一、中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶膳食是節(jié)日必不可少的伴侶攀痊。例如,我國(guó)的端午節(jié)(the Dragon Boat Festival)是紀(jì)念古代詩(shī)人屈原的日子义图。那一天,人們通常要賽龍舟栖忠、吃粽子(zongzi)咽瓷。中秋節(jié)是觀賞滿月的日子设凹。圓圓的月亮象征著圓滿,象征著家庭團(tuán)聚。因此,中秋節(jié)(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一種圓形的月餅茅姜。春節(jié)是中國(guó)的農(nóng)歷新年(the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday),除了常見(jiàn)的家禽和肉類(lèi)之外,人們還要按各自的地方習(xí)俗烹制傳統(tǒng)食物,如餃子和年糕闪朱。

Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao .

二、北京有無(wú)數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的魅力奋姿。北京的胡同不僅僅是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境,而且還是一門(mén)建筑藝術(shù)锄开。通常,胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院,房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以,胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味称诗。如今,隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展,很多胡同被新的高樓大廈所取代萍悴。但愿胡同可以保留下來(lái)。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.

三寓免、過(guò)去的七年,中國(guó)的房地產(chǎn)(real estate)業(yè)經(jīng)歷了前所未有的高速增長(zhǎng)退腥。對(duì)于那些月薪較低卻渴望在大城市擁有一套屬于自己的體面、舒適的棲身之所的人來(lái)說(shuō),高昂的房?jī)r(jià)是他們無(wú)法承受的負(fù)擔(dān)再榄。鑒于這一狀況,政府近來(lái)采取了一系列的措施來(lái)防止房?jī)r(jià)過(guò)快增長(zhǎng),包括提高利率及增加房產(chǎn)稅等。目前,這些措施在部分城市已經(jīng)取得了初步的成效享潜。

In the past seven years, China’s real estate industry has developed in a record high speed. For those who earn less but are eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city, the high housing price is a heavy burden that they cannot afford. For this reason, the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from rising too fast, including raising interest rates and increasing taxes on real estate etc. Presently, these measures have achieved initial effects in some cities.

四困鸥、如今,越來(lái)越多的大學(xué)生抱怨很難找到好工作。造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因如下:首先,大學(xué)生把在校的大多數(shù)時(shí)間都用在了專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)上,只有當(dāng)他們開(kāi)始找工作的時(shí)候,才意識(shí)到自己缺乏必要的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)剑按。其次,大學(xué)生之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來(lái)越激烈,這導(dǎo)致任何一名大學(xué)生找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)都變小了疾就。因此,強(qiáng)烈建議大學(xué)生在課余時(shí)間做一些兼職工作,以積累相關(guān)的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)课锌。

Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.

五纳决、剪紙(paper cutting)是中國(guó)最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一。中國(guó)剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史,在明朝和清朝時(shí)期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特別流行悍缠。人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境,特別是在春節(jié)和婚慶期間,剪紙被用來(lái)裝飾門(mén)窗和房間,以增加喜慶的氣氛猜敢。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色,象征健康和興旺姑荷。中國(guó)剪紙?jiān)谑澜绺鞯睾苁軞g迎,經(jīng)常被用作饋贈(zèng)外國(guó)友人的禮物。

Paper cutting i s one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

六缩擂、對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年鼠冕。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚(yú)、蛇胯盯、馬懈费、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物博脑。中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步憎乙。在中國(guó)人的心目中,龍具有振奮騰飛、開(kāi)拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神叉趣。Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

七泞边、秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝,他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速疗杉。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)繁堡、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間,人們一旦聽(tīng)到鑼鼓聲,不管外面天氣有多冷,他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來(lái),中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì),隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康,同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China. It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.

八椭蹄、長(zhǎng)城是人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一闻牡。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城,就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔,或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō):“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢绳矩≌秩螅”實(shí)際上,長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻,直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而,今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān),西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的翼馆。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

九割以、在中國(guó)北方的一些地區(qū),冬至要喝餃子湯;其他一些地區(qū)的居民則會(huì)吃餃子,他們認(rèn)為吃餃子可以免受來(lái)年的霜凍。然而,在南方,最常見(jiàn)的慶祝方法是一家人聚到一起,吃上一頓用紅豆和糯米做成的飯,他們相信這樣可以驅(qū)鬼辟邪应媚。還有一些地區(qū)會(huì)吃湯圓严沥。冬至的湯圓也可能會(huì)被用于祭祀,或者饋贈(zèng)親友。臺(tái)灣人甚至還保留著向祖先進(jìn)貢九層糕的習(xí)俗中姜。他們用糯米粉捏成雞消玄、鴨、龜丢胚、豬翩瓜、牛、羊等象征福祿壽的動(dòng)物,然后用蒸籠分層蒸熟携龟。

