻譯成了“無(wú)助”
fragility意思是受到攻擊后易被破壞锅很。
vulnerability和fragility的區(qū)別
vulnerability和fragility的區(qū)別
39
And that's the story that we tell in big history.
這是我們?cè)诖髿v史中要講的故事其馏。
big history這個(gè)詞就是這個(gè)演講者創(chuàng)造的，研究從宇宙到現(xiàn)在的歷史粗蔚，他也創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)網(wǎng)站尝偎，名叫：Big History Project。
big history
Big History Project
40
But to do it, you have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.
但是要去講這個(gè)故事鹏控，你需要先開始做一些或許看上去很不可能的事致扯。
41
You have to survey the whole history of the universe.
你需要去縱觀宇宙的整個(gè)歷史。
42
So let's do it.
我們來(lái)做吧当辐。
43
Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.
讓我們開始把時(shí)間線調(diào)回到137億年前抖僵，回到時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)。
44
Around us, there's nothing.
我們身邊空無(wú)一物缘揪。
45
There's not even time or space.
甚至沒有時(shí)間或空間耍群。
46
Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can
盡你所能去想象那最黑暗义桂、最空的狀態(tài)
47
and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.
把它放大無(wú)數(shù)倍，這就是我們現(xiàn)在所處的時(shí)間點(diǎn)蹈垢。
最開始慷吊，宇宙是一個(gè)點(diǎn)，幾乎看不見曹抬，所以需要放大無(wú)數(shù)倍溉瓶。
48
And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first threshold.
突然，bang谤民，一個(gè)宇宙出現(xiàn)了堰酿，一個(gè)完整的宇宙。我們跨過(guò)了第一道門檻张足。
49
The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot.
這個(gè)宇宙很写ゴ础；比一個(gè)原子還小为牍。但極度熾熱哼绑。
50
It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you can imagine, it's busting.
它包含了今天宇宙中有的所有東西，所以你可以想象下吵聪，它爆炸了凌那。
51
And it's expanding at incredible speed.
然后以一個(gè)驚人的速度擴(kuò)張。
52
And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.
一開始吟逝，它只是一團(tuán)混沌帽蝶，但很快，不同的東西開始出現(xiàn)在混沌中块攒。
53
Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity.
在第一秒內(nèi)励稳，能量分解成不同的力，包括電磁力和重力囱井。
54
And energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter
能量還有其他神奇的作用：它凝結(jié)形成物質(zhì)
55
-- quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons.
夸克驹尼，它會(huì)產(chǎn)生包含電子的質(zhì)子和輕子。
proton n. [物] 質(zhì)子
lepton n. 輕粒子
56
And all of that happens in the first second.
所有這一切發(fā)生在第一秒內(nèi)庞呕。
57
Now we move forward 380,000 years.
現(xiàn)在新翎，往后走38萬(wàn)年。
58
That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.
這比人類在地球上存在的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)2倍住练。
59
And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium.
現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)單一的原子——?dú)湓雍秃ぴ映霈F(xiàn)了地啰。
60
Now I want to pause for a moment,
現(xiàn)在我想停下片刻，
61
380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage.
在宇宙起源38萬(wàn)年后讲逛，因?yàn)殛P(guān)于宇宙現(xiàn)在的階段亏吝，我們事實(shí)上了解的挺多的。
62
We know above all that it was extremely simple.
首先盏混，我們知道它極其簡(jiǎn)單蔚鸥。
above all 首先惜论；尤其是
63
It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure.
它由大量的氫和氦原子組成，它們沒有結(jié)構(gòu)止喷。
64
They're really a sort of cosmic mush.
它們就是一團(tuán)宇宙塵埃馆类。
cosmic adj. 宇宙的
65
But that's not completely true.
但這不完全正確。
66
Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background.
最近弹谁，由像WMAP等這樣的衛(wèi)星研究表明蹦掐，事實(shí)上，在那樣的背景下還是有細(xì)微的差別僵闯。
67
What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas.
