從來(lái)沒(méi)有買過(guò)玩具給子女沪猴，不是因?yàn)樽约盒r(shí)侯沒(méi)有玩具而報(bào)復(fù)自己的小孩麸俘，而是覺(jué)得小孩原本是不需要玩具齐板，每個(gè)小孩天生都是具有無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的創(chuàng)造力吵瞻，給他白紙及筆，會(huì)畫出超有創(chuàng)意的畫甘磨，給他空瓶子廢紙盒橡羞，會(huì)創(chuàng)造出令人贊嘆不已的作品。
這種創(chuàng)造力是怎么消失济舆？家長(zhǎng)買玩具給小孩卿泽，因?yàn)槭⌒模挥谜覐U物也省了弄完后散亂滋觉。開(kāi)始去學(xué)校上學(xué)签夭，老師說(shuō)的都是“對(duì)”的，所有東西都有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案椎侠，好學(xué)生只需要背住老師要的答案第租，在考卷上寫出，老師會(huì)表?yè)P(yáng)你我纪，爸媽會(huì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)你慎宾。喜歡問(wèn)問(wèn)題及不回答老師要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案后果會(huì)很慘丐吓，我們都是這樣一天一天的給“教育”到?jīng)]有創(chuàng)造力。有沒(méi)有不一樣的老師璧诵？當(dāng)然有汰蜘，但是太少了，在受這么多年教育中之宿，只有一位高中的歷史老師是鼓勵(lì)我們?nèi)オ?dú)立思考族操，這老師原來(lái)是銀行高管，但對(duì)教育有極大熱情而放棄高薪來(lái)教書比被。想起他色难，就會(huì)想起《死亡詩(shī)社》這電影，那幾個(gè)經(jīng)典畫面及臺(tái)詞：
“Boys,you must strive to find your own voice. Because the longer you wait to begin, the less likely you are to find it at all.
你們必須努力尋找自己的聲音等缀，因?yàn)槟阍竭t開(kāi)始尋找枷莉，找到的可能性就越小〕哂兀”
“I stand upon my desk to remind myself that we must constantly look at things in a different way.
我站到桌上是想提醒我自己笤妙，我們必須時(shí)刻用不同的角度看待事物≡朐＃”
“We don't read and write poetry because it's cute. We read and write poetry because we are members of the human race. And the human race is filled with passion. And medicine, law, business, engineering, these are noble pursuits and necessary to sustain life. But poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for.
我們讀詩(shī)蹲盘、寫詩(shī)并不是因?yàn)樗鼈兒猛妫且驗(yàn)槲覀兪侨祟惖囊环肿由乓簦祟愂浅錆M激情的召衔。沒(méi)錯(cuò)，醫(yī)學(xué)祭陷、法律苍凛、商業(yè)、工程兵志，這些都是崇高的追求醇蝴，足以支撐人的一生。但詩(shī)歌毒姨、美學(xué)哑蔫、浪漫、愛(ài)情弧呐，這些才是我們活著的意義闸迷。”
“ No matter what anybody tells you, words and ideas can change the world.
不管別人怎么說(shuō)俘枫，文字和思想的確能改變世界腥沽。”
電影中John Keating(Robin Williams扮演的老師)的下場(chǎng)也解釋了現(xiàn)有的教育制度不可能有更多這類真正懂教育的老師鸠蚪。作為幫兇的父母今阳，也是受這些“正統(tǒng)”的教育長(zhǎng)大师溅，但墨守成規(guī)的思想還有更根深蒂固的原因；人類的基因給programed編程了“怕危險(xiǎn)”這代碼盾舌，我們祖先的一些慘痛經(jīng)歷通過(guò)DNA一代一代傳到給我們墓臭，這條代碼是：冒險(xiǎn)=危險(xiǎn)=痛苦。所以父母不讓自己小孩去冒險(xiǎn)是愛(ài)的表現(xiàn)妖谴，也是人之常情窿锉，聽(tīng)話的小孩長(zhǎng)大了活成了父母的模樣，或小時(shí)候討厭的成人的模樣膝舅。如果全人類都是這樣嗡载，我們要逐步回到原始人的生活狀態(tài)，但還好世界也有不聽(tīng)話的小孩仍稀，長(zhǎng)大了還不聽(tīng)話反而有機(jī)會(huì)成為帶領(lǐng)人類向文明前進(jìn)的偉人洼滚、英雄、天才技潘、精神領(lǐng)袖遥巴。我們衷心的敬佩及感謝這些偉人，但同時(shí)每天在殺這些偉人享幽，不單以老師挪哄、長(zhǎng)輩、家長(zhǎng)琉闪、朋友名義在殺戮別人，還殺了那個(gè)自己砸彬，每個(gè)人都可能是英雄及偉人颠毙，這不是心靈雞湯，看過(guò)我前幾篇簡(jiǎn)書都知道我多反對(duì)心靈雞湯砂碉，這是讀過(guò)歷史上眾多偉人的傳記后的結(jié)論蛀蜜，這些人都是智商超高嗎？當(dāng)然不是增蹭，很多連情商都不高滴某，放在傳統(tǒng)的教育體制內(nèi)，都不是好學(xué)生滋迈，他們都不是循規(guī)蹈矩的人霎奢，記得97年那個(gè)令A(yù)pple起死回生的廣告嗎？
“ Here's to the crazy ones.