In some parts of north China, people have jiaozi soup on this day; while residents of some other places eat jiaozi, saying doing so will keep them from frost in the upcoming winter. But in south China, it is commonplace for the whole family to get together to have a meal made of red beans and glutinous rice. They believe, by doing this, they can drive away ghosts and other evil things. In other places, people also eat tangyuan, a kind of stuffed small dumpling ball made of glutinous rice flour. The Winter Solstice rice dumplings may be used as sacrifices to ancestors, or gifts for friends and relatives. The Taiwanese even keep the custom of offering nine-layer cakes to their ancestors. They made cakes in the shape of chicken, duck, tortoise, pig, cow or sheep with glutinous rice flour and steam them on different layers of a pot. These animals all signify auspiciousness in Chinese tradition.

十兔跌、針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論,針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)峡蟋、調(diào)和氣血,來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡,使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的坟桅。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位,或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)蕊蝗。治療病痛的目的桦卒。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),流傳至今并傳播到了世界,與中餐、功夫匿又、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”方灾。

Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

十一、中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù),是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目,承載著豐富的中國(guó)民族傳統(tǒng)文化碌更。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō),同時(shí)兼容了道家裕偿、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)痛单、流派林立嘿棘、拳種繁多,講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修,蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟旭绒。后世所稱十八般武藝,主要指:徒手拳藝,如太極拳鸟妙、形意拳焦人、八卦掌等;器械功夫,如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等重父。

Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of bot h “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

十二花椭、漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫(huà),經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形房午、意韻的獨(dú)特文字】罅桑現(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文,被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后,漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文郭厌、隸書(shū)袋倔、楷書(shū)、草書(shū)折柠、行書(shū)等不同的階段宾娜。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“,源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫(huà),即:橫扇售、豎前塔、撇、捺缘眶、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “/”( the left-falling stroke), “\” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).

十三髓废、中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟巷懈。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年』藕椋筷子古時(shí)稱為箸,它看似簡(jiǎn)單,但卻同時(shí)具有夾顶燕、撥、挑冈爹、扒涌攻、拌、撮频伤、戳恳谎、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物,如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等憋肖。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同,成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)因痛。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明。與其他民族一樣,中國(guó)最初的食用方法也是“以手奉飯”,也就是用手抓,或用手撕,至于使用筷子岸更、叉鸵膏、刀、匙等進(jìn)餐用具,則都是較晚的方法怎炊。其中,筷子是中國(guó)進(jìn)餐習(xí)俗中的一絕,至今已有數(shù)千年的歷史谭企。

筷子是日常生活中經(jīng)常用到的一種進(jìn)餐工具,也是中國(guó)人進(jìn)餐時(shí)的必備用具廓译。古代稱為“箸”,今俗稱筷子。中國(guó)人什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始使用筷子進(jìn)餐的,已經(jīng)無(wú)從查起债查。最初的記載是在2000年前所編輯的一本叫做《禮記》的書(shū)中非区。

Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions,

such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

Similar to people of other nationalities, ancient Chinese people grasped or tore food with their bare hands at the beginning. Chopsticks, forks, knives and spoons were used much later, of which chopsticks, with a history of thousands of years, are a wonder of Chinese dining utensils. Chopsticks are the dining utensils most frequently used in Chinese people’s daily life. In ancient china, they were called zhu. When the Chinese began to use chopsticks as an eating instrument is anybody’s guess. They were first mentioned in writing in Liji(The Book of Rites), a work compiled some 2000 years ago.

十四、印章就是圖章攀操。中國(guó)歷代官院仿、私所用的印章有印信、朱記速和、合同歹垫、符、契等等不同的稱謂,而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱璽颠放、印排惨、寶、章等碰凶。據(jù)史料記載,印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用暮芭。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰欲低、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成,形狀以圓辕宏、方為主。印章用朱色鈐蓋,除日常應(yīng)用外,又多用于書(shū)畫(huà)題識(shí),逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一砾莱。Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

十五瑞筐、天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為:甲腊瑟、乙聚假、丙、丁闰非、戊膘格、已、庚财松、辛瘪贱、壬、癸;十二地支為:子辆毡、丑政敢、寅、卯胚迫、辰喷户、巳、午访锻、未褪尝、申闹获、酉、戊河哑、亥避诽。古人觀測(cè)朔望月,發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù),而兩個(gè)朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配,記錄不同年份,60年為一個(gè)輪回璃谨。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今沙庐。按干支紀(jì)年法,2011年便是辛卯年。

Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

十六佳吞、京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”,是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹拱雏。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇,特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末,京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種底扳。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù),集唱(歌唱)铸抑、念(念白)、做(表演)衷模、打(武)鹊汛、舞(舞蹈)為一體,通過(guò)程式化的表演手段,敘述故事,刻畫(huà)人物。角色主要分生(男性)阱冶、旦(女性)刁憋、凈(男性)、丑(男性女性皆有)四大行當(dāng)木蹬。

京劇(Beijing Opera)是中國(guó)的國(guó)粹至耻。作為一門(mén)古老的藝術(shù),京劇的服裝(costume)、臉譜(facial mask)更易被人喜愛(ài)届囚。不同的服裝類(lèi)型反映不同的人物身份特征有梆。富貴者的服裝綴滿精美的刺繡;窮困者的服裝則簡(jiǎn)單樸素,少有裝飾(elemental)是尖。臉譜是京劇中塑造人物形象的重要手段,它是用不同的顏色在臉上勾畫(huà)出來(lái)的意系。臉譜的顏色讓人一看便知角色(portray)的善惡。比如白色代表奸詐(treachery),黑色代表正直不阿,黃色是驍勇,藍(lán)饺汹、綠色多用于綠林好漢(rebellious fighters),金蛔添、銀色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等

Chinese Beijing Opera Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).

Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture. As a traditional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters. There are more decorations in the costumes of the noble,while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental. Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters. Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character. People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks. In general,white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters, while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.

十七、道教是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的宗教兜辞。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家迎瞧、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經(jīng)》為主要經(jīng)典逸吵。道教主張“重人貴生”凶硅。崇尚清靜無(wú)為,修身養(yǎng)性∩ㄖ澹“道可道,非常道足绅。名可名,非常名捷绑。無(wú)名天地之始;有名萬(wàn)物之母。故常無(wú),欲以觀其妙;常有,欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言氢妈。

Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encour ages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.

十八粹污、中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)∈琢浚“成語(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成壮吩。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成,例如:自強(qiáng)不息加缘、青出于藍(lán)鸭叙、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)生百、古代文學(xué)作品递雀、詩(shī)歌、寓言蚀浆、典故缀程、名言警句等方面提煉而成,是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.

十九市俊、中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)杨凑。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶摆昧、繅絲撩满、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平绅你。西漢時(shí)張騫通西域,把中原與波斯灣伺帘、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái),開(kāi)辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)忌锯、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世,成為中國(guó)文化的象征伪嫁。東方文明的使者。

絲綢之路是歷史上橫貫歐亞大陸的貿(mào)易交通線,在歷史上促進(jìn)了歐亞非各國(guó)和中國(guó)的友好往來(lái)偶垮。中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng),在經(jīng)由這條路線進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易中,中國(guó)輸出的商品以絲綢最具代表性张咳。因此,當(dāng)?shù)聡?guó)地理學(xué)家Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthoren最早在19世紀(jì)70年代將之命名為“絲綢之路”后,即被廣泛接受。同時(shí),它也是一條東方與西方之間經(jīng)濟(jì)似舵、政治脚猾、文化進(jìn)行交流的主要道路。

China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

In history, “Silk Road” is a traffic line for trade going through Europ e and Asia, which developed the friendship among the people from different countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. China is the hometown of silk and silk has won the most prominent characteristic among all the commodities exported from China via that traffic line. Thereupon, when the German geographer Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthoren first called it as “Silk Road” in 1870s, that name was widely accepted. Meanwhile, it was also a major way through which the East and the West performed their communications in various fields, such as economy, politics and culture.

二十砚哗、中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水龙助、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù),是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶蛛芥。其建造原則是“妙極自然,宛自天開(kāi)”提鸟。游賞中國(guó)古典園林,能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景,創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境脆淹。在世界三大園林體系中,中國(guó)園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富,被譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一沽一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you g o sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

二十一盖溺、筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書(shū)房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝,被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書(shū)寫(xiě)繪畫(huà)在中國(guó)可追溯到五千年前铣缠。秦時(shí)已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆;漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨;有了紙張以后,簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用;硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展烘嘱。“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆蝗蛙、徽墨蝇庭、宣紙、端硯捡硅∠冢可以說(shuō)文房四寶書(shū)寫(xiě)了整個(gè)中華文明。

The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The w riting brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.

