作者：蔡先生

鏈接：https://www.zhihu.com/question/19704879/answer/245068929

來源：知乎

著作權(quán)歸作者所有铆农。商業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)聯(lián)系作者獲得授權(quán)孩哑，非商業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。

根據(jù)英文，我大概做了翻譯贷祈，有些用詞不太直觀乖仇，請(qǐng)參考英文原文幻枉。

How to write a literature review

怎樣寫文獻(xiàn)綜述

What is a literature review?

文獻(xiàn)綜述是什么？

The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.

文獻(xiàn)綜述的目的是告訴讀者（或?qū)煟┧９玻阋验喿x并較好理解了一些公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)烫饼，這些文獻(xiàn)與你所在領(lǐng)域的某個(gè)主題或問題有關(guān)。這些文獻(xiàn)可以是任何形式的试读，包括在線資源杠纵。文獻(xiàn)綜述可能是單獨(dú)的任務(wù)，也可能是報(bào)告钩骇、學(xué)位論文的引言部分比藻。對(duì)于后一種情況（論文引言）铝量，文獻(xiàn)綜述的進(jìn)行由研究目標(biāo)或你論證的問題或論文指導(dǎo)，并為進(jìn)一步的工作提供框架银亲。

It is very important to note that your review should not be simply a description of what others have published in the form of a set of summaries,but should take the form of a critical discussion, showing insight and an awareness of differing arguments, theories and approaches. It should be a synthesis and analysis of the relevant published work, linked at all times to your own purpose and rationale.

有一點(diǎn)很重要慢叨，你要明白你的綜述不應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)單的以一系列總結(jié)的形式描述他人已發(fā)表的文章，而應(yīng)該采用批判討論的形式务蝠，展現(xiàn)出深刻見解拍谐，意識(shí)到不同的論點(diǎn)、理論和方法馏段。綜述應(yīng)是相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的綜合與分析赠尾，并時(shí)刻與你自己的目的和理由相連。

According to Caulley (1992) of La Trobe University,the literature review should:

根據(jù)La Trobe 大學(xué)的Caulley (1992)文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)該:

compare and contrast different authors' views on an issue

比較和對(duì)比不同作者對(duì)同一個(gè)問題的看法

group authors who draw similar conclusions

將得出相似結(jié)論的作者分組

criticise aspects of methodology

在方法論層面進(jìn)行評(píng)論

note areas in which authors are in disagreement

注意文章作者有不同觀點(diǎn)的地方

highlight exemplary studies

突出具有示范性的研究

highlight gaps in research

突出研究中的缺陷或空白

show how your study relates to previous studies

說明前人的研究如何與你的研究相關(guān)聯(lián)

show how your study relates to the literature in general

說明你的研究如何與所看文獻(xiàn)的相關(guān)聯(lián)（不準(zhǔn)確）

conclude by summarising what the literature says

總結(jié)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容

The purposes of the review are:

文獻(xiàn)綜述的目的：

to define and limit the problem you are working on

定義并將正在研究的問題限制在一個(gè)合理的范圍

to place your study in an historical perspective

將你的研究放于歷史的視角

to avoid unnecessary duplication

避免沒有必要的重復(fù)工作

to evaluate promising research methods

評(píng)估有前景的研究方法（找到我們能用的好的方法毅弧，或者給我們提供思路）

to relate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research

將你的發(fā)現(xiàn)與之前的知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來气嫁，指導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步的研究

A good literature review, therefore, is critical of what has been written, identifies areas of controversy, raises questions and identifies areas which need further research.

好的文獻(xiàn)綜述對(duì)所寫內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，會(huì)確定爭(zhēng)論所在的地方够坐，提出問題并確定需進(jìn)一步研究的領(lǐng)域寸宵。

Structure of the literature review

文獻(xiàn)綜述結(jié)構(gòu)

The overall structure of your review will depend largely on your own thesis or research area. What you will need to do is to group together and compare and contrast the varying opinions of different writers on certain topics. What you must not do is just describe what one writer says, and then go on to give a general overview of another writer, and then another, and so on.Your structure should be dictated instead by topic areas, controversial issues or by questions to which there are varying approaches and theories. Within each of these sections, you would then discuss what the different literature argues, remembering to link this to your own purpose.

