Level6 Unit1 Part3 Listening

Depression & Treatment

Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems. He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments. Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications. These medications affect the brain in many different ways.

Over the years,Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all. In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected. Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why these treatments didn't work. The patient's name was Bob. He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help. The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.

Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world. However, he was often extremely depressed. Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol. It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol that nearly killed him. His roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob unconscious in their dormitory room.

Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital, he took time off from school to get help. That was when he came to the clinic where Jack practices medicine. At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with antidepressant medications.He also used conversation and recommendations to help him rethink his life and memories. After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately. Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively. He also continued to go through periods of depression. As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.

Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new. He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain. Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning. What the scans showed about Bob was crucial. They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated.There was significant damage to the front part of his brain. An injury in this part of the brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling. It can also contribute to feelings of anger and rage. The fact that his brain was injured and unbalanced explained why the treatments hadn't worked.

The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked. They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury. After discussing the injury with Bob and his parents, they concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer. In fact, Jack knew of a quite few of soccer players who had suffered head injuries from playing that sport. Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.

With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury. Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months was close to full recovery. He no longer had any signs of depression, and was finally able to return to school. Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with honors, and entered a famous law school.

From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life. If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself. Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment. Jack now believes that brain scans can be an important tool for psychiatrists. An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling, can work.

譯文：杰克是一名精神病醫(yī)生拉庵，這意味著他治療有心理問(wèn)題的人镰烧。他治療病人很多年了，用過(guò)各種各樣的療法惑灵。有時(shí)他只是傾聽(tīng)并與病人交談惫确，有時(shí)他會(huì)用藥物手报，這些藥物以各種不同的方式影響著大腦。

多年來(lái)改化，杰克發(fā)現(xiàn)一些病人在治療后病情有所好轉(zhuǎn)掩蛤，而另一些病人則沒(méi)有絲毫的改善。在某些情況下陈肛，患者對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)與預(yù)期相反揍鸟。幾年前，他有一個(gè)年輕的病人向他展示了為什么這些治療沒(méi)有效果燥爷。病人的名字叫鮑勃蜈亩。他第一次來(lái)找杰克幫忙時(shí)才20歲，他來(lái)的原因是他企圖自殺前翎。

鮑勃非常聰明稚配，是世界上最好的大學(xué)之一的學(xué)生。然而港华，他經(jīng)常極度沮喪道川。因?yàn)樗囊钟簦尽⑿锞泼疤选＿^(guò)量的毒品和酒精幾乎要了他的命臊岸。當(dāng)他的室友發(fā)現(xiàn)鮑勃昏迷不醒時(shí)，他撥打了911尊流。

鮑勃康復(fù)出院后帅戒，便休學(xué)去尋求幫助。就在那時(shí)崖技，他來(lái)到了杰克行醫(yī)的診所逻住。起初，杰克試圖用抗抑郁藥物治療鮑勃迎献。他還通過(guò)談話和推薦幫助他重新思考自己的生活和記憶瞎访。幾個(gè)月后，鮑勃開(kāi)始有所好轉(zhuǎn)吁恍，但只是略有好轉(zhuǎn)扒秸。雖然他配合治療，但他仍然消極地思考冀瓦。他還繼續(xù)經(jīng)受著抑郁癥的折磨伴奥。結(jié)果，他沒(méi)能回到學(xué)校咕幻。

由于治療無(wú)效渔伯，杰克嘗試了一些新方法。他決定用腦部掃描來(lái)觀察鮑勃的大腦內(nèi)部肄程。腦部掃描是一種觀察大腦內(nèi)部以了解其功能的方法锣吼。掃描顯示的關(guān)于鮑勃的情況至關(guān)重要。掃描顯示他的大腦受損了蓝厌，這是大家都沒(méi)預(yù)料到的玄叠。他的大腦前部受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷，大腦這部分的損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致抑郁和消極情緒拓提，它也會(huì)引起憤怒的感覺(jué)读恃。他的大腦受傷和不平衡這一事實(shí)解釋了為什么這些治療方法不奏效。

腦部掃描顯示了藥物和其他治療方法無(wú)效的原因代态。他們失敗了寺惫，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有解決大腦損傷的問(wèn)題。在與鮑勃和他的父母討論了受傷的原因后蹦疑，他們得出結(jié)論西雀，受傷的原因是踢足球。事實(shí)上歉摧，杰克知道有好幾位足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員因?yàn)樘咦闱蚨^部受傷艇肴。多次頂著一個(gè)堅(jiān)硬的足球會(huì)損傷大腦腔呜。

有了這些新資料，杰克用了一種新藥來(lái)治療受傷處再悼。漸漸地核畴，鮑勃的病情有所好轉(zhuǎn)，幾個(gè)月后就接近完全康復(fù)了冲九。他不再有任何抑郁的跡象谤草，終于能夠回到學(xué)校。最后娘侍，鮑勃以優(yōu)異的成績(jī)從大學(xué)畢業(yè)咖刃，進(jìn)入了一所著名的法學(xué)院。

從這次經(jīng)歷中憾筏，杰克意識(shí)到是大腦成像讓他挽救了鮑勃的生命。如果不是因?yàn)閽呙杌ǘ欤U勃最終會(huì)自殺的氧腰。發(fā)現(xiàn)并治療他大腦前部的損傷是治療的關(guān)鍵一步。杰克現(xiàn)在相信腦部掃描對(duì)精神病學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重要的工具刨肃。受傷的大腦必須先被治愈古拴，才能進(jìn)行其他治療，如維生素真友、藥物或咨詢服務(wù)黄痪。

Level6 Unit1 Part3 Dialogue

New policy of a Company

We've got a real problem on our hands.

