1-3段來(lái)自tdlorang? 4-5段來(lái)自路人丁 6-7段來(lái)自Ada 8-9段來(lái)自蓬蓬豆 10-12段來(lái)自肉丸子 特別鳴謝@自觀問(wèn)渠

大標(biāo)題：How Japan’s prime minister plans to cope with daunting demography 看日本首相怎么應(yīng)對(duì)這可怕的人口問(wèn)題昂仙啊！

小標(biāo)題: The reforms he has in mind are not bold enough 他所設(shè)想的改革還不夠大膽嘞。

“THE DECLINE of the birth rate and the ageing of Japanese society is accelerating at unprecedented speed,” warns Shinzo Abe, Japan’s prime minister. Given the scale of the problem, he told The Economist this week, the government must push for “impactful policies” to tackle it right away. He mentions a series of reforms, intended to boost the workforce and reduce the cost of supporting the elderly. The Diet is currently debating a government proposal to admit 345,000 foreign workers over five years, for instance.

That sounds dramatic, but the demographic decline is even bigger. There are 400,000 more deaths than births each year. Life expectancy is 84 years—the highest in the world. Over 28% of the population is older than 65, compared with 21% in Germany, 15% in America and 6% in India. The country has 69,785 centenarians, a seven-fold increase on two decades ago.

The welfare state has become unaffordable. Public debt is 250% of GDP. And Japan is suffering from an acute labour shortage. There are already 1.6 jobs for every job-seeker, and the workforce is predicted to shrink from 67m last year to 58m in 2030.

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

段一：開篇被接受采訪的日本首相安培晉三，就直擊日本現(xiàn)在面臨的嚴(yán)峻人口問(wèn)題：出生率下降、老齡化嚴(yán)重等太；他提出一系列改革：增加勞動(dòng)力、降低養(yǎng)老成本。

段二：通過(guò)更為具體的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比溉苛，死亡人數(shù)大于出生人數(shù)，老齡化占比居各國(guó)之首弄诲，百歲老人數(shù)量還在翻倍愚战。更客觀的反映了日本老齡化問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)。

段三：于是，問(wèn)題就來(lái)了寂玲，社會(huì)保障福利塔插，國(guó)家已承擔(dān)不起；公共債務(wù)高敢茁；勞動(dòng)力不足佑淀，1.6個(gè)職位空缺卻只有一個(gè)求職者，預(yù)計(jì)未來(lái)還會(huì)減少彰檬。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)總結(jié)：

段一：

① Japan’s prime minister 日本首相

② cope with =handle/deal with/ tackle 解決處理

③ daunting=difficult/challenging/formidable 困難的伸刃、具有挑戰(zhàn)、使畏懼的

舉例：a daunting task 很艱巨/棘手的任務(wù)? ? ? ? ?

④ The reforms he has in mind are not bold enough-他所設(shè)想的改革還不夠大膽

⑤ 反義-an audacious 美 /?'de??s/ plan/the sheer audacity of the plan/the plan is of sheer audacity 我有個(gè)大膽想法

⑥ birth rate 出生率

⑦ the ageing of Japanese society 日本社會(huì)老齡化? ageing 做為形容詞

補(bǔ)充：

aging can be an adjective or verb

As an adjective, aging means getting older. 現(xiàn)有的狀態(tài)是老的

As a verb, aging is the present participle of the verb to age, which means to get older. 變老的過(guò)程

age 現(xiàn)在分詞：美式 aging/ageing（是否美國(guó)常用具有爭(zhēng)議）? 英式 ageing

⑧ accelerating at unprecedented 美 /?n'pr?s?d?nt?d/ speed 以空前的速度加快（指人口老齡化）

補(bǔ)充：

accelerating 原型 accelerate 美 /?k?s?l??ret/

搭配 hard/quickly/smoothly

造句：Up until October 24th, Luckin Coffee churns out over 1400 stores, and by December expects to reach 1800 total stores. The number is accelerating at unprecedented speed.

⑨ Given the scale of the problem 考慮到問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重程度

Given：knowing about or considering a particular thing

Given (the fact) that 句型

⑩ push for 奮力爭(zhēng)取

造句：If you join the morning reading, you must push for the chance to take up the microphone.

? impactful policies 有效的政策

impactful 有效的 having a powerful effect on a situation or person=compelling

造句：His speech is very impactful.

