《如何在美國成為有錢人》經(jīng)濟學(xué)人20170202原文鏈接(版權(quán)歸原雜志所有)
背景介紹:在大多數(shù)一個國家碳锈,接受高等教育是改變命運的有效方式型凳。不過甘穿,如果接受教育的機會本身已經(jīng)不均勻地分配到各個階層盖奈,這個社會還可能通過教育來實現(xiàn)階級流動嗎埋嵌?那么在這種社會怎么樣才能成為有錢人呢?
經(jīng)濟學(xué)人原文翻譯如下
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標題:如何在美國成為有錢人
副標題:進入中上階層不是不可能仔拟。進入頂尖的1%階層(譯者:大概稅前家庭年薪45萬美元)也是有可能的衫樊。
作者:W.Z.
時間:2017年2月2日
AMERICANS are admirably optimistic about shaping their own future. One survey found that nearly three-quarters of Americans thought hard work was a “very important” component of success, while just 62% put it down to a good education and less than a fifth to coming from wealth. But the United States ranks poorly compared to other advanced economies when it comes to income inequality and social mobility. So what must an ambitious young American do to get rich?
翻譯:美國人民對于自己的未來規(guī)劃特別的樂觀。一份調(diào)查顯示:當被問到成功最重要因素時利花,接近四分之三的美國人回答“努力工作”科侈,與此同時62%的美國人認為是“良好的教育”,少于20%的人認為是“家族財富”炒事。但是臀栈,就收入不平等和社會流動性而言,與其他發(fā)達國家相比挠乳,美國排名十分靠后权薯。所以,一個有抱負的美國年輕人如何才能發(fā)家致富欲侮?
A new study by Raj Chetty of Stanford University and a collective of other economists helps answer this question. By matching data from the Department of Education with 30m tax returns, Mr Chetty and his colleagues have constructed a data set that reveals to researchers both the income distributions of graduates of particular colleges, and how incomes vary depending on how rich the graduates’ parents were. The data show that attending an elite college is a good way of securing an upper-middle class lifestyle—graduates of Ivy League-calibre universities have roughly the same chance of breaking into the top 20% of the income distribution, regardless of family background. Paths to the upper-middle class exist for those who graduate from lesser-known universities too, since earnings can depend even more on what one studies than where. On average, graduates of lesser-known engineering colleges such as Kettering University and the Stevens Institute of Technology do just as well as those from the Ivy League.
翻譯:斯坦福大學(xué)的Raj Chetty教授和其他經(jīng)濟學(xué)教授的一份共同研究成果給出了答案崭闲。通過對比教育部的數(shù)據(jù)和三千萬人的稅收數(shù)據(jù),Chetty教授和他的同事構(gòu)建了一個數(shù)據(jù)庫威蕉。這個數(shù)據(jù)庫像大家展示了十分有用的信息刁俭。它既包括特定學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生的收入分配,也包括家庭收入程度如何影響畢業(yè)生的收入水平韧涨。數(shù)據(jù)顯示:畢業(yè)于名校是獲得中上產(chǎn)階層生活方式的一種好途徑牍戚,其中侮繁,IVY League(常春藤盟校,哈佛耶魯普林斯頓等)的畢業(yè)生如孝,不論家庭背景如何宪哩,都有相同的機會成為收入分布前20%一員(譯者:大概家庭稅前年收入11萬美元)。對于畢業(yè)于普通院校的學(xué)生而言第晰,進入中上階級也是有可能的锁孟,因為學(xué)什么比在哪兒學(xué)更重要∽率荩總的來說品抽,從普通院校的工程類專業(yè)畢業(yè)的學(xué)生,他們的收入與常春藤盟校畢業(yè)生的收入一樣好甜熔。
But a good education alone cannot propel the merely upper-middle class into the ranks of the rich. Few engineers, nurses or pharmacists make it to the top 1%, which is dominated by bankers and other financiers. Recruiters in the financial industry place high premiums on pedigree. Here the Ivies play an outsize role; products of elite private universities such as Harvard and Yale are much more likely to end up on Wall Street. Moreover, data from Mr Chetty and colleagues show that it helps to start off rich in the first place.
翻譯:但是圆恤,對于一個位于中上階層的人而言,一個良好的教育背景不能保證讓他進入富人階層腔稀。很少有工程師盆昙,護士,藥劑師成為頂尖的1%富人焊虏。這1%的富人大多是銀行家和金融家淡喜。金融業(yè)在招新的時候特別看重優(yōu)質(zhì)的血統(tǒng)。特別是常春藤盟校的畢業(yè)生炕淮。例如拆火,從常春藤盟校跳夭,比如哈佛耶魯涂圆,畢業(yè)的學(xué)生更可能最后在華爾街工作。此外币叹,Chetty教授的數(shù)據(jù)還顯示家庭出身有助于致富润歉。
This trend is even more pronounced at the very top of the income distribution. Between 1999 and 2004, just 2% of Princetonians came from the families in the lowest 20% of earnings, while 3.2% came from families in the top 0.1%. The admissions process at top colleges is sometimes further skewed by the preferential treatment given to family members of alumni. Of Harvard’s most recently admitted class, 27% had a relative who also went to that “college near Boston” (pictured). That suggests that the simplest way to become extremely rich is by being born to the right parents. The second-easiest way is to find a rich spouse. If neither approach works, you could try to get into a top college—but remember that not all Princetonians become plutocrats.
翻譯:這一趨勢在位于收入頂端的富人中更加明顯。在1999年到2004年颈抚,僅僅只有2%的普林斯頓新生來自收入最低的20%群體踩衩,但有3.2%的普林斯頓新生來自收入最高的0.1%群體。這些頂級名校在招生的時候贩汉,更加偏愛來自校友家庭的學(xué)生驱富。在哈佛大學(xué)最新的一屆新生中,有27%的學(xué)生家里有人曾經(jīng)畢業(yè)于哈佛大學(xué)匹舞。這一切表明了這樣一個結(jié)果:成為富人最簡單的方法是出生在一個好家庭褐鸥,第二簡單的方法是找到一個有錢的配偶。如果這兩個辦法都不行的話赐稽,你也可以努力去名校讀書--不過不要忘記:并不是每一個普林斯頓大學(xué)大畢業(yè)生都成為土豪叫榕。
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讀后感:想不到正經(jīng)的《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》也開始不正經(jīng)的說大實話了寓落。有關(guān)于那個成為有錢人的第三個方法-去名校讀書-我想說幾句。難道文章作者是英國人荞下,所以就不知道美國學(xué)費有多貴嗎伶选?美國常春藤盟校一年學(xué)費4.5萬-5.5萬美元,加上住宿費和生活費尖昏,一年下來起碼6萬美元考蕾。就算是讀一個普通一點的州內(nèi)公立大學(xué),一年學(xué)費也要1.5萬美元会宪,一年下來花3萬美元肖卧。美國家庭稅前收入中位數(shù)是5.5萬美元,也就是50%的家庭的稅前收入都在5.5萬美元以下掸鹅。所以塞帐,有多少年輕人或者多少家庭能付得起這個學(xué)費呢?開個玩笑巍沙,我認為想通過接受高等教育而實現(xiàn)階級流動的美國年輕人葵姥,可以來我天朝的頂尖名校讀書,一年學(xué)費1千美元不到句携。如果中國的清華北大學(xué)歷在美國不好使的話榔幸,也可以再積極攢錢回美國讀個名校碩士,最后還是一樣可以去華爾街上班矮嫉,不過省了一半的錢削咆。
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