正如你在這里看到的，藍(lán)色區(qū)域大約比紅色區(qū)域溫度低千分之一度藤滥。
68
These are tiny differences, but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity. And this is how it works.
那是細(xì)微的差別鳖粟，但是對(duì)于宇宙走向創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜性的下一步來(lái)說(shuō)，足夠了拙绊。下面是它如何形成的向图。
69
Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff.
物質(zhì)越多，引力就越強(qiáng)标沪。
70
So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.
在更密的區(qū)域榄攀，引力開始聚集大量的氫原子和氦原子。
71
So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds.
所以我們可以想象早期宇宙分裂成十億團(tuán)云金句。
72
And each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases,
每一團(tuán)云聚合在一塊檩赢，引力就隨著密度的變大而變大，
73
the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,
溫度開始在每一團(tuán)云的中心升高违寞，
74
and then, at the center of each cloud, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees,
然后贞瞒，在每一團(tuán)云的中心，溫度突破1千萬(wàn)度的極限趁曼。
75
protons start to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and -- bam! We have our first stars.
質(zhì)子開始融化军浆，這會(huì)釋放出巨大的能量，然后 -- 砰挡闰！我們有了第一批恒星乒融。
76
From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them.
在大爆炸約2億年后，恒星開始在宇宙各個(gè)角落中出現(xiàn)摄悯，數(shù)以十億計(jì)赞季。
77
And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.
宇宙現(xiàn)在更加有趣和復(fù)雜。
78
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds.
恒星開始為了跨越兩個(gè)新的門檻來(lái)創(chuàng)造金發(fā)姑娘條件射众。
79
When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high
當(dāng)巨大的恒星死亡時(shí)碟摆，它們會(huì)制造很高的溫度
80
that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table.
質(zhì)子開始融化進(jìn)各種外部混合物，去形成元素周期表上的所有元素叨橱。
periodic table [化學(xué)] 周期表
81
If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion.
如果你像我一樣典蜕，帶了個(gè)金戒指断盛，它是在一個(gè)超新星爆炸中鑄造出來(lái)的。
82
So now the universe is chemically more complex.
所以現(xiàn)在這個(gè)宇宙在化學(xué)上非常復(fù)雜愉舔。
83
And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things.
在一個(gè)化學(xué)上非常復(fù)雜的宇宙钢猛，就可能創(chuàng)造更多的東西。
84
And what starts happening is that, around young suns,young stars,
接下來(lái)開始發(fā)生的事情是轩缤，在所有新生的太陽(yáng)命迈，所有的新恒星周圍
85
all these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around,
所有元素結(jié)合在一起，它們旋轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)火的，恒星的能量攪動(dòng)著它們壶愤，
86
they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes, they form rocks,
它們形成了粒子，它們形成了雪花馏鹤，它們形成了小塵埃征椒，它們形成了巖石，
87
they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons.
它們形成了小行星湃累，最終勃救，它們形成了行星和衛(wèi)星。
88
And that is how our solar system was formed, four and a half billion years ago.
這就是我們太陽(yáng)系的形成過(guò)程治力，在45億年前蒙秒。
89
Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.
像我們地球這樣的巖質(zhì)行星比恒星更復(fù)雜，因?yàn)樗鼈儼烁佣鄻拥奈镔|(zhì)宵统。
90
So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
所以我們跨過(guò)了復(fù)雜性的第四道門檻晕讲。
L8-U3-P3: The history of our world 3
91
Now, the going gets tougher.
現(xiàn)在過(guò)程更艱難了
92
The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable,
下一步出現(xiàn)了更加弱小、無(wú)助的東西马澈，
93
but they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity.
但是它們也更加有創(chuàng)造力益兄，更能生成更進(jìn)一步的復(fù)雜性。
94
I'm talking, of course, about living organisms.
我談?wù)摰木褪顷P(guān)于生物體的箭券。
95
Living organisms are created by chemistry. We are huge packages of chemicals.
生物體由化學(xué)創(chuàng)造净捅。我們是巨大的化學(xué)物質(zhì)集合。
96
So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.