? a series of reforms 一系列改革

? the elderly 老年人

段二：

① That sounds dramatic 聽起來(lái)真X

造句：That sounds great/exciting/interesting/good/an impossible task

② centenarians 原型 centenarian 美 /,s?nt?'n?r??n/? 百歲老人

③ a seven-fold increase on two decades ago 比20年前增長(zhǎng)了7倍

段三：

① has become unaffordable 已負(fù)擔(dān)不起

② 反義 affordable

造句：Hot dry noodles, also known as reganmian, is a traditional Chinese dish in Wuhan. The noodles could be prepared in minutes and affordable. Therefore, it becomes the most popular breakfast choice.

③ Japan is suffering from an acute labour shortage. 日本正面臨嚴(yán)重的勞動(dòng)力短缺逢倍。

an acute labour shortage? 注意：labour 英式? labor 美式

造句：Many AI companies are suffering from an acute talent shortage.

④ every job-seeker 每一位求職者

⑤ the workforce is 勞動(dòng)力 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 單數(shù)

(三）重難點(diǎn)分析

段一：

① Given the scale of the problem, he told The Economist this week, the government must push for “impactful policies” to tackle it right away.

動(dòng)詞的使用 push for / to tackle =to tough it out

句子結(jié)構(gòu)模仿：Given the severity of the problem for English learners, he told his partner, our Phenomenal English community must push for English learning modules to tackle it right away.

② He mentions a series of reforms, intended to boost the workforce and reduce the cost of supporting the elderly.

動(dòng)詞的使用 boost / reduce=allay=curb

造句：The Tencent implemented a series of reforms/set up a system of user-identify checks, intended to reduce the gaming time of young gamers.

implemented=introduced=proposed=announced=initiated=enacted

③ The Diet is currently debating a government proposal to admit 345,000 foreign workers over five years, for instance.

The Diet：通常指的日本的 “國(guó)會(huì)” 也稱作為：National Diet 或者 parliament捧颅。

補(bǔ)充：為什么日本國(guó)會(huì)會(huì)采用“Diet”作為國(guó)會(huì)的英文譯名，而不采用像英國(guó)的國(guó)會(huì)的“parliament”较雕？

我們先說(shuō)說(shuō)Diet碉哑，最熟悉的意思是“飲食”，不過(guò)它還有另個(gè)意思亮蒋。在《英語(yǔ)詞源趣談》提到它意指“集會(huì)”或“議會(huì)”扣典。它源于拉丁語(yǔ)diēs(一天）的派生詞diēta（一天的旅程，一天的工作慎玖，某一天舉行的集會(huì)）贮尖。

From： diet (Oxford English Dictionary 2nd v4)

根據(jù)上面的詞條，我們可以diet其實(shí)是神圣羅馬帝國(guó)的Reichstag（國(guó)會(huì))的英文說(shuō)法趁怔，這個(gè)神圣羅馬帝國(guó)后來(lái)分化成許多國(guó)家湿硝，其中包括德國(guó)。而在“明治維新”時(shí)期润努，日本效仿的德國(guó)关斜，而德國(guó)就是用“Diet”表示國(guó)會(huì)的。

段二：

Over 28% of the population is older than 65, compared with 21% in Germany, 15% in America and 6% in India.

句子結(jié)構(gòu)模仿：Over 14.6 % of the population is single in China, compared with 21% in Germany, 50% in America and 36% in India.

段三：

There are already 1.6 jobs for every job-seeker, and the workforce is predicted to shrink from 67m last year to 58m in 2030.

動(dòng)詞的使用: shrink from...to...

句子結(jié)構(gòu)： XX is predicted to shrink from XX last year to XX in 2019.

One obvious solution is immigration. Only 2% of the workforce is foreign-born, compared with 17% in America. But the government has been surreptitiously admitting more foreign workers, mostly in the guise of students and trainees. The plan before the Diet aims to attract blue-collar workers in 14 industries, including construction, shipbuilding and caring for the elderly. They will receive visas of no more than five years, at least initially, and will not be able to bring their families. All must have some proficiency in Japanese.

Mr Abe plays down the idea that he is doing anything momentous. In debates he is at pains to stress that the new arrivals are not permanent immigrants, but guest workers. Moreover, he portrays foreign workers as a last resort, to fill gaps while the government tries to get more Japanese to work. During his six-year tenure, 2m more women have joined the workforce, lifting the female participation rate above America’s. He has increased the number of nurseries and made big companies document their efforts to promote female workers. From next year nurseries will be free. Over half of women return to work after having a child, compared with 38% in 2010. “We have tried to make a society that enables more women to be active, advanced and empowered,” he says.

