"50 Cognitive Biases to be aware of so You Can Be the Very Best Version of You" is a statement emphasizing the importance of understanding cognitive biases in order to improve oneself.
“50種認(rèn)知偏誤的認(rèn)識(shí)，讓你成為最好的自己”這句話強(qiáng)調(diào)了理解認(rèn)知偏誤對(duì)于自我提升的重要性悼院。
The human brain is a complex system and often falls prey to cognitive biases, which can distort our thinking and decision-making.
人腦是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，經(jīng)常會(huì)受到認(rèn)知偏誤的影響，這會(huì)扭曲我們的思維和決策過程庄新。
These biases surface in everyday situations, from minor disagreements on social media to significant decisions affecting our global perspective.
這些偏見出現(xiàn)在日常情境中，從社交媒體上的小爭(zhēng)論到影響我們?nèi)蛴^點(diǎn)的重大決策邑商。
For example, groupthink can lead to poor decisions in business as everyone aligns their opinions with perceived group consensus, avoiding conflict.
例如摄咆，團(tuán)體迷思可能導(dǎo)致商業(yè)決策失誤，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都將自己的意見與感知的集體共識(shí)對(duì)齊人断，以避免沖突吭从。
Another bias, anchoring, can cause us to overvalue the first piece of information we receive, like an original price, affecting subsequent decisions such as purchases during sales.
另一個(gè)偏見，錨定效應(yīng)恶迈，會(huì)導(dǎo)致我們對(duì)我們接收到的第一條信息（比如原始價(jià)格）給予過高的價(jià)值涩金，影響隨后的決策，如打折期間的購買暇仲。
Understanding and recognizing these cognitive biases can empower us to make better, more rational choices.
理解和認(rèn)識(shí)這些認(rèn)知偏誤可以使我們有能力做出更好步做、更理性的選擇。
Cognitive bias refers to the systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, where individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input.
認(rèn)知偏誤指的是從規(guī)范或合理性判斷中系統(tǒng)性偏離的模式奈附，個(gè)體從他們對(duì)輸入的感知中創(chuàng)造自己的“主觀現(xiàn)實(shí)”全度。
Social proofing, a non-cognitive bias, influences our behavior based on the perceived actions of others, while cognitive dissonance represents the mental stress experienced when we encounter conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values.
社會(huì)認(rèn)同，一種非認(rèn)知偏誤斥滤，根據(jù)我們對(duì)他人行為的感知來影響我們的行為将鸵，而認(rèn)知失調(diào)則代表當(dāng)我們遇到相互沖突的信念勉盅、想法或價(jià)值時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的心理壓力。
The placebo effect demonstrates how expectations and beliefs can lead to real physical changes, highlighting the power of the mind over the body.
安慰劑效應(yīng)展示了期望和信念如何導(dǎo)致真實(shí)的身體變化顶掉，突顯了心靈對(duì)身體的影響力草娜。
Now, let's look at some common examples to understand how cognitive biases influence our everyday decisions.
現(xiàn)在，讓我們來看一些常見的例子痒筒，以理解認(rèn)知偏誤如何影響我們的日常決策宰闰。
1. Fundamental Attribution Error 基本歸因錯(cuò)誤
這張圖片展示了基本歸因錯(cuò)誤的概念。左側(cè)簿透，一位開車的男子面露憤怒移袍，似乎是因?yàn)槠渌緳C(jī)開得慢，他的思維泡泡中寫著“其他人故意開得慢或阻礙”萎战，這表明他將交通擁堵的原因歸咎于其他司機(jī)的故意行為咐容，而沒有考慮到交通狀況等情境因素。
右側(cè)的圖像描繪了同一男子蚂维，此時(shí)他坐在人行道上戳粒，看起來有些懊悔和沮喪。他的思維泡泡中的文字“對(duì)不起虫啥，我不是故意的”蔚约，表明他意識(shí)到自己之前可能誤解了情況，認(rèn)識(shí)到了自己的錯(cuò)誤歸因涂籽。
整體上苹祟，這張圖片反映了人們傾向于過度依賴個(gè)性解釋他人行為的傾向，而忽視了影響行為的外部環(huán)境和情境因素评雌。
English Explanation:
The Fundamental Attribution Error occurs when we attribute a person's actions to their character rather than to external factors. When someone else makes a mistake, we often blame their personality or abilities, but when we make the same mistake, we tend to blame the situation or context.
