完型：人類(lèi)的嗅覺(jué)

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, but this is largely because, unlike animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air, missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, though, we are extremely sensitive to smells, even if we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, whereas others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send messages to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity? to smell seems to be the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary. This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to? to our own smells-- we simply do not need to be. We are not aware of the usual smell of our own house, but we notice new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1. limited & confined

limited: restricted to a particular limit of time, numbers, etc 受 （...的）限制 *limited to sth

? ? ? ? ? ? ? not very great in amount or extent 有限的 *limited resources available有限資源

confined: (usually before n) (of a space or an area) small and enclosed by walls or sides狹窄受限的

confine (v): (usually passive) to keep a person or an animal in a small or closed space監(jiān)禁

雖都能表示空間破镰、面積、時(shí)間绪颖、活動(dòng)等方面的限制绊诲，而文中重在介紹是鼻子功能停团、能力方面的局限性

2. ignore & miss

ignore: to pay no attention to sth 忽視，不予理會(huì) （主觀上）

miss: to fail to see, hear, or notice sth未見(jiàn)到，聽(tīng)到秤标，覺(jué)察到 （客觀上）

3. though & instead

though: used to add a fact or an opinion that makes the previous statement less strong or less important

不過(guò)篇亭，可是缠捌，然而= however

They are very different, though they did seem to get on well when they met.

instead: in the place of sb/sth 代替，反而

He didn't reply. Instead, he turned on his heel and left the room.

4. dilute 稀釋?zhuān)ㄒ后w）；降低（品質(zhì)）曼月，削弱（信念）

? dissolve 溶解谊却；解除；（情緒）笑起來(lái)/哭起來(lái) *dissolve into laughter/tears

? disperse 驅(qū)散哑芹，消散

? diffuse 擴(kuò)散炎辨，滲透，彌漫聪姿；（信息）傳播碴萧；（不良情緒/局面）平息

diffuse stress 緩解壓力

5. ineffective & inefficient

ineffective: not having any effect 不起作用的

inefficient: not doing a job well 效率低的

閱讀 Text 1 動(dòng)物的公平意識(shí) Fair and Square

1.pleasure at your own 你的快樂(lè)

2.vanish

to disappear suddenly in a way that you cannot explain （莫名其妙地）突然消失

*vanish without trace 消失得無(wú)影無(wú)蹤

to stop existing 瀕臨滅絕；不復(fù)存在

3. have a reputation for 有...的名聲

4. slack

(v) to work less hard than you usually do or should do 懈怠懶散

*slack off (on sth)

He's gone from success to success in his movie career, and there's no sign of him slacking off.

(adj) not stretched tight 松弛的末购；

（生意）not having many customers or sales; not busy 冷清的破喻，蕭條的

*slack demand for 需求不旺

（人）懈怠的，吊兒郎當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

He's been very slack in his work lately. 工作不認(rèn)真

5. underlying

important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly 根本的盟榴，潛在的

The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited. 隱含的假定

Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

這樣的行為被認(rèn)為是“人之常情”曹质，其潛在的假設(shè)是其他動(dòng)物不具有這種高度發(fā)達(dá)的委屈意識(shí)。

6. grievance

sth that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about 委屈擎场；牢騷

Parents were invited to air their grievances at the meeting. 訴說(shuō)苦衷

He had been nursing a grievance against his boss for months. 對(duì)..心懷不滿(mǎn)

grievance procedure 投訴程序

7. readily

in a way that shows you do not object to sth 欣然地羽德，樂(lè)意地

*readily accept/share

quickly and without difficulty 輕而易舉地

All ingredients are readily available from your local store. 方便地

8.temperament (n); temperamental (a)

a person's or an animal's nature as shown in the way they behave or react to situations or people

She's a dreamer and a romantic by temperament. 她生性異想天開(kāi)，浪漫多情迅办。

the tendency to get emotional and excited very easily and behave in an unreasonable way

an actor given to displays of temperament 性情喜怒無(wú)常的演員

9. temperance

the practice of controlling your behaviour, the amount you eat, so that it is always reasonable 自我克制宅静；節(jié)食= moderation in diet

temperate 溫帶的；溫和的礼饱，自我克制的

10.token 金屬代幣 *exchange tokens for

11. adjoining=adjacent to 相鄰的

12. chamber 作特殊用途的房間坏为；會(huì)議室

13. perfect candidate 理想人選

14. markedly different 明顯不同

15. preferable more attractive or more suitable; preferably 最好是

* preferable to sth/doing

He finds country life infinitely preferable to living in the city. 稱(chēng)心得多

* preferable to do

It would be preferable to employ two people, not one. 做...更好

16. preference

a great interest in or desire for sb/sth than sb/sth else 偏好

*personal preference 個(gè)人愛(ài)好

*express a strong preference for 表示喜歡

a thing that is liked better or best 偏愛(ài)的事物

*give (a) preference to sb/sth 優(yōu)待，給...優(yōu)惠

*in preference to sb/sth 而不是=rather than

17. prefecture 地方行政區(qū)域; preferment 晉升

18. The second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.

19. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.

He tossed the ball to Anna.= He tossed Anna the ball. 扔

20. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber was enough to induce resentment in a femal capuchin. 引起憤恨

induce 勸說(shuō)镊绪；導(dǎo)致匀伏；催生

21. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. 義憤；（某群體)的專(zhuān)有活動(dòng)

22. stem

*stem from 源于蝴韭；由...引起

However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an answered question.

to stop sth from happening 阻止够颠，遏制

Text 2 全球氣候變暖問(wèn)題 Warming to the Task

1. inconclusive

not leading to a definite decision or result? 無(wú)定論的，不確定的

*inconclusive evidence 沒(méi)有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)

2. antismoking lobby 反對(duì)吸煙的游說(shuō)者/團(tuán)體榄鉴；lobbyist 說(shuō)客

3. That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy? our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? 是為了履磨；置身事外

4. correlation between A and B...之間有關(guān)聯(lián)

5. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. 如今，在科學(xué)家們前赴后繼努力喚醒我們關(guān)注全球變暖這一與日俱增的威脅之時(shí)庆尘，令人不安的類(lèi)似情形再次出現(xiàn)剃诅。

6. enlist : 謀求(幫助）；入伍（當(dāng)兵）

They hoped to enlist the help of the public in solving the crime.

7. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. 就像在吸煙問(wèn)題上一樣驶忌，現(xiàn)在來(lái)自多方面的聲音堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)研究還不完善矛辕，在我們證實(shí)這件事之前可以繼續(xù)向大氣中排放廢氣。

8. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.

9. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. 謹(jǐn)慎明智的；投保（采取防范措施）

10. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-- a classic case of "paralysis by analysis".? 敦促聊品，不斷要求做飞蹂；“分析導(dǎo)致癱瘓”

11. hinder 阻礙

*hinder sb/sth from doing

A former injury was hindering him from playing his best.

Some teachers felt hindered by a lack of resources. 因...感到困難重重

12. steward 乘務(wù)員；管家翻屈；組織者

13. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research.為了擔(dān)負(fù)好地球保護(hù)者的責(zé)任陈哑，我們必須加緊推進(jìn)對(duì)于大氣和海洋的深入研究。

14. fashion （手工）制造伸眶，塑造

Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. 國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)開(kāi)始幫助制定保護(hù)措施（議案）

15. be environmentally sound 有益環(huán)境

16. negligence過(guò)失,疏忽?

negligent? 疏忽的惊窖；relaxed 放松隨便的（人及其舉止）

The school had been negligent in not informing the child's parents about the accident.

17. applicable to sb/sth 適用于

18. aggravate 使嚴(yán)重 *aggravated crime 加重罪行

19. aggregate 總計(jì)

The scores were aggregated with the first round totals to decide the winner.

Text 3 夢(mèng)可以被控制

1. suspend

to officially stop sth for a time 暫停

In the theatre we willingly suspend disbelief. 暫不質(zhì)疑

使暫時(shí)停職,停學(xué)（被動(dòng)）

*suspend sb from sth

2. formulate

to create or prepare sth carefully 制定，構(gòu)想

*formulate a policy/theory/plan/proposal? 制定政策赚抡；創(chuàng)立理論爬坑；構(gòu)想計(jì)劃；準(zhǔn)備建議

to express your ideas in carefully chosen words 字斟句酌

3. Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-- the byproducts of neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

unconscious 無(wú)意識(shí)的涂臣；consciousness 意識(shí)

conscience 良心；內(nèi)疚售担；conscientious 勤勉認(rèn)真

4. thermostat 恒溫器

5. harness

(v) to control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth 控制赁遗，利用

And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.

We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce. 發(fā)揮技能和創(chuàng)造力

(v) 給...上套

In some areas, the poor feel harnessed to their jobs. （修辭）套在工作上

(n) 馬具；保護(hù)帶

*a safety harness 安全帶

*in harness (with sb) 密切合作

6. susceptible? susceptibility 某人的敏感心理

very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected 易受影響

*susceptible to sth/sb

Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men.

easily influenced by feelings and emotions 善感的

allowing sth; capable of sth 可以...的

*susceptible of sth

Working conditions are susceptible of improvement by legislation. 通過(guò)立法加以改善

Text 4 The Evolution of EnglishTalking down 越說(shuō)越俗的英語(yǔ)

1. command

(v) command the English language with skill and gift

(n) *have (a) good command of English 精通英語(yǔ)

? ? *at your command: use sth well and completely 可自由使用族铆，支配

? ? *be at sb's command 聽(tīng)候某人的吩咐

2. Americans no longer expect public figures to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.

3. degradation 墮落岩四；惡化

*environmental degradation 環(huán)境惡化

*the degradation of

4. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. 縱容放任的

5. academic speciality 學(xué)術(shù)專(zhuān)長(zhǎng)

6. no more... than 與...一樣不

He sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case- endings of Old English.

舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，他認(rèn)為"whom"一詞的逐漸消失是自然的哥攘，和古英語(yǔ)中詞格尾綴的消失一樣根本沒(méi)什么遺憾的剖煌。

7. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.

然而，對(duì)真實(shí)和個(gè)性的狂熱推崇逝淹，即“做我們自己的事”耕姊，已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了正式的演講，寫(xiě)作栅葡，詩(shī)歌及音樂(lè)的消亡茉兰。

8. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. 在20世紀(jì)60年代以前，就算是受教育不太多的人在下筆時(shí)都會(huì)尋求一種高格調(diào)欣簇；而在那之后规脸，即使是最受好評(píng)的文章也力求在書(shū)面上體現(xiàn)口語(yǔ)化。

9. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 極具表現(xiàn)力的風(fēng)格? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 體現(xiàn)

10. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

隨意言談勝過(guò)了正式講話(huà)熊咽，即興發(fā)揮也勝過(guò)了精雕細(xì)琢莫鸭。

11. array of examples 大量例子? ? all varieties of 各種各樣的? ? chunks of 大段的

12. think straight 準(zhǔn)確地思考? talk proper 規(guī)范地表達(dá)

13. He is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

他其實(shí)只是為那些美好多過(guò)實(shí)用的事物的消逝而哀嘆。我們現(xiàn)在用“紙盤(pán)“而非“瓷盤(pán)“盛著我們的英語(yǔ)大餐横殴。這或許令人遺憾被因，但也許又是不可避免的。