2019-04-03
CHAPTER ONE: Plato II. Socrates
So he went about prying into the human soul, uncovering assumptions and questioning certainties.?
If men discoursed too readily （過(guò)分（談?wù)摚?/b> of justice, he asked them, quietly, tò tí?—what is it? What do you mean by these abstract words with which you so easily settle the problems of life and death? What do you mean by honor, virtue, morality, patriotism?? justice這個(gè)政治用語(yǔ)太過(guò)抽象愕提，但卻被用來(lái)解決生與死的嚴(yán)肅問(wèn)題绷杜。
What do you mean by yourself? It was with such moral and psychological questions that Socrates loved to deal. Some who suffered from this "Socratic method（不給你答案贮竟，而是不停地提問(wèn)）," this demand for accurate definitions, and clear thinking, and exact analysis, objected that he asked more than he answered, and left men's minds more confused than before.?
*當(dāng)你無(wú)知的時(shí)候趋翻，才會(huì)覺(jué)得這個(gè)世界很簡(jiǎn)單。但凡你有知識(shí)的時(shí)候嚷兔，你就越不會(huì)輕易地對(duì)周?chē)氖挛锵屡袛唷?/b>
Nevertheless he bequeathed to philosophy two very definite answers to two of our most difficult problems—What is the meaning of virtue? and What is the best state?
No topics could have been more vital than these to the young Athenians of that generation.?
The Sophists（智者學(xué)派：教年輕人辨論術(shù)以取得宮廷中的成就舌狗，使其陷入相對(duì)主義的虛無(wú)之中准验，把年輕人的信仰打破了，卻沒(méi)有為他們建立新的信仰舞骆。解構(gòu)有余而建構(gòu)不足钥弯。） had destroyed the faith these youths had once had in the gods and goddesses of Olympus, and in the moral code that had taken its sanction so largely from the fear men had for these ubiquitous and innumerable deities（以前的人有信仰，認(rèn)為身邊有無(wú)處不在的神督禽，所以會(huì)有恐懼脆霎，行為就會(huì)有控制）; apparently there was no reason now why a man should not do as he pleased, so long as he remained within the law.?
A disintegrating individualism（被拆解的個(gè)人主義） had weakened the Athenian character, and left the city a prey at last to the sternly-nurtured（從小受到嚴(yán)格培養(yǎng)的）Spartans.?
And as for the state, what could have been more ridiculous than this mob（群氓）-led, passion-ridden（被大量的情感左右） democracy, this government by a debating-society, this precipitate selection and dismissal and execution of generals, this unchoice choice of simple farmers and tradesmen, in alphabetical rotation, as members of the supreme court of the land?
