書名：How to read a book？
作者：Paul N. Edwards
譯者：年輕的楊胖
How can you learn the most from a book—or any other piece of writing—when you're readingfor information, rather than for pleasure?
當(dāng)你為了求知而不是愉悅?cè)ラ喿x時矮嫉，怎樣才能學(xué)到更多的東西呢痰娱？
It’s satisfying to start at the beginning and read straight through to the end. Some books, such as?novels, have to be read this way, since a basic principle of fiction is to hold the reader in?suspense. Your whole purpose in reading fiction is to follow the writer’s lead, allowing him or?her to spin a story bit by bit.
有些書，從頭開始一直讀到尾就可以了箍铲。比如小說雇卷，就必須用這種方式閱讀，因為小說的基本原則就是設(shè)置懸念颠猴，令讀者有讀下去的欲望关划。看虛構(gòu)類書籍就是要跟著作者的思路翘瓮，讓它一點一點地把故事講給你聽贮折。
But many of the books, articles, and other documents you’ll read during your undergraduate?and graduate years, and possibly during the rest of your professional life, won’t be novels.?Instead, they’ll be non-fiction: textbooks, manuals, journal articles, histories, academic studies,?and so on.
但是無論在你上學(xué)、工作资盅、或是生活中调榄，還存在著許多跟小說不一樣的書籍、文章和文獻(xiàn)值得反復(fù)咀嚼呵扛。這些是非虛構(gòu)類書籍：教材每庆、手冊、雜志择份、歷史扣孟、學(xué)術(shù)研究等等烫堤。
The purpose of reading things like this is to gain, and retain, information. Here, finding out what?happens—as quickly and easily as possible—is your main goal. So unless you’re stuck in prisonwith nothing else to do, NEVER read a non-fiction book or article from beginning to end.
閱讀這類書籍是為了獲取和保留信息荣赶。盡可能快速方便地找出書中的關(guān)鍵才是你閱讀這類書籍的主要目的。所以鸽斟，除非你被關(guān)在監(jiān)獄里無事可做拔创，千萬不要從頭到尾去閱讀一本非虛構(gòu)類書籍！
(帶著問題讀富蓄，找到答案就可以了)
Instead, when you’re reading for information, you should ALWAYS jump ahead, skip around, and?use every available strategy to discover, then to understand, and finally to remember what the?writer has to say. This is how you’ll get the most out of a book in the smallest amount of time.
與通讀相反,當(dāng)你為了從書中獲取重要信息時,你應(yīng)該不斷地跳讀剩燥、略讀、并用上任何可用的方法去尋找答案立倍，接著消化理解灭红，最后把作者想要表達(dá)的記下來。這會使你在最短的時間內(nèi)從一本書里獲取最多的信息口注。
Using the methods described here, you should be able to read a 300-page book in six to eight?hours. Of course, the more time you spend, the more you’ll learn and the better you’ll?understand the book. But your time is limited.
使用這個方法,你應(yīng)該就能在六到八個小時內(nèi)讀完一本300頁的書变擒。當(dāng)然，花的時間越多寝志，學(xué)到的就更多娇斑、理解也會更深策添。但你的時間是有限的。
Here are some strategies to help you do this effectively. Most of these can be applied not only?to books, but also to any other kind of non-fiction reading, from articles to websites. Table 1, on?the next page, summarizes the techniques, and the following pages explain them in more detail.
這兒有一些能幫你提高閱讀效率的辦法毫缆。大部分方法不僅適用于書唯竹，還適用于任何非虛構(gòu)類讀物，從文章到網(wǎng)站苦丁。表1總結(jié)了所有的方法技巧浸颓，之后是對方法更詳細(xì)地解釋。
Read the whole thing!
通讀全文
In reading to learn, your goal should always be to get all the way through the assignment.?It’s much more important to have a general grasp of the arguments or hypotheses,?evidence, and conclusions than to understand every detail. In fact, no matter how carefully?you read, you won’t remember most of the details anyway.
在閱讀中學(xué)習(xí),你的目標(biāo)就應(yīng)該是想盡辦法了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)大意旺拉。對文章內(nèi)容有一個大致的了解比理解論點猾愿、假設(shè)、論據(jù)以及結(jié)論等所有細(xì)節(jié)都重要账阻。事實上蒂秘，無論你讀得多么仔細(xì)，你也不可能記下書中所有的細(xì)節(jié)淘太。
What you can do is remember and record the main points. And if you remember those, you?know enough to find the material again if you ever do need to recall the details.
