今日導(dǎo)讀
夏天來(lái)了擂红，又到了蚊子來(lái)勢(shì)洶洶的季節(jié)。晚上睡覺(jué)時(shí)，是不是有蚊子在耳邊嗡嗡叫吵得你煩躁無(wú)比昵骤？一不留神還會(huì)被叮上一個(gè)奇癢無(wú)比的包树碱？不少人都很好奇，蚊子究竟是怎么“盯上”自己的变秦？近日成榜，佛羅里達(dá)國(guó)際大學(xué)的研究人員在國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)期刊《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》上發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)最新研究成果，闡明了蚊子如何探測(cè)到人體汗液中乳酸的原理蹦玫。這究竟是個(gè)什么樣的原理赎婚，又對(duì)人類有什么意義呢？讓我們跟著 Karen 老師一起看看《法新社》的這篇報(bào)道樱溉。
新聞原文
Scientists discover how mosquitoes detect human sweat
AFP
Scientists have known for decades that mosquitoes are attracted to the lactic acid contained in human sweat, but in the era before advanced genetics, the precise mechanism had remained a mystery.
Now, a team of researchers at Florida International University have discovered the olfactory receptor that allows the disease-carrying insects to hone in on our odor — and how to switch it off.
They published their work on the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, known for spreading deadly illnesses like Zika, dengue and yellow fever, in the journal Current Biology on Thursday.
The team, led by FIU biologist Matthew DeGennaro, identified the guilty receptor as Ionotropic Receptor 8a, or simply IR8a, through a process of elimination that began in 2013 when DeGennaro was able to create the world's first mutant mosquito, removing a gene to investigate how its absence affected the insect.
Tasked with investigating IR8a, DeGennaro's PhD student Joshua Raji began by carrying out an exposure experiment using his own arm, and found the mutant mosquitoes were significantly less attracted to him than wild ones.
The outcome was confirmed through testing on 14 additional subjects.
"People have been looking for a receptor for lactic acid since the 1960s, " DeGennaro told AFP.
The findings could offer a roadmap for a new generation of attractants that lure adult specimens into traps for population control, as well as advanced repellants that make people invisible to mosquitoes — though that could be some way away.
"It'll take years, but we are definitely a step closer, " said DeGennaro.
帶著問(wèn)題聽(tīng)講解
埃及伊蚊會(huì)傳播哪些疾舱跏洹？
如何理解 hone in on 這個(gè)短語(yǔ)福贞？
本文中的科學(xué)家是用什么方法來(lái)降低蚊子對(duì)人的探測(cè)能力的撩嚼？
新聞?wù)?/h3>
Scientists discover how mosquitoes detecthuman sweat
蚊子是如何探測(cè)到人體汗液的？科學(xué)家解開(kāi)謎題
蚊子是如何探測(cè)到人體汗液的？科學(xué)家解開(kāi)謎題
Scientists have known for decades that mosquitoes are attracted to the lactic acid contained in human sweat, but in the era before advanced genetics, the precise mechanism had remained a mystery.
幾十年來(lái)挖帘，科學(xué)家們都知道蚊子會(huì)被人體汗液中所含的乳酸所吸引完丽，但在高級(jí)遺傳學(xué)出現(xiàn)之前，其確切原理一直是個(gè)謎拇舀。
Now, a team of researchers at Florida International University have discovered the olfactoryreceptor that allows the disease-carrying insects to hone in on our odor — and how to switch it off.
有一種嗅覺(jué)受體可以讓攜帶疾病的蚊子鎖定我們的氣味逻族，現(xiàn)在，佛羅里達(dá)國(guó)際大學(xué)的一個(gè)研究人員小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種嗅覺(jué)受體骄崩，并且找到了關(guān)閉受體的方法聘鳞。
They published their work on the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, known for spreading deadly illnesses like Zika, dengue and yellow fever, in the journal Current Biology on Thursday.
周四，他們?cè)凇懂?dāng)代生物學(xué)》期刊上發(fā)表了關(guān)于埃及伊蚊的研究成果刁赖。埃及伊蚊以傳播寨卡病毒搁痛、登革熱和黃熱病等致命疾病而聞名。
The team, led by FIU biologist Matthew DeGennaro, identified the guilty receptor as Ionotropic Receptor 8a, or simply IR8a, through a process of eliminationthat began in 2013 when DeGennaro was able to create the world's first mutant mosquito, removing a gene to investigate how its absence affected the insect.