所以辩块，化學(xué)由電磁力主導(dǎo)蛔六。
97
That operates over smaller scales than gravity, which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets.
它相對(duì)引力而言，作用在更小的物體上废亭，這也解釋了為什么你我都比恒星或行星小国章。
98
Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
那么對(duì)于化學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，理想的條件是什么豆村？
99
What are the Goldilocks conditions? Well, first, you need energy, but not too much.
金發(fā)姑娘條件是什么液兽？首先，你需要能量，但不需要太多四啰。
100
In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.
在一個(gè)恒星的中心宁玫，有很大的能量，以至于任何組合在一起的原子都會(huì)再次分開柑晒。
101
But not too little.
但這能量也不會(huì)很小欧瘪。
102
In intergalactic space, there's so little energy that atoms can't combine.
在銀河系中，能量太小匙赞，原子就無(wú)法結(jié)合佛掖。
intergalactic adj. 星系間的；銀河間的
103
What you want is just the right amount, and planets, it turns out, are just right, because they're close to stars, but not too close.
你想要的是剛好合適的量涌庭，而行星芥被，事實(shí)證明，正好合適坐榆，因?yàn)樗鼈兊哪芰颗c恒星接近撕彤，但又不是太近。
104
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquids, such as water. Why?
我們需要非常多樣的化學(xué)元素猛拴，還需要一些液體，比如水蚀狰，為什么呢愉昆？
105
Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast that they can't hitch up.
在氣體中，原子相互間移動(dòng)很快以至于它們不能相遇麻蹋。
106
In solids, atoms are stuck together, they can't move.
在固體中跛溉，原子貼在一塊，它們無(wú)法移動(dòng)扮授。
107
In liquids, they can cruise and cuddle and link up to form molecules.
在液體中芳室，他們能夠游動(dòng)并且相遇以及組合在一起形成分子。
cruise v. 乘船游覽刹勃；以平穩(wěn)的速度行駛堪侯；巡航
cuddle vt. 擁抱；親熱地?fù)ё荔仁∥榛拢粨釔鄣負(fù)肀?br>
108
Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?
那么我們?cè)谀目梢哉业竭@樣的金發(fā)姑娘條件？
109
Well, planets are great, and our early Earth was almost perfect.
行星足夠了乏梁，我們?cè)缙诘牡厍驇缀跬昝馈?br>
110
It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water.
它與恒星之間的距離適中次洼，正好可以容納大量的液態(tài)水。
111
And deep beneath those oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust,
在這些海洋的深處遇骑，在地殼的裂縫處卖毁，
crust n. 地殼；外殼落萎；面包皮亥啦；堅(jiān)硬外皮
112
you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of elements.
熱量會(huì)從地球內(nèi)部滲出炭剪，由此我們可以得到多種多樣的元素。
113
So at those deep oceanic vents, fantastic chemistry began to happen, and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
在那些深海的通風(fēng)口禁悠，神奇的化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生了念祭，原子在各種外部組合條件下組合在了一起。
vent n. （氣體碍侦、液體的）進(jìn)出口粱坤，通風(fēng)口，排放口
114
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry.
當(dāng)然瓷产，生命不僅僅是奇異的化學(xué)反應(yīng)站玄。
115
How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable?
你如何使那些看上去能夠存活的大分子穩(wěn)定下來(lái)呢？
116
Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick.
就是在這濒旦，生命呈現(xiàn)了一個(gè)全新的方式株旷。
117
You don't stabilize the individual;
你不需要穩(wěn)定個(gè)體；
118
you stabilize the template, the thing that carries information, and you allow the template to copy itself.
你需要穩(wěn)定這個(gè)攜帶信息的模板尔邓，然后讓模板自身復(fù)制晾剖。
119
And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule that contains that information.
DNA是包含信息的美麗的分子。
120
You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA. Each rung contains information.
你會(huì)對(duì)DNA的雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)很熟悉梯嗽。每個(gè)橫檔都包含信息齿尽。
helix n. 螺旋，螺旋狀物灯节；[解剖] 耳輪
rung n. （梯子的）橫檔循头；梯級(jí)
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So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms.
