第一部分 考研真題精選

一步清、 填空題

1. Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n)____ language faculty.

【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】innate

【解析】喬姆斯基認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的過(guò)程是由人的內(nèi)在語(yǔ)言機(jī)制決定的瘪撇。

2. ____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g.religious, legal).【北二外2016研】

【答案】Function

【解析】本題考查語(yǔ)言學(xué)中對(duì)“語(yǔ)言的功能”的定義堡赔。功能指的是語(yǔ)言在溝通中(例如表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)侣灶、態(tài)度)或在特定社交場(chǎng)合(如宗教甸祭、法律)中所起的作用。

3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ____ it is associated with.【人大2007研】

【答案】meaning

【解析】索緒爾認(rèn)為符號(hào)的形式或聲音與其意義之間沒(méi)有邏輯聯(lián)系褥影，所以兩者之間的關(guān)系是任意的池户。

4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called____.【大連外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2008研】

【答案】performative

【解析】施為句是用來(lái)做事的，既不陳述事實(shí)凡怎，也不描述情況校焦，且不能驗(yàn)證其真假。

5. Phonetics is the study of ____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.【北京郵電大學(xué)2015研】

【答案】speech

【解析】本題考查語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音系學(xué)的含義统倒。語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的發(fā)生寨典、傳遞和感知。音系學(xué)研究的是語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)房匆。換句話說(shuō)耸成，音系學(xué)研究的是說(shuō)話人為表達(dá)意義而系統(tǒng)地選擇語(yǔ)音的方法报亩。

6. A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with ____ of words.【中山大學(xué)2017研】

【答案】combinations

【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimalunits of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

7. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ____ and performance.【人大2006研】

【答案】competence

【解析】語(yǔ)言能力指理想的語(yǔ)言使用者關(guān)于語(yǔ)言規(guī)則的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用指語(yǔ)言交際中關(guān)于語(yǔ)言規(guī)則知識(shí)的實(shí)際使用井氢。

8. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes____.【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】inflection

【解析】屈折變化是指通過(guò)添加屈折詞綴弦追，如數(shù)，人稱花竞，限定性劲件，體和格等來(lái)表示某詞語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的變化。

9. ____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.【北二外2016研】

【答案】Diachronic

【解析】本題考查歷時(shí)性的定義约急。語(yǔ)言的歷時(shí)性指語(yǔ)言隨時(shí)間的延續(xù)而引發(fā)的變化零远。語(yǔ)言的歷時(shí)性是相對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的共時(shí)性而言的，共時(shí)性語(yǔ)言學(xué)是研究理論上處于一個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)言烤宙，描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言的一個(gè)“狀態(tài)”遍烦，不管正在發(fā)生哪些變化。

10. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the ____ to vibrate.

【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】vocal folds

【解析】語(yǔ)音產(chǎn)生是以氣流為能量來(lái)源的躺枕。在大多數(shù)情況下服猪，氣流源自肺部，氣流從肺中壓出拐云，引起聲帶的振動(dòng)罢猪。

11. ____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.【北京郵電大學(xué)2016研】

【答案】Phonetics

【解析】本題考查語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音系學(xué)的含義。語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的發(fā)生叉瘩、傳遞和感知膳帕。音系學(xué)研究的是語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)。換句話說(shuō)薇缅，音系學(xué)研究的是說(shuō)話人為表達(dá)意義而系統(tǒng)地選擇語(yǔ)音的方法危彩。

12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____ function.【北二外2015研】

【答案】phatic

【解析】本題考查語(yǔ)言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是語(yǔ)言最基本的一項(xiàng)功能泳桦。人們用寒暄語(yǔ)來(lái)營(yíng)造一種氣氛或保持社會(huì)聯(lián)系而非交流信息汤徽。人們使用寒暄語(yǔ)就是為了緩和談話雙方的關(guān)系，同時(shí)使談話雙方從心理上得到滿足灸撰。

13.? Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of____principally transmitted by vocal sounds.

【中山大學(xué)2017研】

【答案】symbols

【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

14. Syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. The order of words in sentences varies from language to language. English language, for instance, generally follows a ____ order,as in the sentence “The dog (subject) bit (verb) the man (object)."【北京郵電大學(xué)2016研】

【答案】SVO

【解析】本題考查英語(yǔ)句子的語(yǔ)序谒府。英語(yǔ)句子的基本語(yǔ)序是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。

15. ____is the name for oppositeness relation.【北二外2015研】

【答案】Antonymy

【解析】本題考查反義的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系浮毯。反義關(guān)系就是相反的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系完疫。

16.? Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas,_ must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the_ and the signified.

【北京郵電大學(xué)2015研】

【答案】sounds, signifier

【解析】本題考查關(guān)于語(yǔ)言作為符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)符號(hào)系統(tǒng)债蓝，聲音只有作為該符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的一部分才能被視作語(yǔ)言壳鹤。符號(hào)包括兩方面，能指和所指饰迹。

17. A ____ condition is a condition that must apply before an utterance can constitute a speech act.【中山大學(xué)2017研】

【答案】felicity

【解析】Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. These conditions are called felicity conditions.

18. The most serious defect concerns the use of semantic markers like (Human) and (Male), which,more usually called semantic components are elements of an artificial ____.【北京郵電大學(xué)2014研】

【答案】metalanguage

【解析】本題考查成分分析的弊端芳誓。通過(guò)語(yǔ)義特征來(lái)進(jìn)行成分分析的一大弊端是這些意義特征使用的是人工化的元語(yǔ)言讯嫂，元語(yǔ)言本身的含義也需進(jìn)一步解釋。

19. ____refers to the way that a word has a form appropriate to the number or gender of the no unor pronoun it relates to.

