https://aying0122.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/cpa115-financial-reporting-33/

CPA115 Financial Reporting?(3/3)

18JAN

MODULE SIX

Part A: IFRS 3 Business Combinations

企業(yè)合并包含有兩種情況春哨，一種是直接吸收被收購(gòu)方的凈資產(chǎn)（purchasing the net assets of anotherbusiness）昌渤，另外一種是收購(gòu)對(duì)方股份以達(dá)到并購(gòu)的目的（acquiring the shares of anotherbusiness to obtain control over that entity）恬惯。 第一種情況下鱼鼓，企業(yè)只是吸收對(duì)方的資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債俯在，不附帶其他連帶責(zé)任（比如說(shuō)員工啊乌奇，稅收啊之類的），所以沛善，在處理這一項(xiàng)交易的時(shí)候蹲坷，企業(yè)只需要將收購(gòu)的資 產(chǎn)和負(fù)債直接并入自己的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表即可蜕企。第二種情況，企業(yè)則變成了被收購(gòu)方的股東冠句，需要對(duì)整個(gè)企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)，因此在第二種情況下幸乒，收購(gòu)方要制定合并報(bào)表懦底。

The acquisition method

IFRS 3要求所有的business combination的交易都要使用acquisition method進(jìn)行計(jì)量。這個(gè)方法有四個(gè)步驟：

– Identifying an acquirer;

– Determining the acquisition date;

– Recognising and measuring the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and anynon-controlling interest in the acquire; and

– Recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase.

在第三個(gè)步驟中要注意measurement的要求罕扎。對(duì)于non-controlling interest來(lái)說(shuō)聚唐，并購(gòu)企業(yè)可以用1）fair value；或者2）the NCL’s proportionate share of theacquiree’s identifiable net assets腔召。對(duì)于measurement來(lái)說(shuō)杆查，準(zhǔn)則提供了一些特例，例如contingent liability臀蛛，參看表格6.2亲桦。

這里，我們來(lái)看看計(jì)算goodwill或者gain from a bargain purchase的公式浊仆。

Goodwill =Consideration transferred + the amount of non-controlling interest + fair valueof any previously held equity interest in the acquiree – the fair value of theidentifiable net assets acquired

計(jì)算goodwill有兩種方法客峭，full goodwill或者partial goodwill。材料后面部分的例子都采用了partial goodwill的方法抡柿。Goodwill?的后續(xù)計(jì)量應(yīng)當(dāng)遵照：at the amount recognised at acquisition date less any accumulatedimpairment losses舔琅。Goodwill是不允許被攤銷，并且要至少每年測(cè)試一次其是否存在減值洲劣。

任何與并購(gòu)交易有關(guān)的費(fèi)用备蚓，就要計(jì)入當(dāng)期損益科目课蔬，除非這些費(fèi)用是跟發(fā)行債券或者權(quán)益工具有關(guān)。

Deferred tax arising from a business combination

相關(guān)的合并資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債按照公允價(jià)值重新評(píng)估郊尝，企業(yè)在編制合并財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)按照該公允價(jià)值進(jìn)行合并二跋。因此，temporary differences arise when thetax base of the asset acquired or liability assumed is either not affected, oris affected differently, by the business combination虚循。這些確認(rèn)的DTA/DTL會(huì)影響goodwill或者gain from a bargain purchase同欠。

Business combinations involving an investmentin a subsidiary

在這種情況下，首先横缔，收購(gòu)者在收購(gòu)有效日時(shí)铺遂，在自己的賬上計(jì)入一筆投資investment in a subsidiary；接下來(lái)茎刚，并購(gòu)的identifiable net assets則按照并購(gòu)日時(shí)候的公允價(jià)值計(jì)入襟锐；確認(rèn)是否有遞延所得稅的影響；然后膛锭，產(chǎn)生的goodwill則作為合并分錄計(jì)入粮坞。

Part B: IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements

The group

這一部分，主要關(guān)注怎么定義“control”初狰，it is defined as ‘the power to govern the financial and operatingpolicies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities’.?兩個(gè)企業(yè)之間是否存在控制關(guān)系莫杈，決定于其實(shí)質(zhì)而非形式。

另外一個(gè)需要注意的內(nèi)容是special purpose entity奢入。IAS 27規(guī)定筝闹，an SPE should be consolidated wherethe substance of the relationship indicates that the SPE is controlled by theother entity。

Preparation of consolidated financial statement

企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表合并是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的過(guò)程腥光，其中包括了各種調(diào)整关顷，以及分離少數(shù)股東權(quán)益。合并報(bào)表的前兩個(gè)步驟主要包含了三種調(diào)整武福。在初始階段议双，企業(yè)需要調(diào)整母公司和子公司之間因會(huì)計(jì)政策、方法不同而產(chǎn)生的差異捉片；在合并過(guò)程中平痰，則需要調(diào)整母子公司之間的內(nèi)部交易。

– Aggregating line by line, like items of assets, liabilities, equity, income & expense;

– Adjusting these combined figures for transactions between entities within the group;

– Adjusting for dissimilar accounting policies or reporting periods;

– Eliminating pre-acquisition equity balances;

– Eliminating the effect of all transactions between all entities within the group.