你能做的就是記憶和記錄文章要點姻僧，一旦你這么做了，就能夠在需要的時候輕松回憶起文中的細(xì)節(jié)蒲牧。
Decide how much time you will spend
估算花費時間
If you know in advance that you have only six hours to read, it’ll be easier to pace yourself.?Remember, you’re going to read the whole book (or the whole assignment).
如果你預(yù)先設(shè)定6個小時為限來讀一本書撇贺，就能更好地調(diào)整自己閱讀的節(jié)奏。記得冰抢，你要完成的是整本書的閱讀（或整篇論文）松嘶。
In fact, the more directly and realistically you confront your limits, the more effective you?will be at practically everything. Setting time limits and keeping to them (while?accomplishing your goals) is one of the most important life skills you can learn. So never?start to read without planning when to stop.
事實上，越是直接和現(xiàn)實地面對自己的有限時間挎扰，就越是能高效完成一切翠订。設(shè)置時限并嚴(yán)格遵守（以達(dá)成目標(biāo))是最重要的一項可習(xí)得生活技能。所以在讀書前遵倦，一定要設(shè)置時間限制尽超。
Have a purpose and a strategy
明確目標(biāo)與方法
Before you begin, figure out why you are reading this particular book, and how you are?going to read it. If you don’t have reasons and strategies of your own—not just those of?your teacher—you won’t learn as much.
讀書之前，弄明白為什么讀這本書梧躺，以及怎么讀似谁。如果你沒有自己的理由和方法（老師給的不算），你可能學(xué)不到任何東西掠哥。
As soon as you start to read, begin trying to find out four things:
讀書的時候巩踏，試著找出這四個問題的答案:
?Who is the author?
?What are the book’s arguments?
?What is the evidence that supports these?
?What are the book’s conclusions?
?作者是誰?
?本書的觀點是什么?
?本書采用了哪些論據(jù)?
?本書的結(jié)論又是什么?
Once you’ve got a grip on these, start trying to determine:
上述問題有了答案之后，請試著回答接下來的問題:
?What are the weaknesses of these arguments, evidence, and conclusions?
?What do you think about the arguments, evidence, and conclusions?
?How does (or how could) the author respond to these weaknesses, and to
your own criticisms?
?論點续搀、論據(jù)塞琼、結(jié)論有沒有站不住腳的地方？
?你怎么看文中的論點目代、論據(jù)和結(jié)論?
?對于沒有說服力的部分屈梁，作者是（可能會）怎么回應(yīng)嗤练？你的觀點是什么？
Keep coming back to these questions as you read. By the time you finish, you should be able?to answer them all. Three good ways to think about this are:
閱讀的過程中也可以不斷完善你的答案在讶，當(dāng)你讀完一本書的時候煞抬，你應(yīng)該已經(jīng)答完所有問題了。三種思考這些問題的思路是:
a) Imagine that you’re going to review the book for a magazine.
b) Imagine that you’re having a conversation, or a formal debate, with the?author.
c) Imagine an examination on the book. What would the questions be, and how?would you answer them?
a)假設(shè)你要為雜志審查這本書构哺。
b)想象一下你將與作者進(jìn)行一次對話或正式辯論革答。
c)假如你的考試與本書有關(guān)，問題會是什么曙强？你又會怎么回答残拐？
Read actively
主動閱讀
Don’t wait for the author to hammer you over the head. Instead, from the very beginning,?constantly generate hypotheses (“the main point of the book is that...”) and questions?(“How does the author know that...?”) about the book.
不要指望作者對你當(dāng)頭棒喝，從一開始就要不斷地提出問題并作出假設(shè)碟嘴。（比如：“這本書的主要觀點是...”溪食、“作者是怎么知道這一點的？”）
Making brief notes about these can help. As you read, try to confirm your hypotheses and?answer your questions. Once you finish, review these.
簡潔的筆記會有很大用處娜扇。閱讀的時候错沃，不斷驗證自己的假設(shè)和問題，讀完之后雀瓢，可以回顧一遍枢析。
Know the author(s) and organizations
了解作者及其組織
Knowing who wrote a book helps you judge its quality and understand its full significance.?Authors are people. Like anyone else, their views are shaped by their educations, their jobs,?their early lives, and the rest of their experiences. Also like anyone else, they have?prejudices, blind spots, desperate moments, failings, and desires—as well as insights,?brilliance, objectivity, and successes. Notice all of it.
