西方文化主要有兩個源頭:一為希臘(Hellenic)文化饥脑，一為希伯萊(Hebrew)文化灶轰，而希臘文化中的希臘神話(Greek mythology)對英語影響非常廣泛鳄抒。今天我們就來聊聊來自希臘神話的那些單詞。
1. cicerone: a guide who conducts sightseers: 導(dǎo)游
來源：Cicerone (or ciceroni) take their name from the Roman statesman and orator Cicero, who was renowned for his long-windedness as well as for his elegant style, though they rarely match his scholarship or eloquence.
該詞來源于古羅馬政治家和辯論家西塞羅。西塞羅因其獨(dú)步天下的雄辯之術(shù)而聞名于世祭犯。后人就把cicerone這個詞來指代導(dǎo)游，因?yàn)閷?dǎo)游對名勝古跡最盅，歷史文化遺產(chǎn)等了如指掌，可以對著游客侃侃而談，其口才和知識面就像當(dāng)年的西塞羅一樣激挪。
例句：The cicerone took us to a lot of shopping places.
導(dǎo)游帶我們?nèi)チ撕芏嗟胤劫徫铩?/p>
2. hector: [?h?kt?] To bully; to intimidate or harass by bluster or personal pressure. vt.嚇唬悲柱，欺凌
來源：In the Iliad, Hector was the leader of the Trojan forces, and the very model of nobility and honor. In the war against the Greeks he killed several great warriors before being slain by Achilles. His name began to take on its current meaning only after it was adopted by a crowd of bullying rowdies in late-17th-century London.
在希臘神話中，赫克托耳Hector是特洛伊(Troy)的大王子及第一勇士炉奴，被稱為“特洛伊的城墻”。最后和阿喀琉斯(Achilles)決斗，死在對方手里。在與阿喀琉斯決斗之前他已經(jīng)殺了多名希臘勇士篓像，其名字令敵人聞風(fēng)喪膽，所以從其名字產(chǎn)生了小寫的hector一詞，表示“令人恐懼的人”种呐。
17世紀(jì)時英國倫敦的街頭小混混們將自己稱為“hector”汁讼，玷污了赫克托耳的名聲。所以后來hector的含義急轉(zhuǎn)直下伞芹，變成貶義召川，用來表示“威嚇汉形、欺凌峰搪，恃強(qiáng)凌弱者”尽纽。
3. hedonism: An attitude or way of life based on the idea that pleasure or happiness should be the chief goal. 享樂主義
來源：Derived from the Greek word for "pleasure," hedonism over the ages has provided the basis for several philosophies. The ancient Epicureans and the more modern Utilitarians both taught and pursued hedonistic principles.
享樂主義(Hedonism)又叫伊壁鳩魯主義（Epicureanism）差凹，是一個哲學(xué)思想危尿，認(rèn)為享樂是人類最重要的追求济欢。詞語的來源是希臘語的"pleasure"法褥。享樂主義是所有動作皆可被一個人會產(chǎn)生的享受與痛楚所決定，力求將享樂與痛苦的距差增至最大酬屉。含義：享樂主義（hedonism）產(chǎn)生于古希臘的愛利亞學(xué)派半等，是受到人們詆毀最多的一種哲學(xué)。
例:We shall advocate patriotism,collectivism and socialism while combating socialills such as money-worshiping,hedonism and ultra-egoism.
倡導(dǎo)愛國主義呐萨、集體主義杀饵、社會主義思想，反對和抵制拜金主義垛吗、享樂主義凹髓、極端個人主義。
4. nestor: ['nest?] A senior figure or leader in one's field.(某一行業(yè)或領(lǐng)域中的)聰明的長者怯屉，賢明長輩
Nestor was another character from the Iliad, the eldest of the Greek at Troy. He was noted for his wisdom and his talkativeness, both of which increased as he aged. These days a nestor need not go on at such length; he may share his knowledge or give advice with few words.
在希臘神話中蔚舀，涅斯托爾（Nestor）是皮洛斯（Pylos）的國王。在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭期間锨络，他年紀(jì)已經(jīng)非常大了（據(jù)說大約有110歲）赌躺，但依然帶著兩個兒子加入了希臘聯(lián)軍。他經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富羡儿、德高望重礼患，經(jīng)常為年輕的戰(zhàn)士出謀劃策，并想方設(shè)法促使阿基里斯和阿伽門農(nóng)的和解。特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后缅叠，他沒有參與對特洛伊城的洗劫悄泥，而是順利返回了皮洛斯。在《奧德賽》中肤粱，奧德修斯的兒子遠(yuǎn)渡重洋來到皮洛斯弹囚，向涅斯托爾打聽父親的下落。涅斯托爾熱情款待了他领曼，但無法告知他父親的下落鸥鹉。在荷馬史詩及希臘神話中，他被看作是一名善于提供建議的睿智長者庶骄，因此毁渗，他的名字也就成了“睿智長者”的代名詞。
例：After dinner the guest of honor, a nestor among journalists, shared some of his wisdom with the other guests
5. spartan: [?spɑ:rtn] Marked by simplicity and often strict self-discipline or self-denial. 嚴(yán)于自律的; 簡樸的单刁，節(jié)約的; 精煉的;
來源：In ancient times, the Greek city of Sparta had a reputation for enforcing a highly disciplined, severe way of life among its citizens so as to keep them ready for war at any time. The city required physical training for men and women and maintained a common dinning hall and communal child care, but provided few physical comforts.