The misfits.
The rebels.
The troublemakers.
The round pegs in the square holes.
The ones who see things differently.
They're not fond of rules
And they have no respect for the status quo.
You can praise them, quote them, disagree with them
disbelieve them, glorify or vilify them.
About the only thing that you can't do is ignore them.
Because they change things.
They invent. They imagine. They heal.
They explore. They create. They inspire.
They push the human race forward.
Maybe they have to be crazy.
How else can you stare at an empty canvas and see a work of art?
Or sit in silence and hear a song that's never been written?
Or gaze at a red planet and see a laboratory on wheels?
We make tools for these kinds of people.
While some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius.
Because the people who are crazy enough to think that they can
change the world, are the ones who do.
向那些瘋狂的家伙們致敬饼灿，
他們特立獨(dú)行幕侠，
他們桀驚不遜，
他們?nèi)鞘律牵?/p>
他們格格不入碍彭，
他們用與眾不同的眼光看待事物晤硕，
他們不喜歡墨守成規(guī)悼潭，
他們也不愿安于現(xiàn)狀。
你可以贊美他們舞箍，引用他們舰褪，反對(duì)他們，
質(zhì)疑他們疏橄，頌揚(yáng)或是詆毀他們占拍，
但唯獨(dú)不能漠視他們。
因?yàn)樗麄兏淖兞耸挛铩?/p>
他們發(fā)明软族，他們想象刷喜，他們治愈，
他們探索立砸，他們創(chuàng)造掖疮，他們啟迪，
他們推動(dòng)人類向前發(fā)展颗祝。
也許浊闪，他們必需要瘋狂。
你能盯著白紙螺戳，就看到美妙的畫作么搁宾？
你能靜靜坐著盖腿，就譜出動(dòng)聽(tīng)的歌曲么翩腐？
你能凝視火星，就想到神奇的太空輪么组哩？
我們?yōu)檫@些家伙制造良機(jī)。
或許他們是別人眼里的瘋子哗蜈，
但他們卻是我們眼中的天才。
因?yàn)橹挥心切┋偪竦揭詾樽约耗軌蚋淖兪澜绲娜耍?/p>
才能真正地改變世界悲龟∏匙保”
從小喜歡看偉人傳記凌外，就是好奇這些人是怎么保存創(chuàng)造力？想起幾年前看Elon Musk(馬斯克)的一采訪視頻疮薇，Elon一開(kāi)始說(shuō)了自己的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷及創(chuàng)業(yè)，沒(méi)有什么特別我注，之前都看過(guò)的報(bào)道，直到采訪者問(wèn)一很cliché的問(wèn)題：“你會(huì)給年輕創(chuàng)業(yè)者什么建議掠抬？”以為他也會(huì)給cliché的答案闷哆，但他說(shuō)自己創(chuàng)業(yè)用First Principle(第一原理)的方法論來(lái)代替Analogy(推論)，網(wǎng)上找到他的原話：
“I think it’s important to reason from first principles rather than by analogy. The normal way we conduct our lives is we reason by analogy. [With analogy] we are doing this because it’s like something else that was done, or it is like what other people are doing. [With first principles] you boil things down to the most fundamental truths…and then reason up from there.” 我們運(yùn)用「第一原理」而不是「推論方式」去思考問(wèn)題是非常重要的。我們?cè)谏钪锌偸莾A向于推論方式——?jiǎng)e人已經(jīng)做過(guò)了或者正在做這件事情，我們就也去做乍狐。「第一原理」的思考方式是一層層剝開(kāi)事物的表象，看到里面的本質(zhì)时甚，然后再?gòu)谋举|(zhì)一層層往上走。Elon還補(bǔ)充一句“Its take a lot more mental energies 這要消耗大量的腦力”。他還舉了汽車電池的例子(附一)，推論方式又簡(jiǎn)單又方便，但應(yīng)用到創(chuàng)新的產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)弥奸，往往失敗于不顧細(xì)節(jié)赠橙，用第一原理必需用蘇格拉底式提問(wèn)(附二)规个，這是需要消耗大量腦力的原因。
之前一次看到First Principle是初中時(shí)候的事情活玲，從小給爺爺奶奶迫去教堂，在爺爺奶奶過(guò)世后不單不去教堂還懷疑起基督教信仰招拙，那兩年把圖書館(還好是小圖書館)內(nèi)所有關(guān)于哲學(xué)宗教的書都看了。當(dāng)看到亞里士多德的書關(guān)于第一原理的表述：「在每一系統(tǒng)的探索中，存在第一原理，是一個(gè)最基本的命題或假設(shè)杯巨，不能被省略或刪除仍源，也不能被違反笼踩《旱」這不是我苦苦追尋的“真理”嗎？
但身邊沒(méi)有一個(gè)朋友或同學(xué)對(duì)追尋真理有興趣嚎于，只能跟書籍做朋友掘而。想不到三十年后再次聽(tīng)到這詞是從一個(gè)企業(yè)家口中，而且還把它運(yùn)用到極致匾旭。