了解作者能夠幫助你對書中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行判斷和理解。作者也是人刃麸，跟我們一樣醒叁。他們的認(rèn)知也會受到教育、工作泊业、早期生活把沼、以及其他經(jīng)歷的影響。同時脱吱，他們也會有偏見智政、盲區(qū)、失落箱蝠、失敗、以及欲望垦垂，當(dāng)然宦搬，還有見識、智慧劫拗、客觀和成功间校。我們應(yīng)該全面地了解作者。
Most authors belong to organizations: universities, corporations, governments, newspapers,?magazines. These organizations each have cultures, hierarchies of power, and social norms.?Organizations shape both how a work is written and the content of what it says. For?example, university professors are expected to write books and/or journal articles in order?to get tenure. These pieces of writing must meet certain standards of quality, defined chiefly?by other professors; for them, content usually matters more than good writing. Journalists,?by contrast, are often driven by deadlines and the need to please large audiences. Because?of this, their standards of quality are often directed more toward clear and engaging writing?than toward unimpeachable content; their sources are usually oral rather than written.
大多作者都有歸屬的組織：大學(xué)页慷，公司憔足，政府胁附，報社，雜志社滓彰。這些組織各有其文化控妻，權(quán)力層級和社會規(guī)范。組織決定了文章的內(nèi)容和版式揭绑。舉個栗子弓候，大學(xué)教授寫書或論文通常是為了獲得職稱，這些文章必須嚴(yán)格按照其他教授制定的特殊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來寫他匪，對他們來說菇存，寫作的好壞是由內(nèi)容決定的。與此相反邦蜜，記者寫報導(dǎo)則要按期交稿依鸥，目的是娛樂大眾。因此悼沈，他們的文章標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常是清晰明了毕籽，以口語化為主。
The more you know about the author and his/her organization and/or discipline, the better?you will be able to evaluate what you read. Try to answer questions like these: What shaped?the author’s intellectual perspective? What is his or her profession? Is the author an?academic, a journalist, a professional (doctor, lawyer, industrial scientist, etc.)? Expertise??Other books and articles? Intellectual network(s)? Gender? Race? Class? Political affiliation??Why did the author decide to write this book? When? For what audience(s)? Who paid for?the research work (private foundations, government grant agencies, industrial sponsors,?etc.)? Who wrote“jacket blurbs”in support of the book?
你對作者和他的所屬機(jī)構(gòu)越是了解井辆，對文章的理解也就越透徹关筒。試著回答這些問題：是什么構(gòu)成了作者的認(rèn)知層面？他\她從事哪一行業(yè)杯缺？作者是學(xué)者蒸播？記者？還是專業(yè)人士（醫(yī)生萍肆，律師袍榆，工業(yè)科學(xué)家等）？是技術(shù)專家嗎塘揣？作者還有其他著作嗎包雀？性別？種族亲铡？階級才写？政治傾向？作者寫這本書是為了什么奖蔓？什么時候?qū)懙脑薏荩孔x者群是哪些？誰贊助了研究項目（個人基金吆鹤，政府基金厨疙，投資人等）？誰為這本書作序宣傳疑务？
You can often (though not always) learn about much of this from the acknowledgments, the?bibliography, and the author’s biographical statement.
你可以試著從書的序言沾凄、參考書目梗醇、以及作者的自序中尋找問題的答案。
Know the intellectual context
了解知識背景
Knowing the author and his/her organization also helps you understand the book’s?intellectual context. This includes the academic discipline(s) from which it draws, schools of?thought within that discipline, and others who agree with or oppose the author’s viewpoint.
對作者及其組織的了解能夠幫助我們了解作者的寫作背景撒蟀。包括所涉及的學(xué)科叙谨，學(xué)科內(nèi)的派別，以及其他支持或不支持作者觀點的人牙肝。
A book is almost always partly a response to other writers, so you’ll understand a book?much better if you can figure out what, and whom, it is answering. Pay special attention to?points where the author tells you directly that s/he is disagreeing with others:?“Conventional wisdom holds that x, but I argue instead that y.”(Is x really conventional?wisdom? Among what group of people?)“Famous Jane Scholar says that x, but I will show?that y.”(Who’s Famous Jane, and why do other people believe her? How plausible are x and?y? Is the author straining to find something original to say, or has s/he genuinely convinced?you that Famous Jane is wrong?) Equally important are the people and writings the author?cites in support of his/her arguments.
