迄今為止最大的腎結(jié)石重量超過(guò)了一公斤碗旅，直徑高達(dá)17厘米【迪ぃ“瘋狂的石頭”帶來(lái)的疼痛有時(shí)不亞于生孩子祟辟。成因?yàn)楹危吭趺粗委熀皖A(yù)防积瞒？
The biggest kidney stone on record weighed more than a kilogram and was 17 centimeters in diameter.
記載在冊(cè)最大的腎結(jié)石重量超過(guò)了一公斤川尖，而直徑高達(dá)17厘米。
腎結(jié)石的成因
The patient didn't actually swallow a stone the size of a coconut.
這位病人并不是吞下了一塊椰子大小的石頭。
Kidney stones form inside the body, but unfortunately, they're extremely painful to get out.
腎結(jié)石是在人體內(nèi)部形成的叮喳，然而糟心的是被芳，要把它們?nèi)〕鰜?lái)非常痛苦。
A kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that can form in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
腎結(jié)石是一塊堅(jiān)硬的結(jié)晶馍悟，在腎臟畔濒、尿管、膀胱或者尿道中形成锣咒。
Urine contains compounds that consist of calcium, sodium, potassium, oxalate, uric acid, and phosphate.
尿液中的一些物質(zhì)含有鈣侵状、鈉、鉀毅整、草酸鹽趣兄、尿酸、還有磷酸鹽悼嫉。
If the levels of these particles get too high,
如果這些微粒的含量過(guò)高艇潭，
or if urine becomes too acidic or basic, the particles can clump together and crystallize.
或者尿液變得過(guò)酸或過(guò)堿，這些微粒就很容易聚集在一起戏蔑，然后結(jié)晶蹋凝。
Unless the problem is addressed,
如果不及時(shí)扼制，
the crystals will gradually grow over a few weeks months, or even years, forming a detectable stone.
隨著時(shí)間流逝总棵，結(jié)晶將會(huì)一周周鳍寂、一月月、甚至一年年繼續(xù)變大情龄，直到慢慢形成了可檢測(cè)到的石頭迄汛。
Calcium oxalate is the most common type of crystal to form this way, and accounts for about 80% of kidney stones.
草酸鈣是這個(gè)過(guò)程中最常見(jiàn)的結(jié)晶，大約80%的腎結(jié)石的成分是草酸鈣骤视。
Less common kidney stones are made of calcium phosphate, or uric acid.
由磷酸鈣或者尿酸造成的腎結(jié)石則不太常見(jiàn)隔心。
A slightly different type of stone made of the minerals magnesium ammonium phosphate,
另一種稍有不同的結(jié)石是由磷酸銨鎂構(gòu)成的，
or struvite, can be caused by bacterial infection.
也叫鳥(niǎo)糞石尚胞，細(xì)菌感染是此類腎結(jié)石產(chǎn)生的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>
And even rarer stones can result from genetic disorders or certain medications.
除此之外，更為罕見(jiàn)的腎結(jié)石由遺傳疾病或是某些特殊的藥物造成帜慢。
腎結(jié)石的癥狀
A kidney stone can go undetected until it starts to move.
腎結(jié)石可能在它開(kāi)始移動(dòng)后才會(huì)被檢測(cè)出來(lái)笼裳。
When a stone travels through the kidney and into the ureter, its sharp edges scratch the walls of the urinary tract.
當(dāng)結(jié)石從腎臟移動(dòng)到尿管里的時(shí)候，它尖利的邊緣會(huì)擦傷尿道壁粱玲。
Nerve endings embedded in this tissue transmit excruciating pain signals through the nervous system.
薄壁中包裹著的神經(jīng)末梢會(huì)通過(guò)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)輸送劇烈疼痛的信號(hào)躬柬。
And the scratches can send blood flowing into the urine.
此外，擦傷還會(huì)導(dǎo)致血液進(jìn)入尿液抽减。
This can be accompanied by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and a burning sensation while urinating.
這會(huì)造成血尿并常伴隨著惡心、嘔吐、排尿有燒灼感等癥狀由境。
If a stone gets big enough to actually block the flow of urine,
當(dāng)結(jié)石長(zhǎng)大到直接堵塞了尿液流通，
it can create an infection, or backflow, and damage the kidneys themselves.
就會(huì)出現(xiàn)尿路感染或者尿液倒流的癥狀法牲，并對(duì)腎臟自身造成傷害。
腎結(jié)石的治療
But most kidney stones don't become this serious, or even require invasive treatment.
但是大多數(shù)腎結(jié)石不會(huì)變得這么嚴(yán)重琼掠，甚至到需要進(jìn)行手術(shù)的程度拒垃。
Masses less than five millimeters in diameter will usually pass out of the body on their own.