綜述的總體結(jié)構(gòu)主要取決于你的論文或研究領(lǐng)域。你要做的是分類并比較和對(duì)比某一領(lǐng)域不同作者不同的觀點(diǎn)元咙。你不能僅僅描述作者說了什么然后對(duì)另一個(gè)作家做一個(gè)總體概述梯影，等等。綜述的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該由主題所在領(lǐng)域庶香，有爭(zhēng)議的問題或具有不同方法和理論的問題決定甲棍。

Linking words are important. If you are grouping together writers with similar opinions, you would use words or phrases such as:

similarly, in addition, also, again

連接詞很重要。在分類有相似觀點(diǎn)的作者時(shí)赶掖，你可使用下面這些單詞或短語：

類似地感猛，除了…之外，也奢赂，同樣

More importantly, if there is disagreement, you need to indicate clearly that you are aware of this by the use of linkers such as:

however, on the other hand, conversely, nevertheless

更重要的是陪白，如果存在不同觀點(diǎn)，你需要用下面這些連接詞清楚的表明你意識(shí)到了這些分歧：

但是膳灶，另一方面咱士，相反地，然而

At the end of the review you should include a summary of what the literature implies, which again links to your hypothesis or main question.

綜述的最后應(yīng)該包括對(duì)文獻(xiàn)暗示的總結(jié)轧钓，該總結(jié)同樣與你的假設(shè)和主要問題相關(guān)序厉。

Writing the review

文獻(xiàn)綜述寫作

You first need to decide what you need to read.In many cases you will be given a booklist or directed towards areas of useful published work. Make sure you use this help. With dissertations, and particularly theses, it will be more down to you to decide. It is important, therefore, to try and decide on the parameters of your research. What exactly are your objectives and what do you need to find out? In your review, are you looking at issues of theory, methodology, policy, quantitive research, or what? Before you start reading it may be useful to compile a list of the main areas and questions involved, and then read with the purpose of finding out about or answering these. Unless something comes up which is particularly important, stick to this list, as it is very easy to get sidetracked, particularly on the internet.

首先需確定你要閱讀什么東西。你將會(huì)有一個(gè)書單或者指向有用的已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)的范圍毕箍，請(qǐng)務(wù)必使用這些輔助資源弛房。在此基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)于具體的論文或者其他特定的一些材料霉晕，更多的需要自己選擇決定庭再。因此捞奕，嘗試和確定你的研究的范圍很重要牺堰。（回答兩個(gè)問題）你的目的到底是什么拄轻，你需要尋找的是什么？在你的綜述中伟葫，你是否正在研究理論恨搓、方法論、政策筏养、定量研究或者其他什么問題斧抱？在開始閱讀文獻(xiàn)之前，可先編寫一個(gè)清單渐溶，清單上記下主要范圍和涉及的問題辉浦，然后帶著這個(gè)目的去讀，去找尋相關(guān)資料和回答那些問題茎辐。除非遇到某件特別重要的事情宪郊，則堅(jiān)持使用這個(gè)清單，因?yàn)樵诨ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代很容易分散注意力拖陆。

A good literature review needs a clear line of argument. You therefore need to use the critical notes and comments you made whilst doing your reading to express an academic opinion. Make sure that:

一篇好的文獻(xiàn)綜述要有清晰的論點(diǎn)弛槐。因此需要用你在閱讀文獻(xiàn)時(shí)的重要筆記和評(píng)論來表達(dá)學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)確保以下幾點(diǎn)：

you include a clear, short introduction which gives an outline of the review, including the main topics covered and the order of the arguments, with a brief rationale for this.

用清晰依啰、簡(jiǎn)短的引言乎串，說明綜述的大綱，包括所綜述的主題速警、論點(diǎn)的安排順序叹誉，并作出簡(jiǎn)要說明。

there is always a clear link between your own arguments and the evidence uncovered in your reading. Include a short summary at the end of each section.

在你的論點(diǎn)和閱讀時(shí)沒有覆蓋到的論據(jù)之間要有清晰的聯(lián)系闷旧，在每一部分結(jié)尾要有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的總結(jié)桂对。

you always acknowledge opinions which do not agree with your thesis. If you ignore opposing viewpoints, your argument will in fact be weaker.

