這篇文章在許久之前就看過(guò)了呀舔，當(dāng)時(shí)覺(jué)得這種學(xué)習(xí)方法看起來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單肢执，做起來(lái)很難赃绊，所以沒(méi)有去實(shí)踐豺总，兩周前又遇到了這篇文章，仔細(xì)的研究了這篇文章狠怨，決定試試這種學(xué)習(xí)方法约啊，實(shí)踐了一番，覺(jué)得挺好的佣赖，于是忍不住將這篇文章翻譯出來(lái)恰矩，并分享給大家。
補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)背景知識(shí)憎蛤，關(guān)于Richard Phillips Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin’ichirō Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.
理查德 菲利普斯 費(fèi)曼（1918年3月11日——1988年2月15日）是美國(guó)理論物理學(xué)家枢里，他除了在量子力學(xué)的路徑積分公式、量子電動(dòng)力學(xué)、超冷液氦的超流體物理有貢獻(xiàn)栏豺，在粒子物理學(xué)提出的部分子模型也有貢獻(xiàn)彬碱，他因這些貢獻(xiàn)而聞名。因?yàn)樗诎l(fā)展量子電動(dòng)力學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)奥洼，和Julian Schwinger及 Sin’ichirō Tomonaga一起在1965年獲得了諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)巷疼。There are four simple steps to the Feynman Technique, which I’ll explain below:
- Choose a Concept
- Teach it to a Toddler
- Identify Gaps and Go Back to The Source Material
- Review and Simplify
我將在下面介紹的費(fèi)曼學(xué)習(xí)公式，只有四個(gè)步驟灵奖。
- 選擇一個(gè)概念
- 給小孩子教授那個(gè)概念
- 識(shí)別出知識(shí)盲區(qū)并重新閱讀原始材料
- 復(fù)習(xí)及簡(jiǎn)化
If you’re not learning you’re standing still. So what’s the best way to learn new subjects and identify gaps in our existing knowledge?
如果你不學(xué)習(xí)嚼沿，你將停止不前。那么瓷患，最好的學(xué)習(xí)新的知識(shí)并且識(shí)別出你現(xiàn)有知識(shí)里的盲區(qū)的方法是什么呢骡尽？
Two Types of Knowledge（兩種類(lèi)型的學(xué)習(xí)）
There are two types of knowledge and most of us focus on the wrong one. The first type of knowledge focuses on knowing the name of something. The second focuses on knowing something. These are not the same thing. The famous Nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman understood the difference between knowing something and knowing the name of something and it’s one of the most important reasons for his success. In fact, he created a formula for learning that ensured he understood something better than everyone else.
有兩種類(lèi)型的知識(shí)，我們中的大多數(shù)都關(guān)心錯(cuò)誤的那種擅编。第一種學(xué)習(xí)集中于掌握知識(shí)的術(shù)語(yǔ)攀细，第二種學(xué)習(xí)集中于理解知識(shí)。這兩種學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)是不同的爱态。著名的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者理查德 費(fèi)曼明白理解知識(shí)和理解知識(shí)的術(shù)語(yǔ)的區(qū)別谭贪，這也是他獲得成功的最重要的原因。事實(shí)上锦担，他創(chuàng)造一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的公式俭识，一個(gè)能保證你比任何人都理解知識(shí)的公式。
It’s called the Feynman Technique and it will help you learn anything faster and with greater understanding. Best of all, it’s incredibly easy to implement.
人們把它稱(chēng)作費(fèi)曼學(xué)習(xí)公式洞渔，它會(huì)幫助你學(xué)得更快套媚，理解地更深入。最重要的是磁椒，它很容易實(shí)踐凑阶。
The person who says he knows what he thinks but cannot express it usually does not know what he thinks.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? —-MORTIMER ADLER
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The Feynman Technique
There are only four short steps to implementing the Feynman Technique.
實(shí)踐費(fèi)曼學(xué)習(xí)公式只要四步。
Step 1: Choose a Concept ?（一：選擇一個(gè)概念）
Now this can be anything from gravity to world history. It works for everything. Now take out a blank sheet of paper and write the subject you want to learn at the top.
選擇想要學(xué)習(xí)的概念衷快，拿出一張白紙，寫(xiě)出任何你想學(xué)習(xí)的東西姨俩，無(wú)論是地球引力還是世界歷史蘸拔，想學(xué)的都寫(xiě)到那張白紙上。
Step 2: Teach It（二：教起來(lái)）
Write out everything you know about the subject as if you were teaching it to someone else. Not your smart friend but rather a toddler. This may sound silly but this part is incredibly important and has worked wonders for me learning new things.
將你和那個(gè)課題相關(guān)的所有知識(shí)都寫(xiě)下來(lái)环葵，并在寫(xiě)下來(lái)的同時(shí)想象你還要把寫(xiě)下來(lái)的內(nèi)容教授給別人调窍，而且這個(gè)別人不是身邊的聰明的大人，而是小朋友张遭。這個(gè)方法乍一聽(tīng)很滑稽邓萨，可是細(xì)想，對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)，如果你連小孩子都可以教的懂缔恳，那你對(duì)于那個(gè)知識(shí)一定是掌握的宝剖。
When I used to learn new subjects I would explain them with complicated vocabulary and jargon. The problem with this approach is that I was fooling myself. I didn’t know that I didn’t understand. And often, because I was using the right vocabulary, my lack of understanding was obscured from my teachers.