這個(gè)研究小組由佛羅里達(dá)國(guó)際大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家馬修·德根納羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)宇弛。小組通過(guò)排除法鸡典，確定了這種罪魁禍?zhǔn)椎氖荏w為親離子受體 8a，簡(jiǎn)稱 IR8a枪芒。這個(gè)排除法實(shí)驗(yàn)從 2013 年就開(kāi)始了彻况，當(dāng)時(shí)德根納羅移除了（蚊子的）一種基因，得以創(chuàng)造出了世界上第一只變體蚊子舅踪，為的是研究缺少這種基因?qū)ξ米拥挠绊憽?/p>
Tasked with investigating IR8a, DeGennaro's PhD student Joshua Raji began by carrying out an exposure experiment using his own arm, and found the mutant mosquitoes were significantly less attracted to him than wild ones.
馬修·德根納羅的博士生約書亞·拉吉被指派研究 IR8a纽甘，他先用自己的手臂做了一個(gè)暴露實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己對(duì)變體蚊子的吸引力明顯小于野生蚊子抽碌。
The outcome was confirmed through testing on 14 additional subjects.
對(duì)另外 14 名受試者的測(cè)試也證實(shí)了這一結(jié)果悍赢。
"People have been looking for a receptor for lactic acid since the 1960s," DeGennaro told AFP.
“自 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代以來(lái)，人們就一直在尋找（蚊子的）乳酸受體，”德根納羅告訴法新社左权。
The findings could offer a roadmap for a new generation of attractants that lure adult specimens into traps for population control, as well as advanced repellants that make people invisible to mosquitoes — though that could be some way away.
這些研究可以為研制新一代昆蟲引誘劑和先進(jìn)驅(qū)蚊劑提供方向皮胡，引誘劑可以引誘成年昆蟲進(jìn)入陷阱，以控制種群數(shù)量赏迟，而驅(qū)蚊劑則能使人們不被蚊子探測(cè)到——盡管這可能還需要一段時(shí)間屡贺。
"It'll take years, but we are definitely a step closer," said DeGennaro.
德根納羅說(shuō)：“這將需要好幾年的時(shí)間，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)我們離目標(biāo)更近了一步锌杀∷φ唬”
重點(diǎn)詞匯
mosquito
/m??ski?to?/
n. 蚊
detect
/d??tekt/
v. 探測(cè)，檢測(cè)糕再，測(cè)出
近義詞：discover
搭配短語(yǔ)：detect symptoms of the disease（檢測(cè)到疾病征兆）量没；detect radiation（探測(cè)到輻射）
lactic acid
乳酸
相關(guān)詞匯：lactic（adj. 乳汁的）
相關(guān)詞匯：acid（n. 酸；adj. 酸味的亿鲜；說(shuō)話尖酸的）
acid 搭配短語(yǔ)：acid fruit（酸的水果）允蜈；acidremark（尖酸刻薄的話語(yǔ)）
mechanism
/?mek?n?z?m/
n. 機(jī)械零件冤吨；運(yùn)行機(jī)制
英文釋義： the way that something works
相關(guān)詞匯：machine
搭配短語(yǔ)：the mechanism of the brain（大腦的運(yùn)行機(jī)制）蒿柳；the immune system's mechanism（免疫系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行原理）
olfactory
/ɑ?l?f?kt?ri/
adj. 嗅覺(jué)的
搭配短語(yǔ)：the olfactory cells in the nose（鼻腔內(nèi)的嗅覺(jué)細(xì)胞）
receptor
/r??sept?r/
n. 感受器；受體
相關(guān)詞匯：receive（v. 接受）
hone in on
聚焦漩蟆、鎖定在某物上
同義詞：home in on; zero in on
英文釋義：to focus or concentrate on something
例句：The missile honed in on the ship.
odor
/?o?d?r/
n. 氣味
近義詞：smell (n. 氣味)
搭配短語(yǔ)：the odor of rotting fruit（腐爛水果的氣味）垒探；the odor of chocolate（巧克力的香味）
英文釋義：a quality of something that stimulates the olfactory organ
process of elimination
排除法
mutant
/?mju?t?nt/
adj. 變體的，變異的
詞性拓展：n. 突變體怠李；變種人
task sb. with sth.