在閱讀文獻(xiàn)是你總會(huì)遇到和你的論文有分歧的觀點(diǎn)，如果你忽視不同觀點(diǎn)鸠匀，你的論據(jù)將是不充分的蕉斜。

Your review must be written in a formal, academic style. Keep your writing clear and concise, avoiding colloquialisms and personal language. You should always aim to be objective and respectful of others' opinions; this is not the place for emotive language or strong personal opinions. If you thought something was rubbish, use words such as "inconsistent", "lacking in certain areas" or "based on false assumptions"! (See Guide 1.21)

你的綜述應(yīng)該用正式和學(xué)術(shù)的風(fēng)格寫作。使用清晰簡(jiǎn)潔的語言缀棍，避免口語或口頭禪宅此。你應(yīng)該始終以客觀和尊重他人觀點(diǎn)為目標(biāo)，這不是使用情緒化語言和激烈地表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的地方爬范。如果你認(rèn)為某些東西是有問題的父腕，用一些言辭比如“不一致的”，“某些地方缺乏”或“基于錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)”Ｇ嗥佟（見指南1.21）

When introducing someone's opinion, don't use "says", but instead an appropriate verb which more accurately reflects this viewpoint, such as "argues", "claims" or "states". Use the present tense for general opinions and theories, or the past when referring to specific research or experiments:

當(dāng)介紹某人觀點(diǎn)時(shí)璧亮，不要用“說”萧诫，而是用合適的動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞能準(zhǔn)確的反應(yīng)這些觀點(diǎn)枝嘶，比如“認(rèn)為”帘饶，“聲稱”，“宣稱”群扶。關(guān)于時(shí)態(tài)及刻，說明主要觀點(diǎn)和理論時(shí)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，說明特定的研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)用過去時(shí)：

Although Trescovick (2001) argues that attack is the best form of defence, Boycott (1969) claims that ...

雖然Trescovick (2001)認(rèn)為進(jìn)攻是最好的防守竞阐，但Boycott (1969)宣稱…

In a field study carried out amongst the homeless of Sydney, Warne (1999) found that ...

對(duì)悉尼無家可歸者的實(shí)地調(diào)查中缴饭，Warne (1999)發(fā)現(xiàn)…

And remember at all times to avoid plagiarising your sources.Always separate your source opinions from your own hypothesis. making sure you consistently reference the literature you are referring to. When you are doing your reading and making notes, it might be an idea to use different colours to distinguish between your ideas and those of others. (See Guide 1.13).

并且你要時(shí)刻記住，避免剽竊他人成果骆莹。要總是對(duì)文獻(xiàn)中的觀點(diǎn)和你自己假設(shè)做區(qū)分颗搂，并確保始終參考的是你所指的文獻(xiàn)。當(dāng)閱讀和做筆記時(shí)幕垦，可以用不同的顏色來區(qū)分你的觀點(diǎn)和他人的觀點(diǎn)丢氢。

Final checklist

最終清單

Here is a final checklist, courtesy of the University of Melbourne: (Home : Library)

這是墨爾本大學(xué)提供的最終清單：(Home : Library)

Selection of Sources

資源選擇

Have you indicated the purpose of the review?

是否明確了這篇文獻(xiàn)綜述的目的？

Are the parameters of the review reasonable?

綜述的范圍是否合理智嚷？

Why did you include some of the literature and exclude others?

為什么用這部分文獻(xiàn)而不用其他的卖丸？

Which years did you exclude?

排除了哪些年份的文獻(xiàn)？

Have you emphasised recent developments?

強(qiáng)調(diào)了最新進(jìn)展嗎盏道？

Have you focussed on primary sources with only selective use of secondary sources?

是否專注于一手資源稍浆，選擇性使用二手資源？

Is the literature you have selected relevant?

所選文獻(xiàn)是否相關(guān)猜嘱；

Is your bibliographic data complete?

數(shù)目數(shù)據(jù)是否完整衅枫？

Critical Evaluation of the Literature

文獻(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)

Have you organised your material according to issues?

是否根據(jù)問題組織材料？

Is there a logic to the way you organised the material?

組織材料的方式的邏輯是否合理朗伶？

Does the amount of detail included on an issue relate to its importance?

問題涉及的細(xì)節(jié)數(shù)量是否與問題的重要性相關(guān)弦撩？

Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues?

對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)和問題方法是否已充分論證？

Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed possible reasons?