書可能是作者對其他作者的某種回應(yīng)唉俗，所以，如果你能夠找到作者所回應(yīng)的點配椭，以及提出這個點的另一位作者虫溜，會使你的理解更加深入。留意作者在文中提出的他所不同意的觀點：“一般認(rèn)為這樣股缸，而我認(rèn)為是那樣衡楞。”（一般觀點真的是這樣敦姻？這種一般觀點來自哪里瘾境？）×耄“著名的Jane Sholar說是這樣迷守，而我認(rèn)為是那樣⊥耄”（這個著名的Jane是哪位兑凿？，大家為什么都相信她茵瘾？究竟哪個更可信礼华？作者只是換了一種表達(dá)方式，還是真的要推翻前人的理論拗秘？）在觀點的支持效力上圣絮，人們的普遍觀念與作者的引用是相同的。
Read it three times
三次閱讀
This is the key technique. You’ll get the most out of the book if you read it three times—?each time for a different purpose.
這是關(guān)鍵的一步雕旨。如果你能夠讀三次扮匠，你就能在一本書中盡可能多得獲取信息——每次閱讀的目的都不同。
a)Overview: discovery (5-10 percent of total time)
略讀：探索（時間總比例：5-10%）
Here you read very quickly, following the principle (described below) of?reading for high information content. Your goal is to discover the book. You?want a quick-and-dirty, unsophisticated, general picture of the writer’s?purpose, methods, and conclusions.
這個過程中你會讀得很快奸腺，按照以下原則你會獲得盡可能多的信息餐禁。你的目標(biāo)是探索整本書，并列出一個有關(guān)作者寫作目的突照、方法、結(jié)論的完整框架結(jié)構(gòu)氧吐。
Mark—without reading carefully—headings, passages, and phrases that?seem important (you’ll read these more closely the second time around.)?Generate questions to answer on your second reading: what does term or?phrase X mean? Why doesn’t the author cover subject Y? Who is Z?
在標(biāo)題讹蘑，段落末盔，短語等重要地方做標(biāo)記，但不要仔細(xì)閱讀（第二遍時你將會更仔細(xì)地閱讀這些地方）座慰。標(biāo)記是為第二遍閱讀提出問題以便更詳盡地了解：X是什么意思陨舱？作者為何要涉及學(xué)科Y? Z是誰？
b) Detail: understanding (70-80 percent of total time)
細(xì)節(jié)：理解（時間總比例：70-80%）
Within your time constraints, read the book a second time. This time, your?goal is understanding: to get a careful, critical, thoughtful grasp of the key?points, and to evaluate the author’s evidence for his/her points.
在時限之內(nèi)版仔，讀第二遍游盲。這一遍的目的是理解：仔細(xì)、客觀蛮粮、深刻地思考關(guān)鍵點益缎，并分析作者論證時的論據(jù)。
Focus especially on the beginnings and ends of chapters and major sections.?Pay special attention to the passages you marked on the first round. Try to?answer any questions you generated on the first round.
對文章和段落的首尾然想、以及第一次閱讀時的標(biāo)記要特別留意莺奔。試著回答第一次閱讀時提出的問題。
c) Notes: recall and note-taking (10-20 percent of total time)
筆記：回憶和記錄（時間總比例：10-20%）
The purpose of your third and final reading is to commit to memory the?most important elements of the book. This time, make brief notes about the?arguments, evidence, and conclusions. This is not at all the same thing as?text markup; your goal here is to process the material by translating into?your own mental framework, which means using your own words as much?as possible. Cutting and pasting segments of text from the book will not do?as much for you as summarizing very briefly in your own words. Include the?bare minimum of detail to let you remember and re-locate the most?important things. 1-3 pages of notes per 100 pages of text is a good goal to?shoot for; more than that is often too much. Use some system that lets you?easily find places in the book (e.g., start each note with a page number.)
