深入淺出Handler內(nèi)部原理

Handler作為Android應(yīng)用層開發(fā)宽气,進程通信一大重點结执,可以說是使用最頻繁的一個機制食拜,不管是IntentService,ThreadHandler都繞不開它挚币。本文詳解Handler機制的內(nèi)部源碼

深入剖析Handler亮蒋,沒有看錯,比別人更深更精準妆毕!

看本文可以回答你這幾個問題:

  1. UI線程的Looper在哪里創(chuàng)建慎玖?

  2. MessageQueue真的是個隊列嗎?

  3. 延遲處理機制的原理笛粘?

  4. Handler中的Message同步和MessageQueue同步趁怔?
    @[toc]

一湿硝、Handler介紹

Handler在Android os包下,當我們創(chuàng)建Handler時润努,它會綁定一個線程关斜,并且創(chuàng)建一個消息隊列,通過發(fā)送Message或者Runnable對象到隊列并輪詢?nèi)〕銎探剑瑢崿F(xiàn)關(guān)聯(lián)痢畜。
我們常用的Handler功能是,定時執(zhí)行Runnable或者處理不同線程通信的問題鳍侣,比如UI線程和子線程等丁稀。
由此可見Handler內(nèi)部機制中的幾大元素:Handler,Message,MessageQueue,Looper,ThreadLocal等,接下來拱她,分別查看它的內(nèi)部源碼二驰。


image

二、Handler源碼剖析

Handler作為封裝對外的處理器秉沼,我們來看看它對外的接口內(nèi)部是做了哪些操作桶雀。

1. Handler構(gòu)造函數(shù):

它的構(gòu)造函數(shù),我歸納為三種方式,分別是:
1.傳入自定義Looper對象唬复,
2.繼承Handler實現(xiàn)Callback接口模式矗积,
3.默認創(chuàng)建的Looper模式,
其中2敞咧,3是我們常用的棘捣,當然1和2也能同時使用,callback接口中實現(xiàn)handleMessage休建,用于我們自定義Handler是實現(xiàn)回調(diào)用的乍恐。還有個被hide隱藏的傳參,async是否同步测砂,默認是不同步茵烈,且不支持設(shè)置同步模式。

可以傳入自定義的Looper砌些,Callback接口

public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
    mLooper = looper;
    mQueue = looper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}

常規(guī)的構(gòu)造方法如下:

  • 其中FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS標簽是檢查“繼承類是否為非靜態(tài)內(nèi)部類”標簽呜投,我們知道,非靜態(tài)內(nèi)部類持有對象存璃,容易導致內(nèi)存泄漏的問題仑荐,可以查看我的《Android內(nèi)存優(yōu)化分析篇》

  • mAsynchronous可以看到一直是false

       public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
          if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
              final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
              if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                      (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                  Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                      klass.getCanonicalName());
              }
          }
    
    
          mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
          if (mLooper == null) {
              throw new RuntimeException(
                  "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
          }
          mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
          mCallback = callback;
          mAsynchronous = async;
      }
    

2. 創(chuàng)建Looper對象和mQueue消息隊列

由上構(gòu)造函數(shù)中調(diào)用Looper.myLooper();創(chuàng)建了Looper對象纵东,并取用了新創(chuàng)建Looper對象內(nèi)部的mQueue隊列粘招,詳解下Looper分析

3. sendMessage

  • 其中sendEmptyMessage通過obtion新獲取了一個Message對象

      public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
          Message msg = Message.obtain();
          msg.what = what;
          return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
      }
    
  • 發(fā)送消息:sendMessageDelayed--->sendMessageAtTime--->enqueueMessage

  • 注意到,在調(diào)用sendMessageAtTime時篮迎,傳入的時間值: 系統(tǒng)時鐘+delayMillis

  • 其中將 msg.target標記為當前Handler對象

  • 最終調(diào)用了MessageQueue的enqueueMessage男图,看后面MessageQueue分析

      //----------1
      public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
      {
          return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
      }
      //----------2
       public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
      {
          if (delayMillis < 0) {
              delayMillis = 0;
          }
          return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
      }
      //---------3
      public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
          MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
          if (queue == null) {
              RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                      this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
              Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
              return false;
          }
          return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
      }
      //----------4
      private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
          msg.target = this;
          if (mAsynchronous) {
              msg.setAsynchronous(true);
          }
          return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
      }
    

4. removeMessages

從隊列刪除

5. post(Runnable r)

  • 在getPostMessage中講Runnable封裝成了Message對象

      public final boolean post(Runnable r)
      {
         return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
      }
    
       private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
          Message m = Message.obtain();
          m.callback = r;
          return m;
      }
    

6. dispatchMessage和handlerMessage

  • 我們看到dispatchMessage調(diào)用了callback和handlerMessage分發(fā)Message結(jié)果

  • 那么示姿,前面我們看到了經(jīng)常調(diào)用的sendMessage甜橱,那么回調(diào)是在什么時候調(diào)用的呢逊笆?