所以，DNA包含如何制造生物體的信息炎疆。
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And DNA also copies itself.
DNA也自身復(fù)制卡骂。
123
So, it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean.
它復(fù)制自身，并在海中傳播這個(gè)模板形入。
scatter v. 撒播全跨；散開；散布
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So the information spreads. Notice that information has become part of our story.
所以信息擴(kuò)散開來(lái)亿遂。請(qǐng)注意信息成為了我們故事的一部分螟蒸。
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The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections.
然而DNA最美妙的地方在于它的不完美。
126
As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error.
在它復(fù)制自身的時(shí)候崩掘，每十億橫檔中就會(huì)有一處錯(cuò)誤七嫌。
127
And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning.
這意味著DNA實(shí)際上是在學(xué)習(xí)。
128
It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work.
它在積累制造生物體的新方法苞慢，因?yàn)橐恍╁e(cuò)誤是有效的诵原。
129
So DNA's learning and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.
所以DNA在學(xué)習(xí)，它在建造豐富的多樣性和更大的復(fù)雜性。
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And we can see this happening over the last 4 billion years.
我們?cè)谶^(guò)去的40億年可以看到這一幕绍赛。
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For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple -- single cells.
在地球生命的大多數(shù)時(shí)間里蔓纠，生物體相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單 -- 它們主要是單細(xì)胞生物。
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But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity.
但是它們有豐富的多樣性吗蚌，當(dāng)然它們內(nèi)部也很復(fù)雜腿倚。
133
Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear.
在大約6至8億年前，多細(xì)胞生物出現(xiàn)了蚯妇。
134
You get fungi, you get fish, you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.
我們有了真菌敷燎，魚類，植物箩言，兩棲類動(dòng)物硬贯，爬行動(dòng)物，然后陨收，我們有了恐龍饭豹。
fungi n. 真菌；菌類
amphibia n. 兩棲類务漩，兩棲綱
135
And occasionally, there are disasters.
偶然間拄衰，災(zāi)難發(fā)生了。
136
65 million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula,
6500萬(wàn)年前饵骨，一個(gè)小行星降臨在地球尤卡坦半島附近翘悉。
Peninsula n. 半島
137
creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out.
它的影響等同于一場(chǎng)核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，恐龍滅絕了宏悦。
138
Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors,
這對(duì)恐龍來(lái)說(shuō)是滅頂之災(zāi)，但是對(duì)我們哺乳動(dòng)物的祖先來(lái)說(shuō)卻是個(gè)大好的消息包吝。
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who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.
他們?cè)诳铸垳缃^后留下的空檔期瘋狂發(fā)育饼煞。
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And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began 65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
我們?nèi)祟愂悄菆?chǎng)開始于6500萬(wàn)年前，隨著小行星著陸地球而發(fā)生的創(chuàng)造性變革狂潮的一部分诗越。
L8-U3-P3: The history of our world 4
141
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago.
人類大約出現(xiàn)在20萬(wàn)年前砖瞧。
142
And I believe we count as a threshold in this great story. Let me explain why.
我認(rèn)為我們是這個(gè)偉大歷史中的一個(gè)突破。我來(lái)解釋下為什么嚷狞。
143
We've seen that DNA learns in a sense, it accumulates information. But it is so slow.
我們看到了DNA在某種意義上是在學(xué)習(xí)块促，它在積累信息。但這太慢了床未。
144
DNA accumulates information through random errors, some of which just happen to work.
DNA通過(guò)隨機(jī)錯(cuò)誤積累信息竭翠，其中一些錯(cuò)誤是碰巧發(fā)生的。
145
But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning: it had produced organisms with brains, and those organisms can learn in real time.
DNA事實(shí)上生成了一個(gè)快速學(xué)習(xí)的方式：它生產(chǎn)出了帶有大腦的生物體薇搁，而那些生物體可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)東西斋扰。
146
They accumulate information, they learn.
他們匯集信息，他們學(xué)習(xí)東西。
147
The sad thing is, when they die, the information dies with them.