中文解釋：
基本歸因錯(cuò)誤是當(dāng)我們將一個(gè)人的行為歸咎于他們的性格而不是外部因素時(shí)發(fā)生的树枫。當(dāng)別人犯錯(cuò)時(shí)，我們通常會(huì)責(zé)怪他們的個(gè)性或能力景东，但當(dāng)我們犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)砂轻，我們傾向于責(zé)怪情境或環(huán)境。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Your coworker is late to a meeting and you think, "He's always so irresponsible." But when you're late, you think, "The traffic was terrible."
你的同事遲到了斤吐，你想搔涝，“他總是這么不負(fù)責(zé)任『痛耄”但當(dāng)你遲到時(shí)庄呈，你想，“交通太糟糕了派阱∥芰簦”
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Instead of immediately judging your coworkers, you consider that they might have encountered unexpected traffic or an emergency, just as you might have.
與其立即判斷你的同事，不如考慮他們可能遇到了意外的交通堵塞或緊急情況，就像你可能會(huì)遇到的那樣文兑。
2. Self-Serving Bias 自利偏見
這張插圖展示了“自利偏見”的概念傀广。圖中有兩種對(duì)照的情景。一邊彩届，一位中東血統(tǒng)的人物高舉獎(jiǎng)杯，自豪地向他人展示誓酒，他的思維泡泡中寫著“我贏了因?yàn)槲沂亲畎舻恼寥洌 保凳舅麑⒊晒w因于個(gè)人的能力靠柑。
另一邊寨辩，同一個(gè)人物帶著參與獎(jiǎng)緞帶，坐在那里顯得沮喪歼冰，他的思維泡泡中寫著“我輸了是因?yàn)樵u(píng)委不公平靡狞！”，這表明他將失敗歸咎于外部因素隔嫡。
這幅畫直觀地說明了人們傾向于將個(gè)人的成功歸功于自己的努力和技能甸怕，而將失敗歸咎于外界環(huán)境和其他人的偏見，這是自利偏見的本質(zhì)腮恩。
English Explanation:
Self-Serving Bias is a tendency to attribute our successes to our own abilities and efforts, while attributing our failures to external factors and situations beyond our control.
中文解釋：
自利偏見是一種傾向梢杭，即將我們的成功歸因于我們自己的能力和努力，而將我們的失敗歸因于我們無法控制的外部因素和情況秸滴。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
When you win a game, you think, "I won because I'm skilled," but when you lose, you think, "I lost because the game was unfair."
當(dāng)你贏了一場(chǎng)比賽武契，你認(rèn)為，“我贏是因?yàn)槲矣屑记伞钡春?dāng)你輸了時(shí)咒唆，你認(rèn)為，“我輸是因?yàn)橛螒虿还绞鸵骸全释！?/p>
Correct Example (正確的例子):
You acknowledge that while skill played a role in your victory, luck and the efforts of your teammates were also important. Similarly, when you lose, you consider your own areas for improvement instead of just blaming external factors.
你承認(rèn)，雖然技巧在你的勝利中起了作用均澳，但運(yùn)氣和隊(duì)友的努力也很重要恨溜。同樣，當(dāng)你輸了時(shí)找前，你會(huì)考慮自己需要改進(jìn)的地方糟袁，而不是僅僅責(zé)怪外部因素。
3. In-Group Favoritism 內(nèi)群體偏好
這幅插圖展示了“內(nèi)群體偏好”的社會(huì)心理概念躺盛。
在一個(gè)多元化的工作場(chǎng)所環(huán)境中项戴，圖的前景顯示了一位南亞血統(tǒng)的人對(duì)一位東亞血統(tǒng)的同事豎起了大拇指，暗示了對(duì)自己團(tuán)隊(duì)或群體成員的正面偏見槽惫。
在背景中周叮，一位黑人血統(tǒng)的人被一位西班牙血統(tǒng)的人忽視辩撑，沒有與他握手，這表明了他被排除在內(nèi)群體之外仿耽。
這幅圖反映了個(gè)體傾向于偏愛自己群體的成員而非其他群體成員的趨勢(shì)合冀。
English Explanation:
In-Group Favoritism is the cognitive bias where individuals prefer and prioritize members of their own group over those of an out-group.