第三遍閱讀是為了加深對文章重要部分的印象变泄。對文中的論點令哟、論據(jù)和結(jié)論做簡明的筆記。與上文提到的標(biāo)記不同妨蛹，這個筆記是讀者用自己的語言來“翻譯”文章內(nèi)容屏富，只要自己能明白就行。剪切和粘貼文章中的內(nèi)容蛙卤，與自己簡練地總結(jié)狠半，是全然不同的。簡潔概括之后表窘，不僅有助于記憶典予，還能在查詢重要內(nèi)容時，進(jìn)行快速定位乐严。每一百頁的內(nèi)容瘤袖，做1-3頁的筆記就足夠了，過多的內(nèi)容反而會顯得冗長昂验。系統(tǒng)地做筆記有助于對文章的定位捂敌。（比如：加入頁碼）
Notebooks, typed pages, or handwritten sheets tucked into the book can all?work. However, notes will be useless unless you can easily find them again.?A very good system—the one I use—is to type notes directly into?bilbiography entries using citation manager software such as Endnote,?Zotero, or Bookends. See below for more on citation managers.
把筆記，打印紙既琴、手寫紙夾在書里也很不錯占婉。但是筆記要記錄在明顯的地方，否則就毫無意義甫恩。我在用的一個好方法是：把筆記直接輸入軟件中去逆济，比如Endnote，Zotero，或者是Bookends奖慌。下文中有更多的筆記軟件抛虫。
On time and timing
對時間的把控
First, because human attention fades after about an hour, you’ll get more out of three one-?hour readings than you could ever get out of one three-hour reading. But be careful: to get?one full hour of effective reading, you need to set aside at least one hour and fifteen?minutes, since distraction is inevitable at the beginning (settling in) and end (re-arousal for?your next task) of any reading period.
首先，由于人的注意力在集中一小時后會明顯下降，因此，“每次讀1小時腾务，連續(xù)3次”的閱讀效果要比“每次讀3小時倔矾，只讀一次”好得多。但是請注意，每進(jìn)行1個小時的集中閱讀，就必須留夠至少一小時十五分的時間，因為在開始閱讀（前攝干擾）和快要結(jié)束（后攝干擾）的時間里伞矩，注意力是會被浪費的。
Second, make a realistic plan that includes how much time you will devote to each of the?three stages. For a 250-page book, I might spend 15 minutes on overview, 4 hours on?detailed reading, and 20-30 minutes making notes—but I'd adjust these periods up or?down depending on how difficult the text is, how important it is to me, and how much time I?have.
其次蹦浦，閱讀前請做出一個切實可行的具體時間計劃扭吁。比如讀一本250頁的書，我可能用15分鐘去瀏覽盲镶，花4個小時集中閱讀侥袜，最后20到30分鐘做記錄。但是溉贿，具體時間我還會依據(jù)內(nèi)容難度枫吧、重要程度以及我空余的時間進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
Focus on the parts with high information content
關(guān)注多信息內(nèi)容
Non-fiction books very often have an“hourglass”structure that is repeated at several levels?of organization. More general (broader) information is typically presented at the beginnings?and ends of:
一般來說宇色，非虛構(gòu)類書籍的結(jié)構(gòu)都類似于一個“沙漏”九杂，就是首尾比較寬，中間比較窄宣蠕。具體來說：
?the book or article as a whole (abstract, introduction, conclusion)
?each chapter
?each section within a chapter
?each paragraph
?整本書的框架（摘要例隆、簡介、結(jié)論）
?每一章
?一章里的每一節(jié)
?每一段
More specific (narrower) information (supporting evidence, details, etc.) then appears in the?middle of the hourglass.
相對詳細(xì)具體的信息（論據(jù)抢蚀，細(xì)節(jié)等）通常排在文章中部镀层，即“沙漏”結(jié)構(gòu)中較窄的部分。
You can make the hourglass structure of writing do a lot of work for you. Focus on the?following elements, in more or less the following order:
你可以參照沙漏寫作結(jié)構(gòu)做很多的事兒皿曲，以下幾點要素可作為參考：
?Front and back covers, inner jacket flaps
?Table of contents
?Index: scan this to see which are the most important terms
?Bibliography: tells you about the book’s sources and intellectual context
?Preface and/or Introduction and/or ?Abstract
?Conclusion
?Pictures, graphs, tables, figures: images contain more information than text
?Chapter introductions and conclusions
?Section headings
?Special type or formatting: boldface, italics, numbered items, lists
?前后封面
?目錄
?索引:可以快速定位最重要內(nèi)容
?參考書目:用來了解本書的來源和知識背景
?前言/簡介/摘要
?總結(jié)
?圖片唱逢，圖，表屋休，數(shù)據(jù):圖像比文字包含更多信息
?章節(jié)介紹和結(jié)論
?章節(jié)標(biāo)題
?特殊類型或格式:黑體坞古、斜體、項目編號劫樟、列表
Use PTML (personal text markup language)
使用個人語言記錄
Always, always, always mark up your reading. This is a critical part of active reading. Do this?from the very beginning—even on your first, overview reading. Why? Because when you?come back to the book later, your marks reduce the amount you have to look at and help?you see what’s most significant.