  • 讓我們接下來一起看看Looper類吧。

      public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
          if (msg.callback != null) {
              handleCallback(msg);
          } else {
              if (mCallback != null) {
                  if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                      return;
                  }
              }
              handleMessage(msg);
          }
      }
    
       public void handleMessage(Message msg) {}
    

三岂傲、Looper源碼剖析

看looper做了什么难裆,首先看mylooper方法,還記得嗎镊掖,在Handler初始化時創(chuàng)建Looper對象調(diào)用的方法

1. myLooper方法

  • 調(diào)用sThreadLocal取出一個looper對象

      public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
              return sThreadLocal.get();
        }
    
      // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
      static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
    

2. Looper.prepare()創(chuàng)建對象

  • 上面看到mylooper從sThreadLocal取出乃戈,但是什么時候存的呢,looper又是如何創(chuàng)建亩进?

  • 由下看出Looper通過prepare創(chuàng)建并存入sThreadLocal症虑,在構(gòu)造同時創(chuàng)建MessageQueue

  • 標記成員mThread為當前線程

  • quitAllowed標識能否安全退出

      public static void prepare() {
              prepare(true);
        }
    
      private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
          if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
              throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
          }
          sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
      }
    
      private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
          mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
          mThread = Thread.currentThread();
      }
    

3. UI線程調(diào)用Handler,Looper怎么創(chuàng)建

  • prepareMainLooper:在當前線程初始化looper归薛,在ActivityThread調(diào)用谍憔,也就是我們創(chuàng)建Activity時已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了Looper了

  • prepare(false):由于在ActivityThread創(chuàng)建,是不能安全退出的

      /**
       * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
       * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
       * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
       * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
       */
      public static void prepareMainLooper() {
          prepare(false);
          synchronized (Looper.class) {
              if (sMainLooper != null) {
                  throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
              }
              sMainLooper = myLooper();
          }
      }
    
       //-------->ActivityThread: Main:
       public static void main(String[] args) {
    
          ---
    
          Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    
          ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
          thread.attach(false);
    
          if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
              sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
          }
    
          if (false) {
              Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                      LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
          }
    
          // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
          Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
          Looper.loop();
      }
    

4. Looper.loop()

  • UI線程創(chuàng)建Looper主籍,上ActivityThread中习贫,在調(diào)用prepare后接著調(diào)用Looper.loop
  • loop通過 for (;;)死循環(huán),從queue中取下一則消息
  • 其中 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);千元,在上面Handler中將handler對象傳給了looper
  •   public static void loop() {
          final Looper me = myLooper();
          if (me == null) {
              throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
          }
          final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    
          //--------------確保同一進程
          Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
          final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    
          for (;;) {
              Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
              if (msg == null) {
                  // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                  return;
              }
    
              //--------------打印日志
              final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
              if (logging != null) {
                  logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                          msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
              }
              
              //--------------從隊列中獲取分發(fā)消息延時
              final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
              
              //--------------Trace標記苫昌,用于記錄message分發(fā)完成
              final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
              if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                  Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
              }
              final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
              final long end;
              try {
                  msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                  end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
              } finally {
                  if (traceTag != 0) {
                      Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                  }
              }
              if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                  final long time = end - start;
                  if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                      Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                              + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                              msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                  }
              }
    
              if (logging != null) {
                  logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
              }
    
              // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
              // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
              final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
              if (ident != newIdent) {
                  Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                          + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                          + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                          + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                          + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
              }
              
              //--------------充值message對象參數(shù)
              msg.recycleUnchecked();
          }
      }
    

四、MessageQueue源碼剖析

MessageQueue主要分析插入和取出幸海,由下enqueueMessage插入方法看出祟身,它名字帶著Queue,但其實并不是,它實際是個單鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)物独,通過native操作指針袜硫,去進行msg的讀取操作。當然议纯,這更加快捷的實施取出父款,刪除和插入操作。

1. enqueueMessage

  • msg.markInUse();標記當前msg正在使用
  • 其中mMessages是可以理解為即將執(zhí)行的Message對象
  • 將當前mMessages新傳入的Msg設(shè)置觸發(fā)時間對比瞻凤,如果新的Msg設(shè)置時間早憨攒,則將2者位置對調(diào),將新的排前面阀参,與之對比的mMessages排到其后肝集。反之,則與mMessages后一個對比時間蛛壳,依次類比杏瞻,插入到隊列中
  • 其中所刀,如果msg事Asynchronous同步的,那么它只能等到上一個同步msg執(zhí)行完捞挥,才能被喚醒執(zhí)行浮创。
     boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        ...