如果Elon Musk果真是(我相信是)運(yùn)用First Principle就成功的創(chuàng)立了Paypal,SpaceX,Tesla, Solar City,Hyperloop，那其他創(chuàng)業(yè)者為什么學(xué)不到圃郊？就好像喬布斯的傳記及演講已成為創(chuàng)業(yè)者的圣經(jīng)价涝，但為什么不是到處都是喬布斯及馬斯克，學(xué)習(xí)有這么難嗎持舆？學(xué)習(xí)不難色瘩，是unlearning(忘卻已學(xué)的)難伪窖，凡是“思維模式”的東西，如電腦的操作系統(tǒng)居兆，原來(lái)是Windows想換成Mac,只能重裝覆山，跟舊硬件不太兼容，原來(lái)的軟件也都不能用泥栖。買一臺(tái)新的Macbook更簡(jiǎn)單簇宽，但人的腦怎么換？
每次聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人模仿喬布斯說(shuō)“stay hungry stay foolish”及馬斯克說(shuō)“First Principle”都不禁想起幾年前朋友送我一臺(tái)外殼是Macbook的Windows手提電腦吧享。
(附一)
同一個(gè)訪談中魏割，馬斯克舉了以下這個(gè)例子：
比如，一些人會(huì)說(shuō)钢颂，那些電池組非常昂貴钞它，而且會(huì)一直這么貴，大概是600美元/千瓦時(shí)殊鞭。因?yàn)樗^(guò)去就是這么貴遭垛，它未來(lái)也不可能變得更便宜。那么我們從第一原理角度進(jìn)行思考：電池組到底是由什么材料組成的操灿？這些電池原料的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格是多少锯仪？電池的組成包括碳、鎳牲尺、鋁和一些聚合物卵酪。如果我們從倫敦金屬交易所購(gòu)買這些原材料然后組合成電池，需要多少錢谤碳？天啦溃卡，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)只要80美元/千瓦時(shí)。
(附二)附件太大蜒简，不翻譯了瘸羡，你們當(dāng)學(xué)英語(yǔ)吧
THE SIX TYPES OF SOCRATIC QUESTIONS
Due to the rapid addition of new information and the advancement of science and technology that occur almost daily, an engineer must constantly expand his or her horizons beyond simple gathering information and relying on the basic engineering principles.
A number of homework problems have been included that are designed to enhance critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is the process we use to reflect on, access and judge the assumptions underlying our own and others ideas and actions.
Socratic questioning is at the heart of critical thinking and a number of homework problems draw from R.W. Paul's six types of Socratic questions:
1. Questions for clarification:
Why do you say that?How does this relate to our discussion?"Are you going to include diffusion in your mole balance equations?"
2. Questions that probe assumptions:
What could we assume instead?How can you verify or disapprove that assumption?"Why are neglecting radial diffusion and including only axial diffusion?"
3. Questions that probe reasons and evidence:
What would be an example?What is....analogous to?What do you think causes to happen...? Why:?"Do you think that diffusion is responsible for the lower conversion?"
4. Questions about Viewpoints and Perspectives:
What would be an alternative?What is another way to look at it?Would you explain why it is necessary or beneficial, and who benefits?Why is the best?What are the strengths and weaknesses of...?How are...and ...similar?What is a counterargument for...?"With all the bends in the pipe, from an industrial/practical standpoint, do you think diffusion will affect the conversion?"
5. Questions that probe implications and consequences:
What generalizations can you make?What are the consequences of that assumption?What are you implying?How does...affect...?How does...tie in with what we learned before?"How would our results be affected if neglected diffusion?"
6. Questions about the question:
What was the point of this question?Why do you think I asked this question?What does...mean?How does...apply to everyday life?"Why do you think diffusion is important?"