We are getting a lot of complaints.

About the proposed new policy?

Yes, people think it's an invasion of privacy.

Don't they agree that regular exercises and staying in shape is good for everyone?

Sure, they agreed.

But they don't think we have the right to use an app to track how much they exercise.

Using the app is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.

This new policy will reduce our health costs and improve productivity, which helps everyone.

That's not how they see it.

This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots.

They have no freedom anymore.

Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on the wrist means they have no privacy.

Well, if you put it that way, I can see the problem.

However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits.

This is just a friendly reminder.

It's more than a reminder.

It makes things public, and puts pressure on people to meet the requirements.

It will force people to work out even when they don't want to.

There won't be any choice.

No, it doesn't have to be that way.

We can still be flexible.

That's not the point.

People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do.

It’s better enough that they have to communicate with each other at night and on the weekends.

What if we make the use of the app an option?

If you do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it.

I think it's best that we get rid of this idea.

I'm all for standards, but what about freedom, and creativity.

If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.

There are otherways to deal with health issues.

Such as ...What's your suggestion?

Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.

No... That wouldn't work.

It will put pressure on people to come to work sick and get everyone else sick too.

If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.

Then here is a radical idea.

Why not let your department managers handle it?

They are the ones who decide on promotions and bonuses.

Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous.

OK, I'll consider it.

For now, I'll give up the idea of using this app.

Please let people know that we are listening to them.

We do care about our employees.

I will, I'm sure people will appreciate it.

It shows that you have faith in them.

Thanks, I appreciate your advice.

Level6 Unit1 Part3 Reading

Preventing Injuries

Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health. However, before engaging in them, it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people. Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up. This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body. A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.

Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports. To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions. Concussions are caused when the soft, jello-like brain slams into the hard humanskull. Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.

Compression sportswear is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can also speed up muscle recovery when an injury occurs.

Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue. Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limit. When fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself. Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring.

Understanding Injuries and the body's reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise. The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery. Once an injury occurs, it's too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time. For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal.

static [?st?t?k]

adj.靜止的; 靜態(tài)的; 停滯的; 靜力的;

n.天電(干擾); 靜電; 靜力學(xué);

dynamic [da??n?m?k]

n.(人或事物) 相互作用的方式，動(dòng)態(tài); 力學(xué); 動(dòng)力學(xué); 動(dòng)力;

adj.充滿活力的; 精力充沛的; 個(gè)性強(qiáng)的; 動(dòng)態(tài)的; 發(fā)展變化的; 力的; 動(dòng)力的;

stretches [?stret??z]

v.拉長(zhǎng); 拽寬; 撐大; 抻松; 有彈性(或彈力); 拉緊; 拉直; 繃緊;

n.一片; 一泓; 一段; (連續(xù)的) 一段時(shí)間; 服刑期;

slam [sl?m]

v.(使…) 砰地關(guān)上; 用力一放; 使勁一推; 猛勁一摔; 猛烈抨擊;

n.猛關(guān)(或推盔然、摔桅打、撞等); 猛摔(或撞等)的聲音;

jello [?d??lo?]

n.凝膠物;

Compression [k?m?pr???n]

n.壓縮；濃縮愈案，壓迫挺尾，加壓；壓力站绪；緊縮遭铺；密集; 簡(jiǎn)練; 壓縮元件，壓縮波;

sportswear [?sp??rtswer]

n.運(yùn)動(dòng)服裝; 便裝;

譯文：想保持健康恢准，鍛煉和一定量的劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)很重要魂挂。然而，在運(yùn)動(dòng)之前馁筐，知道如何防止傷害的發(fā)生是很重要的涂召，尤其是對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)員和老年人。做適當(dāng)?shù)臒嵘磉\(yùn)動(dòng)可以讓損傷降到最低眯漩。這包括提高你的心率和促進(jìn)血液流向身體的各個(gè)部位芹扭。一個(gè)有效的方法是先做一系列靜態(tài)拉伸麻顶，然后再做一系列動(dòng)態(tài)拉伸，這些拉伸都是在運(yùn)動(dòng)中完成的舱卡。