Revaluation of assets subject to depreciation

首先看一下IFRS 3的規(guī)定：adepreciable non-current asset has to be revalued to fair value at theacquisition date, further consolidation adjustments will have to be undertakenin subsequent reporting periods to adjust depreciation charges界睁。

在合并日觉增，被合并企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)，特別是固定資產(chǎn)翻斟，會(huì)按照市場(chǎng)價(jià)值進(jìn)行重新的估值逾礁。對(duì)公允價(jià)值的調(diào)整，如果子公司沒(méi)有在其賬面上進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整的時(shí)候，那么嘹履，在每一次合并報(bào)表的時(shí)候腻扇，對(duì)需要對(duì)相關(guān)資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值進(jìn)行調(diào)整，包括所涉及到的折舊砾嫉。The group will want to recognise aconsolidation depreciation expense based on the fair value of the non-currentassets幼苛。

Transactions within the group

根據(jù)IAS 37的規(guī)定，intragroupbalances, transactions, income and expenses shall be eliminated in full焕刮。合并財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上披露的所有交易舶沿、信息，必須是集團(tuán)本身與外部機(jī)構(gòu)之間的交易配并。集團(tuán)內(nèi)部交易主要包括有：intra-group sale of inventory,intra-group sale of depreciable asset, payment of dividend by subsidiary,intra-group interest, & intra-group provision of services括荡。表格6.3?對(duì)這些交易做了概括的介紹。

個(gè)人認(rèn)為溉旋，在做這些調(diào)整的時(shí)候畸冲，需要準(zhǔn)確地判斷，這些交易是否導(dǎo)致了集團(tuán)未實(shí)現(xiàn)的利潤(rùn)（比如內(nèi)部買賣存貨/固定資產(chǎn)）观腊，或者由于內(nèi)部交易而導(dǎo)致的余額（比如內(nèi)部買賣導(dǎo)致的應(yīng)收應(yīng)付賬款）邑闲。

另外，在調(diào)整內(nèi)部交易的時(shí)候梧油，還需要考慮遞延所得稅的問(wèn)題苫耸。比如說(shuō)，子公司按照?$ 20,000的價(jià)格賣給母公司一批存貨儡陨，其成本為$10,000鲸阔，在報(bào)表日，母公司僅對(duì)外賣出一半的存貨迄委。從集團(tuán)整體的角度上看，剩余的存貨余額應(yīng)該按照子公司的成本價(jià)格進(jìn)行計(jì)算类少，因此調(diào)整之后的存貨余額降低叙身。但是從稅法的角度上看，人家才不管你是否實(shí)現(xiàn)硫狞，賬上余額是多少就是多少信轿。因此，這就產(chǎn)生了deductible temporary difference残吩，因?yàn)槎惙ㄓ囝~要比賬面余額高财忽，于是調(diào)整之后多了deferred tax asset。假設(shè)稅率為30%泣侮，調(diào)整分錄如下：

Dr:Sales?????????????????????????????????????????????????? $ 20,000

Cr: Inventory??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? $5,000

Cost of goods sold????????????????????????????????????????????? $ 15,000

Dr Deferred tax asset??????????????????????? $1,500

Cr: Income tax expense???????????????????????????????????????? $ 1,500

Non-controlling interest

IAS 27對(duì)non-controlling interest的定義是：the equity in a subsidiary notattributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent即彪。在Equity concept下面，NCI被劃分為權(quán)益而非負(fù)債活尊。NCI should be measured as therespective proportionate interest in the equity of the subsidiary?after making adjustments for unrealised profits and lossesof the subsidiary隶校。在調(diào)整NCI的過(guò)程中漏益，有三種調(diào)整需要注意，分別為：

– The pre-acquisition equity consolidation adjustment;

– Dividends paid by the subsidiary; and

– The measurement and disclosure of the non-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

在考慮各種稅的因素之后深胳，因合并而產(chǎn)生的資產(chǎn)revaluation應(yīng)確認(rèn)為Business combination reserve绰疤。當(dāng)母公司100%控制子公司的時(shí)候，全部的BCR在pre-acquisition elimination entry的時(shí)候被抵消舞终。但是轻庆，當(dāng)存在NCI的時(shí)候，合并抵消分錄只抵消母公司的proportion敛劝，剩余的BCR是屬于NCI余爆。That is, at theacquisition date, the NCI is equal to their share of the subsidiary’s recordedequity plus their share of the BCR.

在確認(rèn)NCI的時(shí)候，要考慮其在集團(tuán)equity的share龙屉，而不是子公司賬面上的equity转捕。因此，在計(jì)算NCI的過(guò)程中必須要抵消未確認(rèn)的利潤(rùn)或者損失。

1）First, as NCIs have an interest inthe group via the subsidiary, only intra-group transactions that affect thesubsidiary’s equity require adjustment (transactions from subsidiary toparent);

2）The second point to note is therequirement to understand which transactions lead to unrealised profits/lossesfrom the perspective of the group.

Part C: IAS 28 Investments in Associates

IAS 28主要用在對(duì)另一企業(yè)有重大影響的、非控制性的情況隘擎，使用equity method。跟acquisitionmethod相比震桶，Investments in associates是一項(xiàng)on-line交易。企業(yè)只需要在報(bào)表中計(jì)入investment in associates一項(xiàng)淤堵，并不需要合并。

在equity method下面汹胃，被投資企業(yè)當(dāng)期損益以及other comprehensive income的變動(dòng)，都按照投資比例計(jì)入到投資企業(yè)的investment in associates的balance里面；投資企業(yè)收到的分紅轨奄，則抵減investment的balance。

這個(gè)部分最重要的，就是知道投資企業(yè)和被投資企業(yè)之間的交易也需要抵消惯雳，the transactions between theassociate and investor should be eliminated户辱。Where anassociate is equity-accounted for, unrealised profits and losses from both ‘upstream’and ‘downstream’ transactions between the investor and associate should beeliminated to the extent of the investor’s ownership interest in the associate。下面是需要follow的步驟：

– only transactions involving unrealised profits and losses require elimination;

– the tax effect of eliminating unrealised profits needs to be recognised;

– the elimination is in proportion to the investor’s ownership interest in the associate; and

– the elimination adjustments are limited to ‘investment in associates’ and ‘share ofprofits of associates’.