(一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

段四：提及的是移民铺浇，這是個(gè)最容易想到的解決日本少子老齡化的方案痢畜。但是日本卻沒有過(guò)多的提倡，只是暗地里接受以學(xué)生或培訓(xùn)生名義的外國(guó)職工鳍侣，以及通常只給5年工作簽證的藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人裁着。

段五：提倡更多的女性參加工作。前面3句話承上啟下拱她，外國(guó)職工只是最后的手段二驰。則在第4句提到了在他的六年任期里，女性參與工作的比例大大提高了秉沼。安倍會(huì)繼續(xù)在婦女這塊作努力桶雀。

(二）實(shí)用表達(dá)總結(jié)

段四：

in the guise of

表示“在……偽裝下”矿酵，in也可以用under來(lái)代替。文章寫日本只收以學(xué)生及培訓(xùn)生名義的外國(guó)職工矗积。

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》有篇文章寫以反恐為幌子全肮，美國(guó)想要伊朗的石油，是這樣寫的：

But his contention that the Muslim ummah or nation is being attacked, “economically and religiously”, reflected the common Muslim belief that America wants Iraq for its oil, and assaults Islamic morals in the guise of its war on terror.

造句：Patents are actually afraid of losing face in the guise of helping the kids for their own good.（家長(zhǎng)經(jīng)常說(shuō)為了孩子好棘捣，其實(shí)怕丟自己面子辜腺。同組肉丸子提供）

段五：

play down：表示“輕描淡寫”“淡化”。

一篇寫《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》打擊墨西哥毒梟的文章Out of sight, not out of mind乍恐，它的副標(biāo)題很好地詮釋了為什么“眼不見评疗，心卻還煩”。

Having decided to play down the fight against drug kingpins, Enrique Pe?a Nieto has yet to come up with a serious alternative.

造句：Having decided to play down the fight between children, her eyes shifted attention away from them.（家長(zhǎng)不理茵烈，小孩子間就慢慢不吵了）

portray：我們都很熟悉“portray”的名詞形式“portrait”百匆，表示“畫像”“肖像”。它本身這個(gè)動(dòng)詞形式表示“描述”呜投，可以代替“describe”加匈。它是《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的高頻詞，就在16 Nov,218這期里就出現(xiàn)了4次仑荐。

它經(jīng)常跟as以“portray sth/sb as”形式出現(xiàn)雕拼。

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的Letters里有人給拿破侖的身高平反。

The reasons why we think of Napoleon as diminutive are his nickname (le petit caporal), the towering Imperial Guard that protected him, and a number of British caricatures that portrayed him as a childish toddler.

在同期雜志里粘招，where borders are the migrants里這么一句：

Catalonian separatists portray themselves (though it is a stretch, given Spain’s modern democratic nature) as the freedom-seeking victims of a still-Francoist state.

造句：Housewifves portray themselves as the hardworking employees without reward.（家庭主婦是沒工資的員工）

as a last resort：在此文中表示”最終手段“”最后的辦法“悲没。只是把外國(guó)勞工作為最后選擇，可以看出日本不喜歡外國(guó)勞工男图。

核武器只能作為最后才用，我們可以這么說(shuō)：

Nuclear weapons should be used only as a last resort.

如果你想表達(dá)你最后不得不接受了他們的觀點(diǎn)甜橱，你可以這樣表達(dá)：

As a last resort you may have to accept their point of view.

at pains：這里的“be at pains”可以表示“尤指為避免困境而急切想做逊笆，迫切想要做”。

表示某些人想急切地跟丑聞劃清界線岂傲，可以這么說(shuō)：

They were at pains to distance themselves from the scandal.

這個(gè)短語(yǔ)在《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中還是比較常用的难裆。

Palestinian spokesmen were quick to claim a “victory” for the Palestinian cause, and were at pains to insist that no covert deal had been struck with Israel over the fugitives. （這里的be quick to跟be at pains to屬于同個(gè)意思）

As he had throughout a seven-week campaign, he was at pains to deny his opponents' portrayal of him as a far-right clone of George Bush. (有關(guān)加拿大選舉）

造句

He was at pains to meet his kids after a long business trip.