閱讀時切記痪枫，切記织堂，切記要標(biāo)記。這是主動閱讀最關(guān)鍵的部分听怕。從一開始就要學(xué)著標(biāo)記捧挺，即使你是個新手虑绵。為什么呢尿瞭？因為標(biāo)記能幫助你更有效地排除多余信息，定位重要信息翅睛。
Don’t mark too much. This defeats the purpose of markup; when you consult your markup?later, heavy markup will force you to re-read unimportant information. As a rule, you should?average no more than two or three short marks per page. Rather than underline whole?sentences, underline words or short phrases that capture what you most need to?remember. The point of this is to distill, reduce, eliminate the unnecessary. Write words and?phrases in the margins that tell you what paragraphs or sections are about. Use your own?Words.
不要標(biāo)記太多声搁。這樣會違背標(biāo)記的初衷，過多的標(biāo)記在你回顧時會迫使你瀏覽過多無用的信息捕发。每一頁疏旨，2到3個標(biāo)記剛好，這是一個必須遵守的原則扎酷。別在整個句子下劃線檐涝，嘗試在需要記憶的重要單詞或短語下劃線。標(biāo)記是為了提取法挨、縮減以及排除不必要的信息谁榜。同時，用自己的語言在空白處寫下對段落或章節(jié)的總結(jié)凡纳。
Page vs. Screen
紙質(zhì)對屏幕
Printed material has far higher resolution (~600 dpi) than even the best computer screens?(~100 dpi); see the illustration of 300 vs. 600 dpi, below. For this reason you will read more?accurately, and with less fatigue, if you stick with the paper version. Still, we inevitably read?much more screen-based material now.
紙制品的分辨率（600dpi）遠(yuǎn)高于最好的計算機(jī)屏幕（100dpi）窃植。如下圖所示300對600dpi。因此閱讀印紙制品比閱讀電腦屏幕更加清晰荐糜，也更不容易疲勞巷怜。但由于客觀原因，我們又不可避免地在電腦屏幕上進(jìn)行更多地閱讀暴氏。
Markup on the screen: It remains difficult to mark up screen-based materials effectively.?The extra steps involved are distracting, as is the temptation to check email or websurf.?Also, with screen-based markup you often have to click on a note in order to read it, which?means you’re less likely to do it later. It remains far easier to mark up a printed copy!
在屏幕上做標(biāo)記目前效率很低延塑。另外，在電腦上閱讀時注意力很難集中答渔，比如經(jīng)常會忍不住檢查郵箱或是瀏覽網(wǎng)頁关带。同時，基于標(biāo)記是在電腦上進(jìn)行的研儒，你在讀筆記時不得不進(jìn)行點擊豫缨，你可能不會愿意這么麻煩。這也就意味著在電腦上做標(biāo)記依舊不那么容易端朵。
However, if you’re disciplined, recent versions of Acrobat, Apple Preview, and third-party?PDF viewers such as PDFpen, iAnnotate, and Goodreader allow you to add comments,?highlighting, and so on to PDFs. Voice recognition can make this a lot easier. Today, I?routinely read and annotate PDFs on an iPad, using voice recognition when I want to make a?note. Some of these readers, as well as ebook readers such as Kindle, allow you to export?only your highlights and notes. This is a great way to make yourself a condensed version of a?document. Paste it into the notes field of your citation manager and it’ll always be at your?fingertips. Hunt around on the web for ways to do this kind of thing on an industrial scale?(especially with Kindle books).