二十二. 孔子(Confucius)是一位思想家壮韭、政治家,教育家,也是中國(guó)儒學(xué)(the Ru School)思想的創(chuàng)始人北发。儒學(xué)(Confucianism),這個(gè)道德和宗教哲學(xué)的大系統(tǒng)建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教學(xué)上。馮友蘭,中國(guó)思想史上20世紀(jì)偉大的的權(quán)威之一,把孔子在中國(guó)歷史上的影響比作西方的蘇格拉底喷屋。

Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You lan, one of the great 20th century authorities in the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.

二十三.獅舞(Lion Dance)是中國(guó)最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一琳拨。獅為百獸之首,在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中,獅子被視為是能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)的吉祥物(mascot)。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身,能驅(qū)趕邪惡屯曹、保護(hù)人類(lèi)狱庇。據(jù)記載,獅舞已擁有了2000多年的歷史。在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室恶耽。因此,舞獅成為元宵節(jié)(the Lantern Festival)和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗,人們以此來(lái)祈禱好運(yùn)密任、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.

二十四. 關(guān)于吃月餅這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的來(lái)歷有兩個(gè)傳說(shuō)偷俭。一個(gè)是唐朝的神話故事,說(shuō)的是當(dāng)時(shí)地球被10個(gè)太陽(yáng)包圍著浪讳。有一天10個(gè)太陽(yáng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在天空中,巨大的熱量幾乎把地球烤焦了。多虧一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9個(gè)太陽(yáng),地球才被保住社搅。為了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)后羿,王母娘娘賜給后羿一種長(zhǎng)生不老藥,但是王母警告他必須正當(dāng)使用驻债。然而后羿沒(méi)有理會(huì)王母娘娘的警告,他被名利沖昏了頭腦,變成了一個(gè)暴君乳规。后羿美麗的妻子嫦娥對(duì)他的暴行再也不能袖手旁觀,于是她偷走了后羿的長(zhǎng)生不老藥,飛到月亮上逃避后羿的狂怒形葬。從此就有了關(guān)于月宮仙子嫦娥,這個(gè)月亮上的美麗女人的傳說(shuō)。

There are two legends which claim to explain the tradition of eating moon cakes. One Tang Dynasty myth holds that the Earth once had 10 suns circling it. One day all 10 suns appeared at once, scorching the planet with their heat. It was thanks to a skillful archer named Hou Yi that the Earth was saved. He shot down all but one of the suns. As his reward, the Heavenly Queen Mother gave Hou Yi the Elixir of Immortality, but she warned him that he must use it wisely. Hou Yi ignored her advice and, corrupted by fame and fortune, became a tyrannical leader. Chang-Er, his beautiful wife, could no longer stand by and watch him abuse his power so she stole his Elixir and fled to the moon to escape his angry wrath. And thus began the legend of the beautiful woman in the moon, the Moon Fairy.

二十五.貼春聯(lián)

“春聯(lián)”也被稱為和“對(duì)聯(lián)”對(duì)立的一對(duì)短語(yǔ),在中國(guó)是一種特殊的文學(xué)形式暮的。春聯(lián)是由貼在門(mén)口兩側(cè)兩組對(duì)立的句子組成,在門(mén)上面的橫批通常是一個(gè)吉祥的短語(yǔ)笙以。

貼在門(mén)右側(cè)的句子被稱作對(duì)聯(lián)的上聯(lián),左側(cè)的為下聯(lián)。除夕那天,每家都會(huì)在門(mén)上貼上紅紙寫(xiě)的春聯(lián),傳遞出節(jié)日喜慶和熱鬧的氣氛冻辩。在過(guò)去,中國(guó)人通常用毛筆自己寫(xiě)春聯(lián)或者請(qǐng)別人寫(xiě)春聯(lián),而現(xiàn)在,人們普遍在市場(chǎng)上買(mǎi)印刷好的春聯(lián)猖腕。

Pasting Spring Couplets

“The Spring Couplet”, also called “couplet” and “a pair of antithetical phrases”, is a special form of literature in China. The Spring Couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door and a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, usually an auspicious phrase, above the gate.

The sentence pasting on the right side of the door is called the first line of the couplet and the one on the left the second line. On the eve of the Spring Festival, every household will paste on doors a spring couplet written on red paper to give a happy and prosperous atmosphere of the Festival. In the past, the Chinese usually wrote their own spring couplet with a brush or asked others to do for them, while nowadays, it is common for people to buy the printed spring couplet in the market.