(三）重難點(diǎn)分析

段四：

The plan before the Diet aims to attract blue-collar workers in 14 industries, including construction, shipbuilding and caring for the elderly.

before

這句話的“before”是“擺在…面前”“使面對(duì)”“使面臨”的意思。這話句可以這么理解“擺在國(guó)會(huì)面前的計(jì)劃為了吸引14個(gè)行業(yè)的藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人”镊掖。

如果我們想說(shuō)擺在前面的艱巨任務(wù)乃戈，可以這么說(shuō)：

Everyone in the room knew it was the single hardest task before them.

造句：The question before me is this: did she make excuse or did she fall ill?

提煉句型：

The plan before X aims to attract Y， including Z.

造句：

The plan before the City Hall aims to attract the talented people in 16 areas, including AI, STEM and education(市政府的計(jì)劃吸引某些領(lǐng)域人才）

段五：

He has increased the number of nurseries and made big companies document their efforts to promote female workers.

大致的意思：政府增加托兒所的數(shù)量亩进，同時(shí)鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)提供一些信息症虑，什么信息呢？就是他們?yōu)榇龠M(jìn)女性就業(yè)做出了哪些努力归薛。

document

因?yàn)閐ocument跟their efforts的這種搭配很少見谍憔，我就一直在社群群友及很多字典詢問(wèn)及查找匪蝙。最后，我覺得Merrianm-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary里這條解釋比較符合习贫。

document

promote

一看到“promote”逛球，我就想到“晉升”∩徊可是這里不是這層意思颤绕，它有種“提倡”“促進(jìn)”的意味在。而這種意思原來(lái)是超級(jí)常用的祟身，我在11月23日這期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》就有三處：

Even though it co-operates in the fight against jihadist groups, Saudi Arabia still feeds their ideology through textbooks that promote the view that Jews, Christians, Shia Muslims and others are infidels.

An annual football tournament in Aldershot, the Gurkha Cup, also aims to promote integration.

Eschewing college for work promotes conscientiousness but narrows minds.（這個(gè)是講教育與工作文章的副標(biāo)題奥务，意思是不上大學(xué)而直接去工作雖然有助于自覺性但是它使人視野變小。）

造句：

To reduce environmental pollution, the plan aims to promote organic food.（提倡有機(jī)食品）月而。

“We have tried to make a society that enables more women to be active, advanced and empowered,” he says.

這句話很有節(jié)奏感汗洒，active跟advance押頭韻，advanced和empowered壓尾韻父款。

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在我能深深地理解那些翻譯家有多不容易了溢谤，要找到合適的英文解釋再找恰當(dāng)?shù)闹形谋磉_(dá)，再考慮上下文再組織憨攒。字典是個(gè)好東西世杀，社群是個(gè)好交流平臺(tái)。

Mr Abe also wants people to “remain active without retirement throughout their lives”. His government is likely to raise the retirement age for civil servants from 60 to 65, and to encourage companies to do the same. As it is, many companies have raised their retirement ages or taken to rehiring retired workers, often on a part-time basis. Fully 23% of over-65s work; they constitute a much bigger share of the workforce than in other rich countries (see chart). Mr Abe plans to bolster this trend by increasing the public pension for those who agree to start drawing it later than they are currently entitled to. In the long run, the prime minister hopes, robots and artificial intelligence will help ease the labour shortage. “I do think that we will need fewer jobs because of higher productivity.”

配圖標(biāo)題：日本垂暮

setting sun：when the sun sets, it goes below the horizon.

the red glow of the setting sun 落日余輝

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

第六段：安倍鼓勵(lì)日本政府和公司延遲退休和返聘退休員工肝集。

（二） 實(shí)用表達(dá)：

1. take to (doing) sth.:

? ? ①to begin to like sb./sth.? ? ?

? ? I took to Venom immediately.

? ? ②to start doing sth as a habit.

? ? ? I have taken to listening to audio books before sleep.

2. rehire retired workers 返聘

3. on a part-time basis 中間填入形容詞變成副詞用法瞻坝，幾乎沒有“基礎(chǔ)”的意思了

on a temporary basis暫時(shí)地；

on a regular/rota basis定期/輪流地杏瞻；

on an exclusive basis獨(dú)家地所刀；

on a first-come, first-served basis先到先辦的方式；

on an urgent basis以加急速度捞挥；

on a competitive basis通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

但這種用法有時(shí)比較啰嗦, 如：

They want all groups to be treated on an equal basis...