在結(jié)果沖突或不確定時(shí)是否明確指出并討論可能的原因论皆？

Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?

是否表明每條引用與你研究的相關(guān)性益楼？

Interpretation

說明

Has your summary of the current literature contributed to the reader's understanding of the problems?

對(duì)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的總結(jié)是否有助于讀者理解問題？

Does the design of your research reflect the methodological implications of the literature review?

你的研究的設(shè)計(jì)是否反映了文獻(xiàn)綜述的方法學(xué)意義点晴？

Note

特別指出

The literature review will be judged in the context of your completed research.

文獻(xiàn)綜述將根據(jù)你完成的研究進(jìn)行評(píng)判感凤。

The review needs to further the reader's understanding of the problem and whether it provides a rationale for your research.

文獻(xiàn)綜述需幫助讀者進(jìn)一步了解問題，以及是否為你的研究提供合理性根據(jù)粒督。

What is a literature review??

A literature review is not an annotated bibliography in which you summarize briefly each article that you have reviewed. While a summary of the what you have read is contained within the literature review, it goes well beyond merely summarizing professional literature. It focuses on a specific topic of interest to you and includes a critical analysis of the relationship among different works, and relating this research to your work. It may be written as a stand-alone paper or to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research study (such as a thesis or dissertation).?

Step-by-step guide?

These guidelines are adapted primarily from Galvan (2006). Galvan outlines a very clear, step-by-step approach that is very useful to use as you write your review. I have integrated some other tips within this guide, particularly in suggesting different technology tools that you might want to consider in helping you organize your review. In the sections from Step 6-9 what I have included is the outline of those steps exactly as described by Galvan. I also provide links at the end of this guide to resources that you should use in order to search the literature and as you write your review.?

In addition to using the step-by-step guide that I have provided below, I also recommend that you (a) locate examples of literature reviews in your field of study and skim over these to get a feel for what a literature review is and how these are written (I have also provided links to a couple of examples at the end of these guidelines (b) read over other guides to writing literature reviews so that you see different perspectives and approaches: Some examples are:?

1 Review of Literature: University of Wisconsin - Madison The Writing Center.?

2 How to ..Write a Literature Review: University of California, Santa Cruz University Library).?

3 Information Fluency - Literature Review: Washington & Lee University?

4 How to Do A Literature Review? North Carolina A&T State University F.D. Bluford Library.?

5 Writing up research: using the literature. Language Center, Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand).?

6 Selected Links to Resources on Writing a Literature Review?

Step 1: Review APA guidelines?

Read through the links provided below on APA guidelines so that you become familiar with the common core elements of how to write in APA style: in particular, pay attention to general document guidelines (e.g. font, margins, spacing), title page, abstract, body, text citations, quotations.?

Step 2: Decide on a topic?

It will help you considerably if your topic for your literature review is the one on which you intend to do your final M.Ed. project, or is in some way related to the topic of your final project. However, you may pick any scholarly topic.?

Step 3: Identify the literature that you will review:?

7 Familiarize yourself with online databases (see UMD library resource links below for help with this), identifying relevant databases in your field of study.?

8 Using relevant databases, search for literature sources using Google Scholar and also searching using Furl (search all sources, including the Furl accounts of other Furl members). Some tips for identifying suitable literature and narrowing your search :?

8 Start with a general descriptor from the database thesaurus or one that you know is already a well defined descriptor based on past work that you have done in this field. You will need to experiment with different searches, such as limiting your search to descriptors that appear only in the document titles, or in both the document title and in the abstract.?

8 Redefine your topic if needed: as you search you will quickly find out if the topic that you are reviewing is too broad. Try to narrow it to a specific area of interest within the broad area that you have chosen (remember: this is merely an introductory literature review for Educ 7001). It is a good idea, as part of your literature search, to look for existing literature reviews that have already been written on this topic.?

8 As part of your search, be sure to identify landmark or classic studies and theorists as these provide you with a framework/context for your study.?

9 Import your references into your RefWorks account (see: Refworks Import Directions for guide on how to do this from different databases). You can also enter references manually into RefWorks if you need to.?

Step 4: Analyze the literature?

Once you have identified and located the articles for your review, you need to analyze them and organize them before you begin writing:?