那些直徑不超過(guò)五毫米的結(jié)石通常能自行排出。
A doctor will often simply recommend drinking large amounts of water
醫(yī)生通常會(huì)建議病人多喝水
to help speed the process along, and maybe taking some pain killers.
以加快結(jié)石的排出瓷蛙，或服用止痛片來(lái)緩解疼痛悼瓮。
If the stone is slightly larger, medications like α-blockers
如果結(jié)石稍微有點(diǎn)大，就需要藥物的幫助艰猬，比如α受體阻滯劑
can help by relaxing the muscles in the ureter and making it easier for the stone to get through.
它可以幫助松弛尿道輸尿管的肌肉横堡，使結(jié)石更順利地通過(guò)。
Another medication called potassium citrate can help dissolve the stones by creating a less acidic urine.
另外一種藥物叫做檸檬酸鉀冠桃，它可以通過(guò)降低尿液酸性來(lái)幫助溶解結(jié)石命贴。
For medium-sized stones up to about ten millimeters, one option is pulverizing them with soundwaves.
對(duì)于不超過(guò)十毫米的中等結(jié)石，可以選擇用聲波將其碾碎腊满。
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses high-intensity pulses of focused ultrasonic energy aimed directly at the stone.
體外震波碎石術(shù)通過(guò)超聲波產(chǎn)生高強(qiáng)度沖擊波聚焦后直接對(duì)準(zhǔn)體內(nèi)的結(jié)石套么。
The pulses create vibrations inside the stone itself and small bubbles jostleit.
沖擊波會(huì)在結(jié)石內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生震動(dòng)，以及受擠壓的微氣泡碳蛋。
These combined forces crush the stone into smaller pieces that can pass out of the body more easily.
這些力量合在一起能夠?qū)⒔Y(jié)石擊碎胚泌，從而更易于排出。
But zapping a stone with sound doesn't work as well if it's simply too big.
但是如果結(jié)石的尺寸過(guò)大肃弟，使用聲波碎石的方法就可能不起作用。
So sometimes, more invasive treatments are necessary.
這時(shí)候就需要進(jìn)行侵入性治療穷缤。
A rigid tube called a stent can be placed in the ureter to expand it.
比如放置硬質(zhì)管道支架來(lái)擴(kuò)張尿道。
Optical fibers can deliver laser pulses to break up the stone.
光纖可以輸送激光脈沖來(lái)打碎結(jié)石津肛。
Stones can also be surgically removed through an incision in the patient's back or groin.
此外，還可以在病人的后背或腹股溝制造切口汗贫，伸入手術(shù)用具身坐，使結(jié)石通過(guò)手術(shù)被取出落包。
如何預(yù)防
What about just avoiding kidney stones in the first place?
那么如何在腎結(jié)石產(chǎn)生前就加以預(yù)防呢？
For people prone to them, their doctor may recommend drinking plenty of water,
對(duì)容易產(chǎn)生結(jié)石的人們來(lái)說(shuō)咐蝇，醫(yī)生會(huì)建議他們大量喝水涯鲁，
which dilutes the calcium oxalate and other compounds that eventually build up into painful stones.
稀釋體內(nèi)的草酸鈣，以及其他會(huì)產(chǎn)生痛苦的結(jié)石的物質(zhì)。
Foods like potato chips, spinach, rhubarb, and beets are high in oxalate, so doctors might advise limiting them.
有些食物岛请，比如薯片幢踏，菠菜髓需，大黃房蝉，還有甜菜，都是草酸含量很高的咧擂，所以醫(yī)生建議控制這類食物的攝入。
Even though calcium is often found in stones, calcium in foods and beverages can actually help
雖然鈣是結(jié)石的常見(jiàn)成分松申，但食物和飲料里的鈣其實(shí)有助于預(yù)防腎結(jié)石俯逾，
by binding to oxalate in the digestive tract before it can be absorbed and reach the kidneys.
這是因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)和消化道里的草酸結(jié)合，使其無(wú)法直接被吸收并進(jìn)入腎臟桌肴。
If you do end up with a kidney stone, you're not alone.
如果你已經(jīng)有了腎結(jié)石，也不要感到孤單無(wú)助水醋。
Data suggests that rates are rising, but that world record probably won't be broken any time soon.
數(shù)據(jù)表明腎結(jié)石的發(fā)病率一直在升高彪置，當(dāng)然，世界最大腎結(jié)石的記錄在短時(shí)間內(nèi)應(yīng)該還是不會(huì)被打破拳魁。