令人悲傷的是传货，當(dāng)他們死亡時(shí)屎鳍，信息也隨他們一起去了。
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Now what makes humans different is human language.
而讓人類不同的就是人類的語(yǔ)言问裕。
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We are blessed with a language, a system of communication, so powerful and so precise
我們有幸擁有這樣一個(gè)溝通系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言逮壁，它如此強(qiáng)大和精準(zhǔn)。
150
that we can share what we've learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory.
我們可以很精準(zhǔn)的分享自己學(xué)到的東西粮宛，這些知識(shí)可以積累在集體記憶中窥淆。
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And that means it can outlast the individuals who learned that information, and it can accumulate from generation to generation.
這意味著，這種集體記憶會(huì)比學(xué)習(xí)這些信息的人活得更久窟勃，并且它可以一代代地積累祖乳。
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And that's why, as a species, we're so creative and so powerful, and that's why we have a history.
這就是為什么，作為一個(gè)物種秉氧，我們非常有創(chuàng)造性和強(qiáng)大眷昆，以及為什么我們擁有歷史。
153
We seem to be the only species in 4 billion years to have this gift.
我們似乎是40億今年中擁有這個(gè)天賦的唯一物種汁咏。
154
I call this ability collective learning. It's what makes us different.
我把這種能力成為集體學(xué)習(xí)亚斋。這使我們變得不同。
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We can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history.
我們可以在人類歷史的早期階段看到它的作用攘滩。
156
We evolved as a species in the savanna lands of Africa,
我們作為一個(gè)物種帅刊，在非洲的熱帶草原上進(jìn)化，
savanna n. [生態(tài)] 熱帶草原漂问；熱帶的稀樹大草原
157
but then you see humans migrating into new environments,
然后你會(huì)看見人類遷徙到新的環(huán)境赖瞒，
158
into desert lands, into jungles, into the Ice Age tundra of Siberia -- tough, tough environment -- into the Americas, into Australasia.
到沙漠去，到雨林去蚤假，到西伯利亞的冰河世紀(jì)凍土地帶 -- 艱苦的環(huán)境 -- 到美國(guó)栏饮，到澳洲。
tundra n. [生態(tài)] 苔原磷仰；[地理] 凍原袍嬉；凍土地帶
159
Each migration involved learning -- learning new ways of exploiting the environment, new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
每種遷移都涉及到學(xué)習(xí) -- 學(xué)習(xí)探索環(huán)境的新方式，與周圍環(huán)境相處的新方式灶平。
160
Then 10,000 years ago, exploiting a sudden change in global climate with the end of the last ice age, humans learned to farm.
1萬(wàn)年前伺通，隨著冰河時(shí)代末期全球氣候的突然變化，人類學(xué)會(huì)了耕作逢享。
161
Farming was an energy bonanza.
耕作是一個(gè)能量源泉罐监。
bonanza n. 富礦帶；帶來(lái)好運(yùn)之事瞒爬；幸運(yùn)
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And exploiting that energy, human populations multiplied. Human societies got larger, denser, more interconnected.
通過(guò)利用這個(gè)能量笑诅，人類人口數(shù)劇增调缨。人類社會(huì)變得更大，更密吆你，聯(lián)系更多弦叶。
163
And then from about 500 years ago, humans began to link up globally through shipping, through trains,through telegraph, through the Internet,
在大約500年前，人類開始在全球范圍內(nèi)妇多，通過(guò)船運(yùn)伤哺、火車、電報(bào)者祖、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)聯(lián)系在一起立莉，
164
until now we seem to form a single global brain of almost 7 billion individuals.
直到現(xiàn)在，我們似乎形成了一個(gè)接近70億群體的全球大腦七问。
165
And that brain is learning at warp speed.
這個(gè)大腦以一個(gè)驚人的速度學(xué)習(xí)著蜓耻。
warp n. 彎曲，歪曲械巡；偏見刹淌；乖戾
166
And in the last 200 years, something else has happened. We've stumbled on another energy bonanza in fossil fuels.