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                //------------->拋出一個IllegalStateException
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }
            //------------->標記當前msg正在使用
            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

2. next取出

  • 可以看出enqueueMessage和next都是同步的

  • 通過循環(huán),把mMessages當前msg

  • 比較當前時間和Msg標記時間砌函,如果早的話就設(shè)置一段指針查找超時時間

  • 將msg標記為使用斩披,并取出消息返回

      Message next() {
    
          //----->當消息輪詢退出時,mPtr指針找不到地址讹俊,返回空取不到對象
          final long ptr = mPtr;
          if (ptr == 0) {
              return null;
          }
          //----->同步指針查找的時間垦沉,根據(jù)超時時間計算,比如當前未到msg的時間仍劈,指針會在一段計算好的超時時間后去查詢
          int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
          int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
          for (;;) {
              if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                  Binder.flushPendingCommands();
              }
    
              nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
    
              synchronized (this) {
                  // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                  final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                  Message prevMsg = null;
                  Message msg = mMessages;
                      
                  //----->如果target為null,尋找下一個帶“同步”標簽的msg
    
                  if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                      // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                      do {
                          prevMsg = msg;
                          msg = msg.next;
                      } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                  }
                  if (msg != null) {
    
                      //----->比較當前時間和Msg標記時間厕倍,如果早的話就設(shè)置一段指針查找超時時間
    
                      if (now < msg.when) {
                          // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                          nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                      } else {
                          // Got a message.
                          mBlocked = false;
                          if (prevMsg != null) {
                              prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                          } else {
                              mMessages = msg.next;
                          }
                          msg.next = null;
                          if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                          msg.markInUse();
                          return msg;
                      }
                  } else {
                      // No more messages.
                      nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                  }
    
                  // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                  if (mQuitting) {
                      dispose();
                      return null;
                  }
    
                  // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                  // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                  // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                  if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                          && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                      pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                  }
                  if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                      // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                      mBlocked = true;
                      continue;
                  }
    
                  if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                      mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                  }
                  mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
              }
    
              // Run the idle handlers.
              // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
              for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                  final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                  mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
    
                  boolean keep = false;
                  try {
                      keep = idler.queueIdle();
                  } catch (Throwable t) {
                      Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                  }
    
                  if (!keep) {
                      synchronized (this) {
                          mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                      }
                  }
              }
    
              // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
              pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
    
              // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
              // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
              nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
          }
      }
    

3. quit操作

  • 前面標記是否能安全退出,否則報錯
  • 退出后喚醒指針贩疙,接觸msg的鎖
     void quit(boolean safe) {
            if (!mQuitAllowed) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit.");
            }
    
            synchronized (this) {
                if (mQuitting) {
                    return;
                }
                mQuitting = true;
    
                if (safe) {
                    removeAllFutureMessagesLocked();
                } else {
                    removeAllMessagesLocked();
                }
    
                // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false.
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }

五讹弯、Message源碼剖析

Message主要是一個Parcelable序列號對象,封裝了不分信息和操作屋群,它構(gòu)造了一個對象池闸婴,這也是為什么我們一直發(fā)送msg,不會內(nèi)存爆炸的原因芍躏,來看看實現(xiàn)

1. obtain()

  • 維持一個大小為50的同步線程池
  • 這里可以看出Message是個鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)邪乍,obtain將sPool取出return Message,并對象池下一個msg標記為sPool
    private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;
    
    ...

    public static Message obtain() {
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPool != null) {
                Message m = sPool;
                sPool = m.next;
                m.next = null;
                m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
                sPoolSize--;
                return m;
            }
        }
        return new Message();
    }

2.recycleUnchecked 回收消息

  • 回收初始化當前msg
  • 如果當前對象池大小小于MAX_POOL_SIZE对竣,則將初始化后的msg放到表頭sPool庇楞,sPoolSize++。
  • 由此可以看出否纬,如果每次new新的Message傳入Handler吕晌,必然增加內(nèi)存消耗,通過obtain服用才是正確的做法
    /**
     * Recycles a Message that may be in-use.
     * Used internally by the MessageQueue and Looper when disposing of queued Messages.
     */
    void recycleUnchecked() {
        // Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.
        // Clear out all other details.
        flags = FLAG_IN_USE;
        what = 0;
        arg1 = 0;
        arg2 = 0;
        obj = null;
        replyTo = null;
        sendingUid = -1;
        when = 0;
        target = null;
        callback = null;
        data = null;

        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                next = sPool;
                sPool = this;
                sPoolSize++;
            }
        }
    }

3. Message標簽:是否使用临燃,同步標簽

public void setAsynchronous(boolean async) {
    if (async) {
        flags |= FLAG_ASYNCHRONOUS;
    } else {
        flags &= ~FLAG_ASYNCHRONOUS;
    }
}

/*package*/ boolean isInUse() {
    return ((flags & FLAG_IN_USE) == FLAG_IN_USE);
}

/*package*/ void markInUse() {
    flags |= FLAG_IN_USE;
} 

六睛驳、總結(jié)

廢了小半天功夫,整理了對Handler源碼的閱讀總結(jié)膜廊,雖然東西很多也很繁瑣乏沸,不過如果認真去看,是不是發(fā)現(xiàn)越深入就越有趣爪瓜,也越發(fā)發(fā)現(xiàn)Android源碼的嚴謹性蹬跃。平常至少簡單一用,只要深入了解才能更好地去使用它理解它铆铆,比如Message對象池的應(yīng)用蝶缀,這不就是享元模式嗎丹喻,希望大家都能有所體悟。

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