給某人委派某項(xiàng)任務(wù)
subject
/?s?bd?ekt/
n. 接受試驗(yàn)者圾叼；實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象
roadmap
/?ro?d m?p/
n. 路線圖；計(jì)劃捺癞，指導(dǎo)
同義詞：road map
英文釋義：a plan or set of instructions that makes it easier for someone to do something
近義詞：guideline
attractant
/??tr?kt?nt/
n. 引誘劑
詞根詞綴：attract（v. 吸引）夷蚊；-ant（用作…的東西）
repellant
/r??pel?nt/
n. 驅(qū)蟲劑，驅(qū)蚊劑
詞根詞綴：repel（v. 驅(qū)趕髓介，擊退）惕鼓；-ant（用作…的東西）
補(bǔ)充詞匯知識(shí)
era
n. 時(shí)代
搭配短語(yǔ)：the era of artificial intelligence
例句：The era of 5G networks is dawning.
odor
n. 氣味
英文釋義：a quality of something that stimulates the olfactory organ
switch off
關(guān)閉電燈或機(jī)器；關(guān)閉（受體）
on
prep. 關(guān)于
搭配短語(yǔ)：a book on insects（一本關(guān)于昆蟲的書）
例句：Her thesis is on American literature.
identify A as B
認(rèn)出 A 就是 B
近義詞：find; discover
test on
在某人身上實(shí)驗(yàn)
some way away
還需要一段時(shí)間
相關(guān)詞匯：way（n. 一段距離或時(shí)間）唐础；away（adv. 距離某地有多遠(yuǎn)）
way 英文釋義：distance or a period of time
長(zhǎng)難句解析
The team, led by FIU biologist Matthew DeGennaro, identified the guilty receptor as Ionotropic Receptor 8a, or simply IR8a, through a process of elimination that began in 2013 when DeGennaro was able to create the world's first mutant mosquito, removing a gene to investigate how its absence affected the insect.
這個(gè)研究小組由 FIU 的生物學(xué)家馬修·德根納羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)箱歧。小組通過(guò)一個(gè)（受體）去除過(guò)程，確定了這種罪魁禍?zhǔn)椎氖荏w為親離子受體 8a一膨，簡(jiǎn)稱 IR8a呀邢。這個(gè)基因去除研究開(kāi)始于 2013 年，當(dāng)時(shí)德根納羅通過(guò)移除（蚊子的）一種基因豹绪，創(chuàng)造出了世界上第一只變體蚊子价淌，以研究缺少這種基因?qū)ξ米拥挠绊憽?/p>
主句為 The team identified the guilty receptor as Ionotropic Receptor 8a.。插入語(yǔ) led by FIU biologist Matthew DeGennaro 為 the team 的后置定語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ) through a process of elimination 說(shuō)明了找到受體的方法蝉衣。后面 that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)充了開(kāi)始研究的時(shí)間豺型，其中又包含了一個(gè)由 when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)的研究過(guò)程买乃。句末 removing a gene to investigate how its absence affected the insect 為狀語(yǔ)姻氨，闡明了研究的具體方法，其中 how its absense affected the insect 為 how 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句當(dāng) investigate 的賓語(yǔ)剪验。
The findings could offer a roadmap for a new generation of attractants that lure adult specimens into traps for population control, as well as advanced repellants that make people invisible to mosquitoes — though that could be some way away.
