對(duì)于學(xué)術(shù)研究者村缸，寫作是攸關(guān)職業(yè)生涯的大事汉形。自己對(duì)于寫作并無所長擅憔，遂決開辟新專欄放置與“寫作”相關(guān)的筆記简僧，算是自我督促。

規(guī)則1：在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上項(xiàng)目并列時(shí)雕欺，在最后一項(xiàng)前使用連詞岛马，其余各項(xiàng)用逗號(hào)隔開。

• red, white and blue
• gold, silver or copper
• He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.

這類逗號(hào)通常被稱作并列逗號(hào)屠列。

規(guī)則2：將插入語放在兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間啦逆。
1.短語

• Uncle Bert, being slightly deaf, moved forward.

2.用作稱呼的名字或頭銜

• Well, Susan, this is a fine mess you are in.
• Rachel Simonds, Attorney

需要注意：名詞和表示其身份的限制性成分間不能用逗號(hào)隔開。

• The poet Sappho
• The novelist of Jane Austen

3.縮寫

• Letters, packages, etc., should go there.
• Horace Fulsome, Ph.D., presided.

4.非限制性從句
非限制性從句是一種不定義或不限制先行名詞的從句笛洛，只是單純?cè)鎏硪恍﹥?nèi)容夏志，應(yīng)被視作插入語。

• The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
• The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.
• In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.
• Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater.

當(dāng)然上述的例句都可以被拆分為獨(dú)立的陳述句苛让，比如：

• The audience was at first been indifferent. Later they became more and more interested.

與之相應(yīng)的是限制性從句不可使用逗號(hào)隔開沟蔑。

• People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

5.主句前的短語或從句

• Partly by hard fighting, partly by diplomatic skills, they enlarged their dominions to the east and rose to royal rank with the possession of Sicily.

規(guī)則3：在引導(dǎo)獨(dú)立分句的連詞前添加逗號(hào)
分句可以分為兩類，一是獨(dú)立分句狱杰，二是從屬分句瘦材，也即從句。如果句子由兩個(gè)分句組成仿畸，且第二個(gè)分句是由but, so, as, for, or, nor, while等連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)食棕，需要在連詞前添加逗號(hào)朗和。

• The early records of the city have disappeared, so the story of its first years can no longer be constructed.
• The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

當(dāng)然，也有例外的情況簿晓。如果一個(gè)從句或一個(gè)需要用逗號(hào)隔開的引導(dǎo)性短語位于第二個(gè)獨(dú)立分句前眶拉，則連詞后不需要用逗號(hào)隔開。

• The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly there is still one chance of escape.

此外憔儿，當(dāng)兩個(gè)分句的主語相同忆植，而且主語僅出現(xiàn)一次時(shí)，如果連詞是but谒臼，需要添加逗號(hào)朝刊；如果連詞是and且兩句關(guān)系緊密，就不需要添加逗號(hào)屋休。

• I've heard the argument, but am still unconvinced.
• He has several years' experience and is thoroughly competent.

規(guī)則4：勿用逗號(hào)連接獨(dú)立分句
兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上語法結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子在沒有連詞連接的情況下組成復(fù)合句時(shí)，用分號(hào)連接备韧。

• Mary Shelley's works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
• It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.

當(dāng)然劫樟，將兩個(gè)分句寫成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，用句號(hào)分開也是正確的织堂。

• Mary Shelley's works are entertaining. They are full of engaging ideas.

如果兩句間有連詞叠艳，則應(yīng)遵循規(guī)則三，使用逗號(hào)更為合適易阳。

• Mary Shelley's works are entertaining for they are full of engaging ideas.

對(duì)比以上三種形式附较，第一種的優(yōu)勢(shì)最為明顯。和第二種相比潦俺，更能體現(xiàn)兩個(gè)分句間的緊密聯(lián)系拒课；和第三種相比，更簡(jiǎn)明有力事示。因此早像，使用第一種形式表現(xiàn)兩句間的關(guān)系是最有效的寫作技法之一。

需要注意的是肖爵，如果第二個(gè)分句是由副詞而非連詞引導(dǎo)卢鹦，如accordingly, besides, then, therefore, thus則仍需要使用分號(hào)。

• I had never been in the place before; besides, it was as dark as a tomb.

此外劝堪，如果分句短小且形式相近冀自，或者句子語氣輕松、口語化秒啦，則應(yīng)使用逗號(hào)熬粗。

• Man proposes, God disposes.

規(guī)則5：勿將句子一分為二
該條規(guī)則強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該使用逗號(hào)不要用句號(hào)，比如下面句子的句號(hào)應(yīng)該換成逗號(hào)余境。

• I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.

如果作者使用了強(qiáng)調(diào)性的單詞或短語荐糜，此時(shí)可用句號(hào)分隔，但作者應(yīng)保證強(qiáng)調(diào)的合理性。

• Again and again he called out. No replay.

參考資料：
《風(fēng)格的要素》