【中山大學(xué)2017研】

【答案】Agreement

【解析】Agreement or concord is defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another., shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).

20. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into ____ words and words.

【南開(kāi)大學(xué)2007研】

【答案】lexical, grammatical解析】從詞所表達(dá)的意義劃分兆沙，詞可分為詞匯詞和語(yǔ)法詞欧芽。

21. When we consider how language has changed over time we are looking at it from a point of view.

【中山大學(xué)2017研】

【答案】diachronic

【解析】When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. It focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.

22. The sound [p] can be described with “____, bilabial, stop”.【北二外2015研】

【答案】voiceless

【解析】本題考查音系學(xué)的相關(guān)知識(shí)。

[p]的語(yǔ)音特征可以被描述為清輔音葛圃，雙唇音千扔，塞音。

23. A______typically contains a consonant or set of consonants followed by a vowel followed by another consonant or set of consonants.【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】syllable

【解析】音節(jié)是超音段研究中的一個(gè)重要單位库正。音節(jié)必須有一個(gè)“節(jié)核”或者“韻峰”曲楚，通常由元音來(lái)承擔(dān)，但有時(shí)也可以由具有成音節(jié)特征的輔音來(lái)起節(jié)核的作用褥符，通常在節(jié)核的前后還可以有輔音叢的出現(xiàn)龙誊。

24. The is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.【北二外2015研】

【答案】morpheme

【解析】本題考查詞素的含義。詞素是最小的音義結(jié)合體喷楣，其最大的特點(diǎn)是不能再被分割為更小的音義結(jié)合體趟大。意思或語(yǔ)法功能的最小單位。

25. The type of stress which distinguishes words such as /'transpot/ from /tran'pot/ is known asstress.【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】word

【解析】單詞重音是指一個(gè)單詞內(nèi)部重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)的語(yǔ)調(diào)模式铣焊。

26. A__ refers to each position in a tree diagram in TG where lines meet. In each of these positions is a symbol for a grammatical category.【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】constituent

【解析】成分逊朽，作為一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，指的是用于句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言單位曲伊，它是一個(gè)比其更大的語(yǔ)言單位的一部分叽讳。幾個(gè)成分共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體。

27.? According to Saussure, ____ refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.【北二外2016研】

【答案】parole

【解析】本題考查言語(yǔ)的概念坟募。根據(jù)索緒爾的觀點(diǎn)岛蚤，言語(yǔ)指的是語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際應(yīng)用，是具體的個(gè)人的動(dòng)態(tài)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象懈糯，不同于語(yǔ)言涤妒，語(yǔ)言是全民的、概括的昂利、有限的届腐、靜態(tài)的系統(tǒng)知識(shí)铁坎。

28. Voicing refers to the ____ of the vocal folds.【北二外2016研】

【答案】vibration

【解析】本題考查輔音發(fā)音過(guò)程中的清濁特征的定義蜂奸。若發(fā)音過(guò)程中，聲帶振動(dòng)硬萍，則為濁輔音扩所，反之則為清輔音。

29. ____is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.【南開(kāi)大學(xué)2007研】

【答案】Morphophonology

【解析】形態(tài)音系學(xué)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一個(gè)分支朴乖，主要研究形態(tài)學(xué)與音系學(xué)的關(guān)系祖屏。

30. By____,we mean the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.【北二外2014研】

【答案】duality

【解析】二重性是指兩層結(jié)構(gòu)的屬性助赞。底層結(jié)構(gòu)是上層結(jié)構(gòu)的組成成分，每層都有自身的組合規(guī)則袁勺。

31. Edward Sapir (1884-1939), American linguist and anthropologist, studied linguistics and anthropology at Columbia University with the noted anthropologist and ethnologist Franz Boas.His idea on language thought was later developed by his student, B. L. Whorf, and known as the Sapir-Whorf.【北京郵電大學(xué)2016研】

【答案】Hypothesis

【解析】本題考查薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說(shuō)雹食。該假說(shuō)是由薩丕爾和沃爾夫兩人提出的關(guān)于語(yǔ)言和人的思維之間的關(guān)系。

32. The sound [k] can be described with“ ____velar stop/plosive".【北二外2014研】

【答案】voiceless

【解析】[k]屬于清輔音期丰，爆破音群叶，軟腭音。

33. ____words are often avoided because they are unacceptable in many social situations.

【中山大學(xué)2018研】

【答案】Taboo

【解析】禁忌語(yǔ)是指在某些情況下避免使用令人難堪的詞钝荡。禁忌語(yǔ)或者是完全避免使用街立，或者是用委婉語(yǔ)代替。

34. ______concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer.

【北二外2014研】

【答案】Perlocutionary act

【解析】取效行為是通過(guò)說(shuō)話完成或通過(guò)說(shuō)話所產(chǎn)生的行為埠通，是由話語(yǔ)所帶來(lái)的結(jié)果和變化赎离。

35. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely,phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic and____.【北京郵電大學(xué)2015研】

【答案】pragmatic

【解析】本題考查語(yǔ)言學(xué)的五個(gè)主要方面。語(yǔ)言學(xué)的五個(gè)主要方面關(guān)注語(yǔ)音音系端辱，形態(tài)梁剔，句法，語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)用舞蔽。

36. ____is the degree of force used in producing syllable.【北二外2014研】

【答案】Stress

【解析】重音是指在音節(jié)發(fā)音時(shí)所用的力度憾朴。

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