直接用 treated equally更簡(jiǎn)潔

(聯(lián)想到下一段的on a firmer footing 基礎(chǔ)浮创，立足點(diǎn): on a sound/secure/firm/strong footing)

4. bolster this trend by doing...: boost; strengthen; support

~confidence/morale/economy/career/image/an argument

5. entitled to (do) sth.: empower(上一段末出現(xiàn)), give the right t, allow, authorize 賦予權(quán)利

6. ease the labour shortage

~pain/pressure/problems/burden/anxiety/embarrassment/guilt/loneliness...

也可用做vi. Tensions had eased.

The heavily falling snow had eased...

漫天大雪變小了……

注意點(diǎn)：

Fully 23% of over-65s work; they constitute a much bigger share of the workforce than in other rich countries (see chart).

fully：to emphasize how great an amount is. (用于強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量)整整，足足

Fully 30% of the participants did not appear.

Getting older people to work for longer is especially beneficial to the government’s finances, since it leads both to higher tax revenue and lower spending on pensions. Mr Abe’s tweaks are the latest in a series of changes intended to make the pension system more affordable. But the government is always playing catch-up, as the ageing of the population and shrinking of the workforce accelerate. It reckons social-welfare costs will rise by more than half by 2040, from ￥121trn ($1.06trn) to ￥190trn.

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

第七段：延遲退休的好處和養(yǎng)老壓力砌函。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)：

1. government finances/social-welfare costs 注意兩處都要用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示 （尤政府/公司的）財(cái)源/經(jīng)營(yíng)維持必須支出

2. tweak: fine-tune 微調(diào) （指前文針對(duì)老齡化的一些措施）

3. play catch-up：

? ? ①fall behind continually with work or financial matters

? ? ? I’m always playing catch up with my homework.

? ? ②(AmE) try to equal a competitor in a sport or game after you have fallen behind

Mr Abe appears to be planning sweeping changes to put the welfare state on a firmer footing. “There will be an overall social-security reform, including health and medicine, pension and others,” he says. “We are trying to create a society and community where people can remain healthy and active…and find meaning in staying alive and living long.”

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

段八:安倍先生一直雄心勃勃想要搞一場(chǎng)徹底的改變斩披，內(nèi)容覆蓋生命健康、醫(yī)藥讹俊、退休金垦沉，把日本這個(gè)福利國(guó)家建立在一個(gè)更穩(wěn)固的基礎(chǔ)上。日本健康活躍地安度晚年仍劈，并且找得到人生的意義厕倍。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)：

①sweeping changes:大刀闊斧的改革；這個(gè)可以說(shuō)很好用了贩疙，sweep本身由于有“掃地绑青；席卷”的意思诬像，sweeping作為形容詞，很容易就聯(lián)想到表示“廣泛的闸婴，深刻的”意思坏挠。類似的還有：

sweeping changes/ cuts/ reforms 徹底的改革

②擴(kuò)展：sweeping statement/generalization 一概而論的看法（帶貶義）

③welfare state：(英國(guó)等國(guó)的)福利國(guó)家(制度) ：In Britain and some other countries, the welfare state is a system in which the government provides free social services such as health and education and gives money to people when they are unable to work, for example because they are old, unemployed, or sick。

這個(gè)可以跟下文的social security一起理解：

④Social security is a system under which a government pays money regularly to certain groups of people, for example the sick, the unemployed, or those with no other income.

⑤put/place something on a …… footing 把……建立在……之上

我們?cè)谡f(shuō)建立在……的基礎(chǔ)上時(shí)邪乍，很容易想到foundation降狠，basis，這個(gè)footing用的相對(duì)較少庇楞，但是這個(gè)也很好用榜配，馬上能聯(lián)想到其常見意思“腳”，引申出來(lái)“基礎(chǔ)”的意思吕晌。

造句： The new law puts women on an equal legal footing with men. 這條新的法律把婦女放在和男人平等的法律地位上蛋褥。

⑥ a society and community 押尾韻

⑦find meaning in staying alive and? living long：這里的find meaning in雖然簡(jiǎn)單，但是很好用：

find meaning in life

find meaning and joy in their employment and life/ Phenomenal? English

Yet in practice Mr Abe is being cautious. Even after the retirement age increases, it will still be lower than in many other rich countries. Moreover, the current system discourages those over 65 from working more than part-time since their pension is reduced if their income from it and their salary exceeds 460,000 yen ($4,039) a month. It is not clear whether this will change. The government has modified but not eliminated a tax quirk that discourages married women from earning more than a relatively lowly amount. By the same token, the share of medical expenses that patients must pay under the public health-care system falls as they get older, imposing a big burden on the state. There are various ways the government could reduce its health-care bill, including increasing premiums for the public insurance scheme, raising patients’ co-payments for treatments and excluding some expensive procedures from the scheme.