然而好芭，如果你有意識地去訓(xùn)練自己，以上提到的缺點可能會變得簡單點兒冲呢。最新版的Acrobat舍败、Apple?Preview，還有第三方PDF瀏覽工具如PDFpen、iAnnotate邻薯，以及Goodreader這些軟件都允許你在文章中添加評論裙戏。語音識別器也會讓這個過程更加輕松。如今厕诡，我經(jīng)常在iPad上閱讀累榜，并使用語音功能做標(biāo)注。一些讀者使用電子書閱讀器灵嫌，比如kindle壹罚，可以直接輸出標(biāo)記的部分以及自己的筆記。這是制作專屬文本極好的方式寿羞。將文本粘貼到“引文管理”猖凛，這些信息將變得隨時隨地都可以被提取。在網(wǎng)上通過檢索還能找到更多類似的方式（特別是kindle類電子閱讀器）绪穆。
When taking notes about something you're reading (as opposed to marking up the text),?you'll be tempted to cut and paste the original text in lieu of making your own notes in your?own words. Cut-and-paste can sometimes work well, especially for things you might want to?quote later. However: in general it defeats the two main purposes of note-taking: (a)?learning and remembering (by rephrasing in your own terms), and (b) condensing into a very?short form. The same is true of links: though useful for keeping track of sources, keeping a?URL will not by itself help you remember or understand what's there, even though it may?feel that way.
在電腦上做筆記時辨泳，會對原文進(jìn)行“剪切”和“粘貼”，然后用自己的話把它復(fù)述一遍玖院〔ず欤“剪切粘貼”有時固然方便，特別是你之后可能會引用到的內(nèi)容司恳。但是這個方法違背了我們做筆記最初的兩個原則：a）學(xué)習(xí)途乃，記憶。（通過用自己的話復(fù)述）b）精煉文字扔傅∷９玻“超鏈接”同樣如此：雖然在資源檢索上非常方便，但是卻不利于我們對知識的理解和運用猎塞。
Use a citation manager
使用引文管理
It’s hard to overemphasize the huge advantages of citation manager software such as?Endnote, Bookends, Zotero, Mendeley, CiteULike, etc. They let you keep track of your?growing library, easily enter and format citations in your word processor (saving you the?incredible irritation of doing it yourself). Most of them can pull in citations directly from the?web, record web links, find DOI’s, and so on. Some have their own web search tools built in.?Some, such as Bookends (Mac only), will automatically rename documents with Author-?Date-Title, a huge help with the extremely annoying problem of uninformative filenames.
過分強(qiáng)調(diào)引文管理軟件的優(yōu)點是很難的试读，比如Endnote, Bookends, Zotero, Mendeley, CiteULike等等。這些軟件能夠讓你隨時隨地存取自己的文本信息（這可以幫助你節(jié)省大量的時間）荠耽。大部分軟件都可以直接引用網(wǎng)頁钩骇、記錄網(wǎng)頁鏈接、查找識別碼等铝量。有一些還內(nèi)嵌著網(wǎng)頁搜索工具倘屹。其中的一些，例如Bookends (Mac only)慢叨，能夠根據(jù)作者纽匙、日期、標(biāo)題的格式對文本進(jìn)行自動重命名拍谐，這很大程度上減少了無信息文件名給我們帶來的困擾烛缔。
None of these packages are perfect. All have both advantages and disadvantages, and the?more sophisticated ones have steep learning curves. Look for one that can handle all major?document formats, including books, journal articles, newspaper articles, online sources,?interviews, and so on. Be wary of managers that only handle PDFs, since so many other?formats are still important.
這些軟件包沒有一個是完美的馏段，他們都有各自的優(yōu)缺點。越是復(fù)雜的軟件践瓷，學(xué)習(xí)曲線就越是陡峭院喜。與其找一款可以處理包括書籍、雜志晕翠、報紙喷舀、網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源、采訪等所有文檔格式的軟件崖面，不如專注于一款只支持PDF格式的軟件元咙，即便其他格式也很重要。
If you use the notes field of your citation manager in a disciplined way, your notes will?always be easy to find. When your library starts reaching into the thousands of items, this is?a godsend.
如果你的筆記管理已經(jīng)有了自己的原則和方法巫员，文本檢索會變得非常容易。當(dāng)你開始在成千上萬的信息中尋找時甲棍，你會覺得上帝都在幫你简识！
Use your unconscious mind
運用潛意識
An awful lot of thinking and mental processing goes on when you’re not aware of it. Just as?with writing or any other creative thought process, full understanding of a book takes time?to develop.