中文解釋：
內(nèi)群體偏好是個(gè)體傾向于偏愛和優(yōu)先考慮自己群體中的成員而非外部群體的成員的認(rèn)知偏見。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
In a workplace, voting for a less qualified project proposal because it was submitted by a department colleague, ignoring a superior proposal from another department.
在工作場(chǎng)所中项贺，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)項(xiàng)目提案是由部門同事提交的君躺，就為其投票，即使不太合格开缎，也忽視了另一個(gè)部門提交的更優(yōu)秀的提案棕叫。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Evaluating all project proposals based on merit, regardless of which department they come from, ensuring that the best ideas are chosen.
基于項(xiàng)目提案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，不管它們來自哪個(gè)部門奕删，確保選擇最好的想法俺泣。
4. Bandwagon Effect 跟風(fēng)效應(yīng)
這幅插圖展示了“跟風(fēng)效應(yīng)”的概念。
畫面中完残，不同血統(tǒng)的一群人——一位白人伏钠、一位黑人、一位西班牙人和一位南亞人——都朝著同一個(gè)方向行走谨设，跟隨著一個(gè)寫著“這里去潮流贝润！”的標(biāo)志。
一位看起來猶豫不決的中東血統(tǒng)人物在觀察其他人铝宵，并邁出步伐好像決定加入人群打掘。
這描繪了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：人們常常因?yàn)榭吹絼e人這么做而采納某些信仰或行為，而不是基于他們自己的信念鹏秋，這正是跟風(fēng)效應(yīng)的本質(zhì)尊蚁。
English Explanation:
The Bandwagon Effect is a cognitive bias where individuals do something primarily because other people are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs, which they may ignore or override.
中文解釋：
跟風(fēng)效應(yīng)是指?jìng)€(gè)體主要因?yàn)槠渌嗽谧瞿呈露鐾瑯拥氖拢还芩麄冏约旱男叛鍪鞘裁绰乱模麄兛赡軙?huì)忽略或壓制這些信仰的認(rèn)知偏見横朋。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Buying a product just because it's trending, even if you don't need it or it doesn't align with your original preferences.
僅因?yàn)橐环N產(chǎn)品正在流行就購買它，即使你不需要它或它并不符合你原來的偏好百拓。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Making purchasing decisions based on research and personal needs rather than just following what is popular at the moment.
基于研究和個(gè)人需求做出購買決定琴锭，而不僅僅是跟隨目前的流行趨勢(shì)。
5. Groupthink 團(tuán)體迷思
這幅插圖展現(xiàn)了“團(tuán)體迷思”的概念衙传。
圖中顯示了一個(gè)會(huì)議室决帖，圍坐在桌子周圍的是一群多元化的人——一位白人、一位東亞人蓖捶、一位黑人和一位中東人茶敏。
他們的思維泡泡中都有相同的想法武翎，一個(gè)亮著的燈泡霞玄，表明他們都持相同的觀點(diǎn)。
一位南亞血統(tǒng)的人站在翻頁板前浓恳，板上有一個(gè)不同的想法——一個(gè)問號(hào)，但他看起來遲疑不決，不愿意分享自己的想法。
這反映了團(tuán)體迷思的特點(diǎn)：在團(tuán)體的思考?jí)毫ο鹿刃撸瑐€(gè)體往往會(huì)遵從大多數(shù)人的想法，壓抑不同的聲音溜徙。
English Explanation:
Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty or ineffective decisions for the sake of reaching a consensus, often suppressing dissenting viewpoints and isolating themselves from outside opinions.
