比特幣白皮書（導(dǎo)言譯稿）
翻譯? 楊懷玉
一恕出、導(dǎo)言
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)蛾找，逐漸發(fā)展成為幾乎完全借助作為被信任第三方的金融機(jī)構(gòu)來處理電子支付業(yè)務(wù)烤黍。然而续担，該系統(tǒng)即使目前運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好擅耽，足以應(yīng)付大多數(shù)交易業(yè)務(wù)，但它還是受困于其固有的“基于信任模式”缺陷的問題物遇。（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)中乖仇，）“完全不可逆交易” 并非真正可行憾儒，原因是會(huì)導(dǎo)致金融機(jī)構(gòu)不能避免地卷入爭端的調(diào)解。這種調(diào)解成本導(dǎo)致的交易成本增加乃沙，限制了可實(shí)現(xiàn)交易的最小規(guī)模起趾，同時(shí)斷絕了日常小額交易的可能性，而且還有一種更為廣義的成本警儒，即為不可逆服務(wù)而設(shè)計(jì)出來的不可逆支付能力將會(huì)減弱训裆。伴隨著（交易）撤銷可能性的是信任需求擴(kuò)張。（由于交易可能單方面撤銷蜀铲，）商人們必須對(duì)他們的顧客保持戒備边琉，由此，為了獲取更多的信息不斷煩擾顧客记劝，（即使該信息量）遠(yuǎn)超他們所需变姨。甚至無可奈何地接受一定程度上的欺詐。（現(xiàn)實(shí)中）厌丑，人們使用物理貨幣時(shí)定欧，這些成本與支付的不確定能夠避免，但（在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)中）怒竿，沒有商家會(huì)通過一種沒有信任方的信息渠道進(jìn)行支付砍鸠。
因此，一種以建立在密碼學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上的證明來替代信任的電子支付系統(tǒng)耕驰，就很有必要爷辱，該系統(tǒng)允許任何有交易意愿的雙方直接相互交易，而不需要一個(gè)被信任的第三方耍属。在計(jì)算上不可能撤銷的交易將保護(hù)賣方不被詐騙托嚣，常規(guī)的第三方中間商亦能夠輕松地實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)買方的保護(hù)巩检。這篇論文里厚骗，我們提出一種雙重支付問題解決方案，就是使用一種點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)分布式時(shí)間戳服務(wù)器兢哭，以生成可計(jì)算的领舰、按時(shí)間的前后順序排列的交易序列證明。只要誠實(shí)的節(jié)點(diǎn)共同控制的CPU算力迟螺，比協(xié)同操作的攻擊者節(jié)點(diǎn)集團(tuán)更多冲秽，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)就是安全的。
Introduction
Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments.? While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes.? The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for nonreversible services.? With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads.? Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable.? These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.
What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.? Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers.? In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions.? The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.
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