即使在無意識下，思想和心理也在高速運行著感猛。與寫作等創(chuàng)造性過程一樣七扰，對一本書的深入理解也需要花費一定時間才能達(dá)成。
Like the body, the mind suffers from fatigure when doing just one thing for many hours.?Your ability to comprehend and retain what you read drops off dramatically after an hour or?so. Therefore, you should read a book in several short sessions of one to two hours apiece,?rather than one long marathon.
就像我們的身體陪白，連續(xù)不斷的思考也會產(chǎn)生疲勞感颈走。對閱讀的理解和記憶能力在持續(xù)閱讀一小時后就會大幅度下滑。因此咱士，千萬別像馬拉松一樣持續(xù)閱讀立由，而應(yīng)當(dāng)采用每次一到兩小時的間斷性閱讀。
In between, your unconscious mind will process some of what you’ve read. When you come?back for the next session, start by asking yourself what you remember from your previous?reading, what you think of it so far, and what you still need to learn.
在放松時間里序厉，大腦的潛意識會自動處理你曾讀到的信息锐膜。在你繼續(xù)閱讀的時候，回憶一下之前的閱讀內(nèi)容還記得多少弛房？現(xiàn)在怎么理解道盏？以及，你還需要知道哪些文捶？
Rehearse, and use multiple modes
多模式踐行
Reading is exactly like martial arts, baseball, or cooking in the sense thatlearning and?memory depend crucially on rehearsal.
閱讀跟武術(shù)荷逞，棒球和廚藝一樣，學(xué)習(xí)和記憶都需要刻意練習(xí)粹排。
So—after you’ve read the book, rehearse what you’ve learned. Quiz yourself on its?contents. Argue with the author. Imagine how you would defend the author’s position in?your own writing.
所以种远，閱讀一本書之后，對所學(xué)知識進(jìn)行刻意練習(xí)恨搓。并對練習(xí)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行測試院促。試著與作者的觀點進(jìn)行辯駁筏养，或是想象如何用自己的語言去論證作者的觀點。
Reading, writing, speaking, listening, and visualizing all engage different parts of the brain.?For this reason, the best forms of rehearsal usemultiple modesof thinking and action.?Don’t just contemplate privately. Instead, talk about the book with others. Bring it up in?classes. Write about it. Visualize anything that can be visualized about its contents. All of this?helps fix your memory and integrate your new learning into the rest of your knowledge.
聽常拓、說渐溶、讀、寫和具象化的能力是由大腦的不同區(qū)域進(jìn)行管理弄抬，所以茎辐，最好的刻意練習(xí)就是兼?zhèn)渌伎寂c行動的多模式踐行。不要總是一個人冥思苦想掂恕，試著與別人進(jìn)行交流拖陆，或是把觀點帶入班級，或者寫成文字懊亡∫绬總之，把你能具象化的內(nèi)容統(tǒng)統(tǒng)具象化店枣。這些都將幫助你對習(xí)得知識的理解和記憶速警。
Hang in there!
堅持到底！
When I give presentations on these ideas, students often tell me a few weeks later that they?“tried it a few times and just couldn’t do it,”so they stopped.
當(dāng)我發(fā)表這篇文章的幾周之后鸯两，很多學(xué)生這樣跟我說：“我試了試闷旧，但好像沒什么效果【疲”所以他們就放棄了忙灼。
You will have to practice these techniques for a considerable length of time—at least a few?months—before they come to seem natural, and they will never be easier than the?comfortable, passive way we’ve all been reading for many years.?Hang in there. The rewards of these techniques are great, or so say the hundreds of?students who’ve told me so years later. Learning to read like this can be a critical key to a?successful career as a student, scholar, or professional in almost any field.
你最好刻意并理性地練習(xí)一段時間，至少幾個月吧钝侠。在習(xí)慣成自然之前该园，你肯定會覺得不太適應(yīng)、也不太舒服机错，畢竟爬范，我們已經(jīng)保持了很多年之前的閱讀習(xí)慣。
堅持到底弱匪！這種閱讀策略的回報會突破天際青瀑！多年后許多學(xué)生都這么跟我說。無論你是學(xué)生萧诫，學(xué)者斥难，或是教授，這樣的閱讀方式帘饶，都會是你在任何領(lǐng)域成功的關(guān)鍵哑诊！
都看到這兒了，看在我把整本書都翻譯完的份上兒及刻，就點個贊再走唄~