10 Overview the articles: Skim the articles to get an idea of the general purpose and content of the article (focus your reading here on the abstract, introduction and first few paragraphs, the conclusion of each article. Tip: as you skim the articles, you may want to record the notes that you take on each directly into RefWorks in the box for User 1. You can take notes onto note cards or into a word processing document instead or as well as using RefWorks, but having your notes in RefWorks makes it easy to organize your notes later.?

11 Group the articles into categories (e.g. into topics and subtopics and chronologically within each subtopic). Once again, it's useful to enter this information into your RefWorks record. You can record the topics in the same box as before (User 1) or use User 2 box for the topic(s) under which you have chosen to place this article.?

12 Take notes:?

12 Decide on the format in which you will take notes as you read the articles (as mentioned above, you can do this in RefWorks. You can also do this using a Word Processor, or a concept mapping program like Inspiration (free 30 trial download), a data base program (e.g. Access or File Maker Pro), in an Excel spreadsheet, or the "old-fashioned" way of using note cards. Be consistent in how you record notes.?

12 Define key terms: look for differences in the way keys terms are defined (note these differences).?

12 Note key statistics that you may want to use in the introduction to your review.?

12 Select useful quotes that you may want to include in your review. Important: If you copy the exact words from an article, be sure to cite the page number as you will need this should you decide to use the quote when you write your review (as direct quotes must always be accompanied by page references). To ensure that you have quoted accurately (and to save time in note taking), if you are accessing the article in a format that allows this, you can copy and paste using your computer "edit --> copy --> paste" functions. Note: although you may collect a large number of quotes during the note taking phase of your review, when you write the review, use quotes very sparingly. The rule I follow is to quote only when when some key meaning would be lost in translation if I were to paraphrase the original author's words, or if using the original words adds special emphasis to a point that I am making.?

12 Note emphases, strengths & weaknesses: Since different research studies focus on different aspects of the issue being studied, each article that you read will have different emphases, strengths. and weaknesses. Your role as a reviewer is to evaluate what you read, so that your review is not a mere description of different articles, but rather a critical analysis that makes sense of the collection of articles that you are reviewing. Critique the research methodologies used in the studies, and distinguish between assertions (the author's opinion) and actual research findings (derived from empirical evidence).?

12 Identify major trends or patterns: As you read a range of articles on your topic, you should make note of trends and patterns over time as reported in the literature. This step requires you to synthesize and make sense of what you read, since these patterns and trends may not be spelled out in the literature, but rather become apparent to you as you review the big picture that has emerged over time. Your analysis can make generalizations across a majority of studies, but should also note inconsistencies across studies and over time.?

12 Identify gaps in the literature, and reflect on why these might exist (based on the understandings that you have gained by reading literature in this field of study). These gaps will be important for you to address as you plan and write your review.?

12 Identify relationships among studies: note relationships among studies, such as which studies were landmark ones that led to subsequent studies in the same area. You may also note that studies fall into different categories (categories that you see emerging or ones that are already discussed in the literature). When you write your review, you should address these relationships and different categories and discuss relevant studies using this as a framework.?

12 Keep your review focused on your topic: make sure that the articles you find are relevant and directly related to your topic. As you take notes, record which specific aspects of the article you are reading are relevant to your topic (as you read you will come up with key descriptors that you can record in your notes that will help you organize your findings when you come to write up your review). If you are using an electronic form of note taking, you might note these descriptors in a separate field (e.g. in RefWorks, put these under User 2 or User 3; in Excel have a separate column for each descriptor; if you use Inspiration, you might attach a separate note for key descriptors.?

12 Evaluate your references for currency and coverage: Although you can always find more articles on your topic, you have to decide at what point you are finished with collecting new resources so that you can focus on writing up your findings. However, before you begin writing, you must evaluate your reference list to ensure that it is up to date and has reported the most current work. Typically a review will cover the last five years, but should also refer to any landmark studies prior to this time if they have significance in shaping the direction of the field. If you include studies prior to the past five years that are not landmark studies, you should defend why you have chosen these rather than more current ones.?

Step 5: Summarize the literature in table or concept map format?

Galvan (2006) recommends building tables as a key way to help you overview, organize, and summarize your findings, and suggests that including one or more of the tables that you create may be helpful in your literature review. If you do include tables as part of your review each must be accompanied by an analysis that summarizes, interprets and synthesizes the literature that you have charted in the table. You can plan your table or do the entire summary chart of your literature using a concept map (such as using Inspiration)?