我平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候，向別人解釋都是很復(fù)雜的詞匯或者是術(shù)語(yǔ)歉甚，覺(jué)得自己很高端万细，其實(shí)那只是在自己騙自己而已。而且使用書(shū)本上原話(huà)描述自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)時(shí)纸泄，給自己造成了疑惑赖钞，我并不知道自己不理解，而且老師也不清楚我是否理解了聘裁。
When you write out the idea from start to finish in simple language that a toddler can understand (tip: use only the most common words) you force yourself to understand the concept and you get a clear understanding of where you might have some gaps.
當(dāng)你自始至終將自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)用小孩子都能懂的語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)出來(lái)時(shí)雪营，要采用很通俗易懂的語(yǔ)言，必須要強(qiáng)迫自己首先弄懂衡便，那樣會(huì)促使自己更深入學(xué)習(xí)献起，還要去研究如何表達(dá)，在這個(gè)過(guò)程才能知道知識(shí)盲區(qū)砰诵。
Step 3: Go Back （三：返回原文章）
In step two you will inevitably encounter gaps in your knowledge where you’re forgetting something important, not able to explain it, or simply have trouble connecting an important concept. This is valuable feedback and where the learning starts to happen. When you get stuck go back to the source material and re-learn it. For example, if you’ve got a biology test coming up and you’re having problems explaining evolution in simple terms, open up the biology book and start re-reading the section on evolution. Now close the book, take out a new blank piece of paper and explain the sub-idea (in this case evolution) that you were having problems with using the Feynman Technique. Once you can do that return to your original sheet of paper and continue.
在第二步的時(shí)候肯定會(huì)遇到一些知識(shí)上的盲區(qū)—-不知道如何描述征唬，忘記了和其他概念的聯(lián)系。這個(gè)意識(shí)到自己不知道是非常有價(jià)值的反饋茁彭，這也是學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)始的標(biāo)志总寒。遇到這種情況怎么辦呢，很簡(jiǎn)單理肺，返回去原材料中摄闸，重新學(xué)習(xí)。例如妹萨，你將有一場(chǎng)生物考試年枕，但是你忘記了進(jìn)化是如何用通俗易懂的話(huà)語(yǔ)解釋的了，這怎么辦呢乎完，很簡(jiǎn)單呀熏兄，打開(kāi)生物課本，重新學(xué)習(xí)树姨，重新閱讀摩桶，讀完，合上課本帽揪。再拿出一張白紙硝清，將自己學(xué)到的關(guān)于進(jìn)化的內(nèi)容寫(xiě)出來(lái)。寫(xiě)完繼續(xù)回到之前的話(huà)題转晰。
Step 4: Review and Simplify（四：復(fù)習(xí)和簡(jiǎn)化）
Now you have a set of hand-crafted notes. Review them to make sure you didn’t borrow any of the jargon from the source material. Read them out loud. If the explanation isn’t simple or sounds confusing that’s a good indication that you’re understanding in that area needs some work. Also try creating analogies.
現(xiàn)在你已經(jīng)有自己的手稿了芦拿，把他們拿出來(lái)士飒，復(fù)習(xí)并確保自己并沒(méi)有偷用原材料中的任何術(shù)語(yǔ)。并且大聲的朗讀出來(lái)蔗崎，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有的解釋不夠簡(jiǎn)單或者表達(dá)不清楚酵幕，這就表明你還是沒(méi)有理解還需要繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。另外嘗試創(chuàng)造類(lèi)比幫助自己理解與記憶吧蚁趁。
后記
Not only is this a wonderful recipe for learning but it’s also a window into a different way of thinking that allows you to tear ideas apart and reconstruct them from the ground up. (Elon Musk calls this thinking from first principles.) This leads to a much deeper understanding of the ideas and concepts. Importantly, approaching problems in this way allows you to understand when others don’t know what they are talking about.
以上四條不僅是學(xué)習(xí)的良方裙盾，也是一扇進(jìn)入另一種思維方式的窗戶(hù)，在這種思維方式里你將想法分解開(kāi)來(lái)他嫡，并將他們重新按組組合起來(lái)（Elon Musk 把這稱(chēng)為從第一原則思考）番官。這也使的你可以更深入的理解想法和概念。重要的是钢属，當(dāng)別人不知道他們?cè)谡f(shuō)什么的時(shí)候徘熔，用這種方法解決問(wèn)題可以讓你理解。
Feynman’s approach intuitively believes that intelligence is a process of growth, which dovetails nicely with the work of Carol Dweck, who beautifully describes the difference between a fixed and growth mindset.
費(fèi)曼的方法打心眼里相信智力是不斷成長(zhǎng)的淆党，這種想法和心理學(xué)家Carol Dweck的思想完美契合酷师，他優(yōu)美地描述了固定型人格和成長(zhǎng)型人格的區(qū)別。
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