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

段九：承接前文睛驳，雖然安倍雄心勃勃烙心，然而事實(shí)上他還是很謹(jǐn)慎，盡管日本的退休年齡增加了乏沸，也趕不上其他的富裕國(guó)家淫茵。而且，現(xiàn)在日本的體系既不利于超過(guò)65歲的人做除了兼職工作以外的事情蹬跃，因?yàn)樗麄兊墓ぷ魇杖牖蛘吖べY超過(guò)460,000日元匙瘪，他們的退休金就會(huì)減少。此外蝶缀，政府也修正（但沒有消除）了一個(gè)稅收怪癖丹喻，這個(gè)怪政策基本讓女性只能掙相對(duì)少的錢。同樣地翁都，現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療體系下碍论，病人必須支付的醫(yī)療份額也隨著他們年齡的增長(zhǎng)而減少，這無(wú)疑給國(guó)家財(cái)政造成了更大的負(fù)擔(dān)荐吵。當(dāng)然也有很多辦法減輕政府的負(fù)擔(dān)，比如增加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)呀赊瞬，增加分?jǐn)偢犊铑~呀先煎，以及不把一些昂貴的檢查手續(xù)納入其中呀。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)：

①discourage……from 表示勸阻巧涧，阻止薯蝎，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)我撿到了認(rèn)識(shí)，但是用得少谤绳，我平時(shí)表達(dá)阻礙都只會(huì)有prevent占锯。

造句：My sore throat discourages me from reading aloud.(嗓子疼阻礙我大聲朗讀)袒哥。

② modified but not eliminated 押尾韻，可以總結(jié)出句型：

the XX has modified but not eliminated the policy that ……

eg. The university has modified but not eliminated the policy that discourages students from ordering takeaways.（最近某高校阻止學(xué)生點(diǎn)外賣）消略。

③a tax quirk:這個(gè)東西比較難理解堡称，大家可以根據(jù)這個(gè)圖理解（來(lái)自同組Ada）：

這說(shuō)了個(gè)啥事情呢？簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)是這樣的：日本政府制定了一個(gè)政策艺演，就是太太掙得錢少于某個(gè)數(shù)却紧，她丈夫就能獲得一定的稅收減免，所以這些太太就只能做一些相對(duì)低收入的工作胎撤，不然錢掙得還沒有上的稅多晓殊。這個(gè)政策就比較詭異了，不努力干活還掙得多一點(diǎn)伤提，所以怪呀巫俺！

④By the same token

token本來(lái)指的是代幣，如上圖肿男，by the same token是一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)介汹，意思是“同樣地，由于同樣的原因”次伶，可以用在寫作中痴昧，引出下文。

此外冠王，這個(gè)詞還有比較好用的搭配赶撰，比如：

a token of your gratitude/respect/appreciation

Please accept this gift as a small token of our appreciation.

區(qū)區(qū)薄禮，略表謝意柱彻，還請(qǐng)笑納豪娜。

⑤impose a XX burden on 對(duì)……強(qiáng)行施加了負(fù)擔(dān)，impose用的很好了哟楷，我就只會(huì)用put

造句：

Peer pressure imposes a big burden on my young fragile heart.（同齡人太優(yōu)秀瘤载，小心靈很受傷）。

（三）重難點(diǎn)分析：

Moreover, the current system discourages those over 65 from working more than part-time since their pension is reduced if their income from it and their salary exceeds 460,000 yen ($4,039) a month.

我覺得這個(gè)比較難卖擅，因?yàn)閐iscourage from 后面又加了一個(gè)more than鸣奔，字面意思理解為：

當(dāng)今的系統(tǒng)阻礙了 65歲以上的人工作超過(guò)兼職范圍，因?yàn)檫@樣他們的退休金會(huì)減少惩阶，其實(shí)就是表示他們只能做兼職啦挎狸。

There are various ways the government could reduce its health-care bill, including……

提煉句型：There are various ways the XX could do XX,including……用于寫解決方案。

including increasing premiums for the public insurance scheme, raising patients’ co-payments for treatments and excluding some expensive procedures from the scheme.

