一、含義
省略的定義：為了避免重復载弄，將句子中的某些成分省去耘拇，這種語言現(xiàn)象叫做省略。
省略的意義：省略和替代一樣宇攻，是避免重復惫叛，突出中心信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語法手段。通常來說逞刷，只要不破壞結構或引起歧義嘉涌，能省略的地方就應省略。省略之后夸浅，不僅句子結構顯得緊湊仑最，而且句子意思更加明確。
二帆喇、省略的成分
1)單詞省略
①省略介詞
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.
②省略連詞that
I believe (that) you will succeed .
③省略關系代詞
He read the book (which) I got yesterday.
2)句子成分的省略
①省略主語
Beg your pardon. ( Beg 前省略了主語 I )
②省略謂語
Who next? ( Who 后面省略了謂語 comes )
③省略表語
Are you ready? Yes, I am. ( am 后面省略了 ready )
④省略賓語
Let ' s do the dishes. I ' ll wash and you ' ll dry. ( wash 和 dry 后面省略了賓語 dishes )
⑤省略定語
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. ( the rest 后面省略了定語 of the money)
3)句法省略（省略某些成分）
1.簡單句的省略
a.祈使句
(You) Open the door, please. 請打開門警医。
省略主語you是祈使句的典型特征。
b.感嘆句
What a smart rabbit (he is)! 多聰明的一只兔子啊预皇！
How (fast) time flies! 時間過得真快俺扌！
c.口語表達
- What did you eat? 你吃了什么吟温？
- (I ate )a carrot.? ? （我吃了）一根胡蘿卜序仙。【省略主謂】
- Who ate the carrot. 誰吃了胡蘿卜鲁豪？
- The rabbit (ate the carrot. )兔子（吃了胡蘿卜）【省略謂賓】
- Who is Papa Rabbit? 哪位是兔老爹诱桂？
- I am Papa Rabbit. 我就是（兔老爹）【省略表語】
- Would you like to eat a carrot? 你想來一根胡蘿卜嗎？
- Yes, I’d like (to eat a carrot. )是的呈昔，我想（又一根胡蘿卜）【省略部分賓語不定式】
2.并列句的省略
①共同主語的省略
Mary ate a sandwich and (Mary) drank a glass of beer.
②當主語不同而謂語動詞的操作詞相同 可省略后一個操作詞挥等，有時連同其他助動詞一起省略。
John should clean the window and Mary(should) sweep the floor.
③主語相同堤尾，主動詞相同肝劲，后面的可省略
His advice made? Join? happy,but Mary sad.
④主語不同，主動詞及其補足成分相同郭宝，省略主動詞及其補足成分辞槐。
John was? the winner in 1998,but? Bob in 2000.
⑤如果主語相同，操作詞和主動詞及補語成分也相同 粘室，只是狀語不同榄檬，省略相同成分是必須保留操作詞。
John will meet my family tonight and will tomorrow.
⑥如果主語和謂語動詞都不同衔统，只是賓語和主語補語相同咬腕，省略第一分句的賓語和主語補語筛峭。
John likes (Mary),Bob hates ,Mary.
并列的名詞詞組的省略現(xiàn)象
①如果處于并列地位的名詞詞組都是由"限定詞＋前置修飾語＋名詞"構成，如果中心詞相同，其中一個詞組的中心詞可省略室囊。
She wore the blue dress,but the red suits her.
What is the difference between a direct question and an indirect?
Old(man) and young man were invited.
Let ud revise our safety (regulations)and sanitary regulations.
②如果兩個并列名詞詞組的中心詞相同娃磺，而后置修飾語不同嗜价，也可以通過省略形成兩個修飾語共一個中心詞的現(xiàn)象田度。
His has workers from Ireland and from France.
Their fleet is a weapon of offence rather than (a weapon)of defence.
③名詞詞組中獨立屬格的省略
Lu Xun's=Lu Xun's noval
her mother's=her mother's house
并列地位的介詞詞組的省略
①如果介詞不同，介詞補足成分名詞相同樟氢，省略前一個名詞
Shall I write my name on(the line),above(the line)or below the line?