12 You can create the table using the table feature within Microsoft Word, or can create it initially in Excel and then copy and paste/import the the Excel sheet into Word once you have completed the table in Excel. The advantage of using Excel is that it enables you to sort your findings according to a variety of factors (e.g. sort by date, and then by author; sort by methodology and then date)?

12 Examples of tables that may be relevant to your review:?

12 Definitions of key terms and concepts.?

12 Research methods?

12 Summary of research results?

Step 6: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review?

Using the notes that you have taken and summary tables, develop an outline of your final review. The following are the key steps as outlined by Galvan (2006: 71-79)?

13 Consider your purpose and voice before beginning to write. In the case of this Educ 7001 introductory literature review, your initial purpose is to provide an overview of the topic that is of interest to you, demonstrating your understanding of key works and concepts within your chosen area of focus. You are also developing skills in reviewing and writing, to provide a foundation on which you will build in subsequent courses within your M.Ed. and ultimately in your final project. In your final project your literature review should demonstrate your command of your field of study and/or establishing context for a study that you have done.?

14 Consider how you reassemble your notes: plan how you will organize your findings into a unique analysis of the picture that you have captured in your notes. Important: A literature review is not series of annotations (like an annotated bibliography). Galvan (2006:72) captures the difference between an annotated bibliography and a literature review very well: "...in essence, like describing trees when you really should be describing a forest. In the case of a literature review, you are really creating a new forest, which you will build by using the trees you found in the literature you read."?

15 Create a topic outline that traces your argument: first explain to the reader your line or argument (or thesis); then your narrative that follows should explain and justify your line of argument. You may find the program Inspiration useful in mapping out your argument (and once you have created this in a concept map form, Inspiration enables you to convert this to a text outline merely by clicking on the "outline" button). This can then be exported into a Microsoft Word document.?

16 Reorganize your notes according to the path of your argument?

17 Within each topic heading, note differences among studies.?

18 Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or areas needing more research.?

19 Plan to describe relevant theories.?

20 Plan to discuss how individual studies relate to and advance theory?

21 Plan to summarize periodically and, again near the end of the review?

22 Plan to present conclusions and implications?

23 Plan to suggest specific directions for future research near the end of the review?

24 Flesh out your outline with details from your analysis?

Step 7: Writing the review (Galvan, 2006: 81-90)?

25 Identify the broad problem area, but avoid global statements?

26 Early in the review, indicate why the topic being reviewed is important?

27 Distinguish between research finding and other sources of information?

28 Indicate why certain studies are important?

29 If you are commenting on the timeliness of a topic, be specific in describing the time frame?

30 If citing a classic or landmark study, identify it as such?

31 If a landmark study was replicated, mention that and indicate the results of the replication?

32 Discuss other literature reviews on your topic?

33 Refer the reader to other reviews on issues that you will not be discussing in details?

34 Justify comments such as, "no studies were found."?

35 Avoid long lists of nonspecific references?

36 If the results of previous studies are inconsistent or widely varying, cite them separately?

37 Cite all relevant references in the review section of thesis, dissertation, or journal article?

Step 8: Developing a coherent essay (Galvan, 2006: 91-96)?

38 If your review is long, provide an overview near the beginning of the review?

39 Near the beginning of a review, state explicitly what will and will not be covered?

40 Specify your point of view early in the review: this serves as the thesis statement of the review.?

41 Aim for a clear and cohesive essay that integrates the key details of the literature and communicates your point of view (a literature is not a series of annotated articles).?

42 Use subheadings, especially in long reviews?

43 Use transitions to help trace your argument?

44 If your topic teaches across disciplines, consider reviewing studies from each discipline separately?

45 Write a conclusion for the end of the review: Provide closure so that the path of the argument ends with a conclusion of some kind. How you end the review, however, will depend on your reason for writing it. If the review was written to stand alone, as is the case of a term paper or a review article for publication, the conclusion needs to make clear how the material in the body of the review has supported the assertion or proposition presented in the introduction. On the other hand, a review in a thesis, dissertation, or journal article presenting original research usually leads to the research questions that will be addressed.?

46 Check the flow of your argument for coherence.?