使用合適的裝備是必要的辅肾，尤其是在接觸性運(yùn)動(dòng)中。例如轮锥，為了保護(hù)頭部矫钓，精心設(shè)計(jì)的頭盔可以大大降低腦震蕩的發(fā)生率。當(dāng)柔軟的舍杜、凝膠狀的大腦撞擊堅(jiān)硬的人類頭骨時(shí)新娜，就會(huì)引起腦震蕩。研究表明既绩，反復(fù)的腦震蕩會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果概龄。

壓縮運(yùn)動(dòng)服是另一種減少受傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法，尤其是肌肉損傷饲握。越來(lái)越多的運(yùn)動(dòng)員穿壓縮運(yùn)動(dòng)服私杜，因?yàn)槭軅麜r(shí)它們也可以加速肌肉的恢復(fù)。

造成運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的另一個(gè)因素是疲勞救欧。醫(yī)生認(rèn)為疲勞是身體達(dá)到極限的一個(gè)重要警告信號(hào)衰粹。疲勞時(shí)，身體更難保護(hù)自己笆怠。因此铝耻，在出現(xiàn)疲勞跡象時(shí)最好立即停止該項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。即使是職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員蹬刷，休息也可以預(yù)防嚴(yán)重受傷瓢捉。

了解損傷以及身體對(duì)損傷的反應(yīng)可以幫助人們應(yīng)對(duì)伴隨體育鍛煉而來(lái)的諸多問(wèn)題。教練箍铭、隊(duì)友和家人的支持和理解是預(yù)防和康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵因素泊柬。一旦受傷發(fā)生，就已經(jīng)來(lái)不及預(yù)防了诈火，恢復(fù)可能需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間兽赁。對(duì)于老年人來(lái)說(shuō)，一次簡(jiǎn)單的跌倒可能是致命的冷守。

Blood Pressure and Stroke

A large international study has found that ten risk factors account for 90 percent of all the risk of stroke. Of that list, five risk factors usually related to lifestyle are responsible for a full 80 percent of stroke risk. According to the researchers these risk factors - high blood pressure, smoking, abdominal obesity, diet and physical activity - are modifiable and can be controlled.

The findings come from a study of 3,000 people who had had strokes and an equal number of healthy individuals with no history of stroke. The study also includes a brain scan of all participating stroke survivors, according to the researchers.

Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor, accounting for one-third of all stroke risk. Blood pressure, it was noted, plays a major role in both forms of stroke: ischemic, the most common form(caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic or bleeding stroke, in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake. The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well. High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.

Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies, but this is the first stroke risk study to include both low- and middle-income participants in developing countries.The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries. This highlights the need for health authorities in those countries to develop strategies to reduce high blood pressure, salt intake and other risk factors.

abdominal [?b?dɑ?m?nl]

adj.腹部的;

n.腹肌;

obesity [o??bis?ti]

n.肥胖癥;

ischemic [?s'ki?m?k]

adj. 缺血性的

hemorrhagic?[?hem??r?d??k]

adj.出血（性）的;

participant [pɑ?r?t?s?p?nt]

n.參與者; 參加者;

譯文：一項(xiàng)大型國(guó)際研究發(fā)現(xiàn)刀崖，十個(gè)高危因素一起占所有中風(fēng)危險(xiǎn)的90%。在這張列表中拍摇，通常與生活方式有關(guān)的五個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素導(dǎo)致了80%的中風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亮钦。據(jù)研究人員稱，這些危險(xiǎn)因素——高血壓充活、吸煙蜂莉、腹部肥胖蜡娶、飲食和體育活動(dòng)——是可以改變的，而且是可控的映穗。

研究結(jié)果源自一項(xiàng)對(duì)3000名中風(fēng)患者和同等數(shù)量沒(méi)有中風(fēng)史的健康人群的研究窖张。研究人員說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)研究還包括對(duì)所有參與的中風(fēng)幸存者進(jìn)行腦部掃描蚁滋。

總的來(lái)說(shuō)宿接，高血壓是最重要的因素，占所有中風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的三分之一辕录。研究指出睦霎，血壓在兩種中風(fēng)中都起著重要作用：缺血性中風(fēng)（最常見(jiàn)的中風(fēng)形式，由腦血管堵塞引起）和出血性中風(fēng)（腦血管破裂）走诞。

血壓很容易測(cè)量副女，有很多治療方法。改變生活方式來(lái)控制血壓包括增加體育活動(dòng)和減少鹽的攝入量蚣旱。其他生活方式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素也是可以改變的肮塞。例如，攝入大量的魚(yú)和水果可以降低中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)姻锁。

其他研究報(bào)告了許多相同的危險(xiǎn)因素，但這是首次將發(fā)展中國(guó)家的低收入和中等收入?yún)⑴c者納入中風(fēng)危險(xiǎn)研究猜欺。研究證實(shí)位隶，在發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，高血壓都是導(dǎo)致中風(fēng)的主要原因开皿。這突出表明涧黄，這些國(guó)家的衛(wèi)生當(dāng)局有必要制定減少高血壓、鹽攝入量和其他危險(xiǎn)因素的戰(zhàn)略赋荆。