在過(guò)去200年中，有些事情發(fā)生了讥耗。我們碰巧在化石燃料中發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)能源寶藏有勾。
stumble vt. 使…困惑；使…絆倒
stumble on 無(wú)意中發(fā)現(xiàn)古程；偶然遇到蔼卡，碰巧找到
167
So fossil fuels and collective learning together explain the staggering complexity we see around us.
所以化石燃料和群體學(xué)習(xí)一起解釋了我們所看到的、周圍的那種驚人的復(fù)雜性挣磨。
168
So -- Here we are, back at the convention center.
所以雇逞，在這里，我們回到這個(gè)會(huì)上來(lái)茁裙。
169
We've been on a journey, a return journey, of 13.7 billion years.
我們?cè)谝欢温贸讨刑猎遥粋€(gè)返回的旅程中，一個(gè)137億年的旅程呜达。
170
I hope you agree this is a powerful story.
我希望你認(rèn)同這是個(gè)強(qiáng)悍的故事谣蠢。
171
And it's a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role.
在這個(gè)故事中粟耻，人類扮演了一個(gè)驚奇且有創(chuàng)造力的角色查近。
172
But it also contains warnings.
但它也包含了警告。
173
Collective learning is a very, very powerful force, and it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it.
集體學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)非常強(qiáng)的力量挤忙，我們不清楚人類是否掌控了它霜威。
174
I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England, living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.
我還清楚地記得我小時(shí)候在英國(guó)長(zhǎng)大，經(jīng)歷過(guò)古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)册烈。
missile n. 導(dǎo)彈戈泼；投射物
175
For a few days, the entire biosphere seemed to be on the verge of destruction.
有幾天婿禽，整個(gè)生物圈似乎都處于毀滅的邊緣。
on the verge of 瀕臨于大猛；接近于
176
And the same weapons are still here, and they are still armed.
同樣的武器還存在著涩蜘，它們還在虎視眈眈媳叨。
177
If we avoid that trap, others are waiting for us.
如果我們避開這個(gè)陷阱，其它的陷阱還在等著我們。
178
We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate
我們以這樣的一個(gè)速度消耗著化石能源
179
that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions that made it possible for human civilizations to flourish over the last 10,000 years.
我們似乎正在破壞那個(gè)讓人類文明在過(guò)去一萬(wàn)年里蓬勃發(fā)展的金發(fā)姑娘條件柔吼。
180
So what big history can do is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility and the dangers that face us,
大歷史能做的就是給我們展示我們復(fù)雜性和弱小的本質(zhì)，以及我們面臨的危險(xiǎn)嚼锄，
181
but it can also show us our power with collective learning.
它也能給我們展示我們集體學(xué)習(xí)的力量场刑。
182
And now, finally -- this is what I want.
最后 -- 這是我想要的。
183
I want my grandson, Daniel, and his friends and his generation, throughout the world, to know the story of big history,
我想讓我的孫子——Daniel唠亚，以及他的朋友和后代链方，在這個(gè)世界上能夠去了解大歷史，
184
and to know it so well that they understand both the challenges that face us and the opportunities that face us.
并且是好好地去了解灶搜，讓他們既了解我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)祟蚀，也了解我們面臨的機(jī)遇。
185
And that's why a group of us are building a free, online syllabus in big history for high-school students throughout the world.
這就是為什么我們這群人占调，正在全世界范圍內(nèi)暂题，針對(duì)高中生，在大歷史方面究珊，做一個(gè)免費(fèi)的在線課程大綱薪者。
syllabus n. 教學(xué)大綱，摘要剿涮；課程表
186
We believe that big history will be a vital intellectual tool for them,
我們認(rèn)為大歷史對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重要的智力工具言津，
187
as Daniel and his generation face the huge challenges and also the huge opportunities ahead of them
當(dāng)Daniel和他的后代面對(duì)這些巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，以及他們面前巨大的機(jī)會(huì)
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at this threshold moment in the history of our beautiful planet.
在我們這個(gè)美麗星球歷史中的起始點(diǎn)取试。
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I thank you for your attention.
感謝你們的關(guān)注悬槽。