這個(gè)意思可能不好懂断楷，我的理解是锨匆，日本為了減輕國(guó)家財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)，想了幾個(gè)招冬筒，一是醫(yī)保每年多交點(diǎn)恐锣，二是醫(yī)保報(bào)銷的時(shí)候茅主，自費(fèi)的那部分費(fèi)用增加，防止某些人濫用醫(yī)保土榴，三是一些貴的檢查從醫(yī)保中劃出诀姚，比如你想去做個(gè)超貴的CT，醫(yī)保不給報(bào)了鞭衩。

Yet Mr Abe only hints at the need for any of this. “We are not thinking about immediately raising the co-payment for medical and health services,” he says. “But there must be a careful review of the balance between the contribution and benefit.” Those who take action to prevent illness, such as regular exercise, could be rewarded. “We would like to think about the incentives—what should be done to the contributions that have to be paid by the people who adopt habits to prevent diseases,” he says.

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

段十：顯然学搜，日本需要采取上段所說(shuō)的那些措施，來(lái)減輕醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的負(fù)擔(dān)论衍，但是安倍對(duì)此都沒有直言瑞佩，只是暗示。他表示并沒有想要馬上提高需要自理的醫(yī)療費(fèi)坯台，而是想要對(duì)那些鍛煉身體減少疾病的人給予一些獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)炬丸。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)總結(jié)：

① hint這個(gè)詞，我們比較熟悉它名詞“暗示”的意思蜒蕾，這里是個(gè)動(dòng)詞稠炬。后面通常接at，或引導(dǎo)從句咪啡。

The problems are only hinted at in the report. 報(bào)告只是暗示了這些問(wèn)題首启。

She hinted darkly that all was not well.她悲觀地暗示并非一切都順利。

② contribution我們熟悉的意思是“貢獻(xiàn)”撤摸，但是這里是指“（養(yǎng)老金的）定期繳款”毅桃，與之相對(duì)的是benefit，“（保險(xiǎn)公司發(fā)放的）給付准夷，保險(xiǎn)金”钥飞。單詞的意思不能想當(dāng)然，要在語(yǔ)境中去看衫嵌。

③ incentive=something that encourage you to do sth

牛津里面給的中文意思是“刺激读宙；激勵(lì)；鼓勵(lì)”楔绞，但是很多時(shí)候在句子里面结闸，我們可以把它翻譯成“動(dòng)機(jī)、做...的理由”酒朵，所以如果可以用motivation的地方桦锄，可以試試看能不能用這個(gè)詞。

If your mom wants you to mow the lawn but you don't feel like it, she might offer to treat you to ice cream after as an incentive. An incentive is something that stimulates you to take action or work harder.

比如：Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在許多職業(yè)中耻讽，錢仍是主要的激勵(lì)因素察纯。

比如上一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人里面帕棉，騰訊的員工针肥，很少有升職空間饼记，薪水也不如抖音等高，這時(shí)候員工士氣低慰枕，我們就可以說(shuō)：They haven't much incentive to work hard. 他們沒有努力工作的動(dòng)機(jī)具则。

常見的用法還有：give sb. an incentive to do sth.

A little bonus will give the employees an incentive to work harder.一點(diǎn)獎(jiǎng)金可以刺激雇員更加努力地工作。

④ adopt habits具帮，注意一下其他能跟habit搭配的動(dòng)詞博肋，

acquire, cultivate, develop, establish, 如果是不好的習(xí)慣的話，經(jīng)常會(huì)用到fall into

比如：I had fallen into my old habit of leaving everything to the last minute. 我拖延癥又犯了蜂厅。

（三）重難點(diǎn)分析

“We would like to think about the incentives—what should be done to the contributions that have to be paid by the people who adopt habits to prevent diseases,”

這段里面這句略長(zhǎng)匪凡，但是仔細(xì)看并不難。破折號(hào)后面是對(duì)incentives的解釋掘猿。有些人有著良好的生活習(xí)慣病游，能夠減少生病的可能，這些人也要定期繳納養(yǎng)老金稠通，對(duì)此需要想一些措施衬衬。

This caution is excessive. Pushing back the retirement age is not as controversial in Japan as elsewhere. A government poll conducted in 2017 found that 42% of people aged 60 or more who work want to continue to do so. Although some politicians fret about foreigners bringing crime and disturbing social harmony, the majority of the population approves of Mr Abe’s plans to admit more foreign workers.