這些研究可以為研制新一代（昆蟲）引誘劑和先進(jìn)驅(qū)蚊劑提供了方向肴焊，引誘劑可以引誘成年昆蟲進(jìn)入陷阱，以控制種群數(shù)量功戚，而驅(qū)蚊劑則能使人們不被蚊子探測(cè)到——盡管這可能還需要一段時(shí)間娶眷。
句子主干為 The findings could offer a roadmap for A as well as B，其中 A 為 a new generation of attractants啸臀，B 為 advanced repellants届宠。attractants 和 repellants 后面由 that 引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句分別說(shuō)明了它們各自的功能。破折號(hào)后的部分為 though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句乘粒。
文化知識(shí)
advanced genetics
高級(jí)遺傳學(xué)豌注，又可以理解為“非孟德?tīng)栠z傳學(xué)“（non-Mendilian genetics），研究的是不服從孟德?tīng)栠z傳定律的遺傳現(xiàn)象灯萍。它主要研究的是 mtDNA（線粒體 DNA）轧铁。線粒體 DNA 是線粒體中的遺傳物質(zhì)，通過(guò)卵細(xì)胞傳遞旦棉，所以只能由母親傳給自己的女兒齿风。
而新聞中的 the era of advanced genetics 其實(shí)指的是“高級(jí)遺傳學(xué)的時(shí)代”，從 1910 年到現(xiàn)在绑洛，遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展大致可以分為三個(gè)時(shí)期：細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)時(shí)期救斑、微生物遺傳學(xué)時(shí)期和分子遺傳學(xué)時(shí)期。新聞中真屯，DeGennaro 教授研究蚊子基因的時(shí)候采用的是“分子遺傳學(xué)”脸候，也就是最新的一種遺傳學(xué)研究方法。
參考鏈接：
學(xué)習(xí)資源
推薦的查音標(biāo)網(wǎng)站：
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com（牛津?qū)W習(xí)者詞典）
一句話總結(jié)新聞
本期《法新社》講述了科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)蚊子體內(nèi)的嗅覺(jué)受體使它們能夠聞到人體汗液氣味讨跟，該研究為研制新一代昆蟲引誘劑和驅(qū)蚊劑提供了方向纪他。
拓展閱讀
蚊子愛(ài)叮什么樣的人？
蚊子愛(ài)叮什么樣的人晾匠？對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題茶袒，人們的看法五花八門。有人認(rèn)為是 O 型血的人凉馆，有人認(rèn)為是性激素水平高的人薪寓，還有人認(rèn)為是“血甜”的人亡资。那么，科學(xué)給我們的答案是什么呢向叉？研究表明锥腻，以下幾種人群更受蚊子“歡迎”：
汗腺發(fā)達(dá)、體溫較高的人母谎。一方面瘦黑，汗腺發(fā)達(dá)的人所排出的大量汗液會(huì)提高體表的乳酸值，從而較容易吸引蚊子奇唤。另一方面幸斥，蚊子觸角里的受熱體使得它對(duì)溫度十分敏感，而汗量多咬扇、易出汗的人肌體散熱較快甲葬，因此也會(huì)對(duì)蚊子產(chǎn)生吸引力。這就能解釋為什么皮膚粗糙懈贺、毛孔粗大的人更容易受到蚊子叮咬经窖，因?yàn)檫@類人往往容易流汗，排出的汗液等分泌物較多梭灿。
運(yùn)動(dòng)量大或呼吸頻率較快的人画侣。在劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)后，人體呼吸會(huì)加快胎源，呼出的大量二氧化碳會(huì)在人體周圍形成溫暖的氣流棉钧，從而吸引蚊子屿脐。肺活量大涕蚤、呼吸頻率快的人也因此更容易被蚊子叮咬。
穿深色衣服的人的诵。蚊子有趨暗的習(xí)性万栅，喜歡在弱光環(huán)境下吸血，身穿深色衣服會(huì)為蚊子提供一個(gè)有利的“作案”環(huán)境西疤。同理烦粒，蚊子也愛(ài)叮咬膚色較黑或膚色發(fā)紅的人。此外代赁，正如上文所說(shuō)的扰她，蚊子對(duì)溫度敏感，而深色衣物的吸熱能力較強(qiáng)芭碍，也會(huì)對(duì)蚊子產(chǎn)生極大的吸引力徒役。
化妝的人。目前市面上的化妝品大多含有硬脂酸窖壕，而硬脂酸是吸引蚊子的重要因素之一忧勿，因此使用發(fā)膠杉女、面霜等化妝品會(huì)增加被蚊子叮咬的幾率。但蚊子也會(huì)對(duì)一些氣味避而遠(yuǎn)之鸳吸，如大蒜熏挎、月桂葉耿焊、香茅等邻奠。
另外冈钦，對(duì)于蚊子是否對(duì)某些血型有趨向性辕万，目前沒(méi)有科學(xué)依據(jù)能夠證明措左。