古代希臘人中的斯巴達(dá)人生活清苦灸异，崇尚武藝。整個斯巴達(dá)社會等于是個管理嚴(yán)格的大軍營幻碱。斯巴達(dá)的嬰兒呱呱落地時绎狭，就抱到長老哪里接受檢查细溅，如果長老認(rèn)為他不健康褥傍，他就被拋到荒山野外的棄嬰場去。母親用烈酒給嬰兒洗澡喇聊，如果他抽風(fēng)或失去知覺恍风，這就證明他體質(zhì)不堅強(qiáng)，任他死去誓篱，因?yàn)樗豢赡艹砷L為良好的戰(zhàn)士朋贬。男孩子7歲前，由雙親撫養(yǎng)窜骄。父母從小就注意培養(yǎng)他們不愛哭锦募、不挑食、不吵鬧邻遏、不怕黑暗糠亩、不怕孤獨(dú)的習(xí)慣。7歲后的男孩准验，被編入團(tuán)隊(duì)過集體的軍事生活赎线。他們要求對首領(lǐng)絕對服從，要求增強(qiáng)勇氣糊饱、體力和殘忍性垂寥，他們練習(xí)跑步、擲鐵餅、拳擊滞项、擊劍和毆斗等狭归。為了訓(xùn)練孩子的服從性和忍耐性，他們每年在節(jié)日敬神時都要被皮鞭鞭打一次文判。他們跪在神殿前唉铜，火辣辣的皮鞭如雨點(diǎn)般落下，但不許求饒律杠，不許喊叫潭流。男孩到12歲，編入少年隊(duì)柜去。他們的生活更嚴(yán)酷了灰嫉，光頭赤腳，無論冬夏只穿一件外衣嗓奢，平時食物很少讼撒，但鼓勵他們到外面偷食物吃。
由于斯巴達(dá)的這種嚴(yán)格的軍事化訓(xùn)練和清苦的生活方式股耽，就從斯巴達(dá)的名稱Sparta中產(chǎn)生了形容詞spartan根盒，表示“清苦的、質(zhì)樸的”物蝙。
6. stentorian: loud, often with especially deep richness of sound.聲音響亮的炎滞，洪亮的。
來源：Stentor, like Hector, was a warrior in the Iliad, but on the Greek side. His unusually powerful voice made him the natural choice for delivering announcements and proclamations to the assembled Greek army. One who speaks in a stentorian voice thus can be heard clearly at a considerable distance.
來源：斯屯托耳（Stentor）是希臘神話傳說中一名參加特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的希臘軍人诬乞，天生一副大嗓門册赛，聲如洪鐘，一個人的聲音比得上50人震嫉，因此在軍中擔(dān)任傳令官森瘪。據(jù)說天后曾經(jīng)化身為他的形象，用他的大嗓門來鼓勵希臘將士票堵。斯屯托耳后來與神使赫爾墨斯比賽誰的嗓門更大扼睬。凡人哪斗得過神靈，結(jié)果斯屯托耳比輸了悴势，自己也力竭而亡窗宇。但他憑借自己的大嗓門名垂青史，英語單詞stentorian就源自他的名字Stentor瞳浦。
7. stoic: Seemingly indifferent to pleasure or pain.禁欲主義者
來源： The Stoics were members of a philosophical movement that first appeared in ancient Greek and lasted through the Roman era. They taught that humans should seek to free themselves from joy, grief, and passions of all kinds in order to attain wisdom. They have given their name to a personal attitude that some cultures and individuals still proudly cultivate.
來源于斯多葛派担映，該學(xué)派強(qiáng)調(diào)順從天命，要安于自己在社會中所處的地位叫潦，要恬淡寡欲蝇完，只有這樣才能得到幸福。
8. sybaritic: Marked by a luxurious or sensual way of life. adj.奢侈逸樂的;
The ancient city of Sybaris, founded by the Greek in Italy, was famous for the wealth and hedonistic self-indulgence of its citizens, whose love of extravagance and sensuality made sybaritic a term for such leanings in any era.
在古希臘南部城邦中，有一座城市叫做錫巴里斯（Sybaris）短蜕。這座城市因富饒與奢糜而聞名于世氢架。他們吃的是珍貴的海鞘，家里養(yǎng)著鵪鶉朋魔，喜歡把玫瑰花瓣撒在床上睡覺岖研。甚至因?yàn)閼卸瑁麄冞€發(fā)明了夜壺警检，并且把夜壺裝飾得十分華美孙援，宴會和旅行時都隨身攜帶。這種窮奢極欲最終導(dǎo)致了錫巴里斯的滅亡扇雕。據(jù)說有次錫巴里斯和鄰近一個弱國交戰(zhàn)拓售。當(dāng)雙方軍隊(duì)接近時，對方的軍鼓手忽然奏起錫巴里斯節(jié)日游行時的曲目镶奉。錫巴里斯的戰(zhàn)馬一聽到這些樂曲础淤，便整齊地邁開舞步，像夢游一般哨苛，根本不聽騎兵的使喚鸽凶。為了在節(jié)日游行中顯得更優(yōu)雅，錫巴里斯騎兵隊(duì)特意把戰(zhàn)馬訓(xùn)練得可以跟著固定的音樂節(jié)拍起舞建峭，沒想到這卻成了他們的死亡旋律玻侥。錫巴里斯滅亡了，卻給我們留下了一個英語單詞sybarite迹缀，它本指錫巴里斯人使碾，現(xiàn)在用來形容奢侈淫樂的人。
到今天為止祝懂，vocabulary builder 這本書的第一單元就學(xué)完啦。