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

安培太謹(jǐn)小慎微了。日本民眾大多其實(shí)對(duì)延長(zhǎng)退休年齡改橘，以及外來(lái)人員來(lái)日本工作并不反感滋尉。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)總結(jié)：

① excessive= greater than what seems reasonable or appropriate 過(guò)分的，過(guò)度的

它的名詞形式是excess飞主，同時(shí)也是個(gè)形容詞（名詞讀作 /?k'ses/狮惜，形容詞讀作 /'ekses/。）既棺，但是只用在名詞前= in addition to an amount that is necessary, usual or legal 超額的讽挟；額外的；附加的丸冕；過(guò)度的

兩者意思并不相同耽梅，試比較：

Driving with excess alcohol in blood is a serious offence. 血液里酒精含量過(guò)高時(shí)駕車是嚴(yán)重違法行為。

（excess指酒精含量超過(guò)法律規(guī)定的范圍）

Excessive drinking can lead to stomach disorder. 酗酒可能引起胃病胖烛。（excessive指大量飲酒）

② conduct a poll眼姐，進(jìn)行民意測(cè)驗(yàn)，注意這里的動(dòng)詞搭配佩番，還可以是carry out/run a poll

③ age這里用的是動(dòng)詞众旗，people aged 60，看似跟people at the age of 60差不多趟畏，除了簡(jiǎn)潔以外贡歧，還有一層動(dòng)態(tài)的意味，年齡達(dá)到60歲的人們，people who reached the age of 60利朵。所以要多學(xué)一下這些常見名詞的動(dòng)詞用法律想。

④ fret= to worry about something, especially when there is no need 苦惱，焦慮不安

I was working all hours and constantly fretting about everyone else's problems.

我一刻不閑地工作绍弟，還總是為別人的事操心技即。

（三）重難點(diǎn)分析

not as...as... 這個(gè)句式很好用，還可以拓展一個(gè) not so...as 語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)一些樟遣。

原文里面是“日本不像其他地方那樣而叼，對(duì)延長(zhǎng)退休年齡頗有爭(zhēng)議””

這個(gè)用法我們已經(jīng)很熟悉了葵陵，

而“not so much...as”還可以用在“與其說(shuō)...倒不如說(shuō)...”的語(yǔ)境里：

例句：We are not so much depressed as lonely. 與其說(shuō)我們抑郁，倒不如說(shuō)我們是孤獨(dú)瞻佛。

He is not so much a genius as a hard worker. 他的努力勝于天份埃难。

I lay down not so much to sleep as to think. 我躺下來(lái)與其說(shuō)是要睡覺，倒不如說(shuō)是要思考涤久。

Mr Abe wants Japan to be a model for other ageing societies. He has done more than his predecessors to prepare for a smaller, older population. The danger is that Japan will become an example of a country that has done too little, too late.

（一）內(nèi)容總結(jié)：

安倍希望日本能成為其他同樣面臨老齡化問(wèn)題國(guó)家的范本涡尘，他做的已經(jīng)比他上一任多多了，但是可能還是太少响迂，而且為時(shí)已晚考抄。

（二）實(shí)用表達(dá)總結(jié)：

① ageing 日益變老的，還是上段一樣蔗彤，從age的動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的形容詞川梅，注意靈活運(yùn)用一個(gè)熟悉的小詞。

② predecessor然遏，前任贫途，與之相對(duì)的是successor，繼任者待侵，可以放在一起記丢早。

（三）重難點(diǎn)分析

這段前面，安倍希望日本成為其他老齡化國(guó)家的范本秧倾，后面說(shuō)這個(gè)范本很有可能是個(gè)反面教材怨酝。挺諷刺的，用了一個(gè)The danger is ...那先，把前面美好的幻想一舉擊破农猬。我們也可以學(xué)習(xí)這種用法來(lái)寫一段話：

We all have dreams, or at any rate, something we really want to do. But nine times out of ten, we wait, until we have plenty of time tomorrow so that we can have it done perfectly. The danger is that tomorrow may not come after all.