②如果介詞相同冈绊，補足成分也相同，省略第一個介詞和補足成分
I have heard and read about your adventures.
三埠啃、主從復合句的省略現(xiàn)象
1)定語從句關系詞的省略
關系代詞that,which,whom在限制性定語從句中充當賓語且不位于介詞之后死宣，可省略。
in which 和that在先行詞way后可省略霸妹。
2)狀語從句的省略
①省略主語和be
時間狀語從句中十电，省略“主語+be”
When (she was) very young知押，she began to learn to play the violin.
Do be careful when（ you are ）crossing the street.
When( I was )on my way to work叹螟， I meet her.
條件狀語從句中鹃骂，省略“主語+be”
If (he is) given more time, he will do the work better.
I will not go to the party unless (I am )invited.
Once (you are )caught stealing in a supermarket ，you will be punished.
讓步狀語從句中罢绽，省略“主語+be”
Though (he is) a young man, he has made several inventions.
Whether( she is) a sick or well畏线， she is always cheerful.
方式狀語從句中，省略“主語+be”
She talked to the stranger as if (she were) absent-minded.
比較狀語從句省略相關成分
由than或as引導的比較狀語從句良价，在意義明確的情況下寝殴，可以省略than或as后面的相應部分，這一點與上述情況不同明垢。
I know you better than (I know) him.
if類省略結構
if從句省略“主語+be”：若if從句的主語與主句主語一致蚣常，且if從句的主語后跟有動詞be，那么通橙可以省略if從句的“主語+be”抵蚊。如：
If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.= If you are accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week.
If (it is) possible/ necessary , this old temple will be rebuilt.
虛擬條件句中的省略：在虛擬條件句中，如含有had,were,should等時溯革，if可省略贞绳，句子倒裝。如：
Should it rain tomorrow,you would have to put off your tour.
②狀語分句如果出現(xiàn)在句尾致稀，一般可作尾部省略冈闭。
John will play the guitar if she will.
③如果兩個并列狀語分句只是從屬連詞不同，其他相同抖单，則可省略第一個狀語分句而把兩個從屬連詞連接起來萎攒。
Iam prepared to meet them when (they like) and where they like.
④如果兩個并列狀語分句，從屬連詞相同矛绘，可省略后一分句的從屬連詞
If I can find the letter and (if)you are interested in it, I 'll give you.
3)名詞性wh-分句的省略現(xiàn)象
①如果wh-分句的謂語和主句謂語相同躺酒，wh-分句可省略全部謂語，甚至主語也可以省略蔑歌，只保留一個wh-詞羹应。
Someone has used my bike but I don't know who.
②wh-分句如系被動結構，主謂也可全部省略次屠，只保留by+wh-詞园匹。
The cup was broken by someone,but I don't know by whom.
4)不定式中的省略
①有些動詞（詞組）例如want/wish/expect/hope/would like/try/forget等后面的動詞不定式作賓語時，為了避免重復劫灶，動詞不定式符號to后面的內(nèi)容常常被省略裸违。
例如：Please come to my house if you want to(come to my house).如果你想來（我家）的話，請來我家吧本昏。
You can do it this way if you like to(do it).如果你想做供汛，你可以這么做。
②兩個或兩個以上的動詞不定式并列時，第一個to不能省略怔昨，后面的不定式中to的結構可以省略to雀久。但如果動詞不定式表示對比關系，則to不可以省略趁舀。
例如：They managed to overcome all the difficulties and(to) finish the task in time.他們決定設法克服一切困難并及時完成任務赖捌。
③感官動詞see/look at/hear/listen to/notice/watch等和使役動詞make/let/have等后面作賓語補足語的動詞不定式要省略to，但此類動詞的被動語態(tài)中的to不可以省略矮烹。
例如：We heard someone go down the stairs.我們聽到某個人下樓了越庇。
④在某些句式中，如果介詞but前有實義動詞do的任何形式奉狈，后面的動詞不定式要省略to卤唉。
例如：I can do nothing but study hard.我別無可做，除了努力學習仁期。