中文解釋：
團(tuán)體迷思是指為了達(dá)成共識(shí)洒宝，一個(gè)團(tuán)體做出錯(cuò)誤或無效決策的情況，這通常會(huì)壓制不同的觀點(diǎn)并使自己與外界意見隔絕萌京。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A team decides to proceed with a flawed plan because all members do not want to disrupt the unanimity, even though some members have serious reservations.
一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)決定繼續(xù)執(zhí)行一個(gè)有缺陷的計(jì)劃，因?yàn)樗谐蓡T都不想破壞一致性宏浩，即使一些成員有嚴(yán)重的保留意見知残。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A team encourages open discussion, welcomes objections, and considers all perspectives before making a decision, ensuring that the decision is well thought out.
一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)鼓勵(lì)開放討論，歡迎反對(duì)意見比庄，并在做決策之前考慮所有觀點(diǎn)求妹，確保決策經(jīng)過深思熟慮。
6. Halo Effect 光環(huán)效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The Halo Effect is a type of cognitive bias where the impression of a person in one area (such as attractiveness or professionalism) influences one's judgment of that person in other areas.
中文解釋：
光環(huán)效應(yīng)是一種認(rèn)知偏見佳窑，一個(gè)人在某一領(lǐng)域（如吸引力或?qū)I(yè)性）的印象會(huì)影響一個(gè)人在其他領(lǐng)域?qū)@個(gè)人的判斷制恍。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Assuming a good-looking person is also inherently kind or intelligent, based solely on their appearance.
僅僅基于一個(gè)人的外表，就假設(shè)一個(gè)好看的人也天生善良或聰明神凑。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Evaluating a person's kindness or intelligence based on their actions and behaviors, rather than their physical appearance.
基于一個(gè)人的行為和舉止評(píng)估他們的善良或智力净神，而不是他們的外貌。
7. Moral Luck 道德運(yùn)氣
English Explanation:
Moral luck refers to situations where a person is judged morally based on outcomes that are beyond their control.
中文解釋：
道德運(yùn)氣指的是一個(gè)人基于他們無法控制的結(jié)果在道德上被判斷的情況溉委。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A driver who accidentally hits a pedestrian is seen as more morally culpable than another who was driving just as recklessly but didn't hit anyone.
一個(gè)不小心撞到行人的司機(jī)被視為比另一個(gè)開車同樣魯莽但沒有撞到任何人的司機(jī)在道德上更有責(zé)任鹃唯。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A person's moral standing is judged based on their intentions and actions, not on the fortunate or unfortunate outcomes of those actions.
一個(gè)人的道德地位是基于他們的意圖和行動(dòng)來判斷的，而不是基于那些行動(dòng)的幸運(yùn)或不幸的結(jié)果瓣喊。
8. False Consensus 錯(cuò)誤共識(shí)效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how much other people share our beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes.
中文解釋：
錯(cuò)誤共識(shí)效應(yīng)是指高估其他人分享我們的信仰坡慌、行為和態(tài)度的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Believing that most of your colleagues dislike a certain policy because you and a few of your closest coworkers dislike it.
因?yàn)槟愫蛶讉€(gè)最親密的同事不喜歡某個(gè)政策藻三，就相信你的大多數(shù)同事也不喜歡這個(gè)政策洪橘。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Surveying a broader range of colleagues to get an accurate understanding of the general opinion on the policy before making any assumptions.
在做任何假設(shè)之前，調(diào)查更廣泛的同事范圍棵帽，以準(zhǔn)確了解對(duì)政策的普遍看法熄求。
9. Curse of Knowledge 知識(shí)的詛咒
English Explanation:
The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual, communicating with other individuals, unknowingly assumes that the others have the background to understand.
中文解釋：
知識(shí)的詛咒是指一個(gè)人在與其他人交流時(shí)，無意中假設(shè)其他人有理解背景的認(rèn)知偏見逗概。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A software developer uses technical jargon when explaining a simple error to a non-technical user, assuming they understand the terminology.
一個(gè)軟件開發(fā)者在向一個(gè)非技術(shù)用戶解釋一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)使用技術(shù)術(shù)語抡四，假設(shè)他們理解這些術(shù)語。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
The developer explains the error in plain language that can be easily understood by someone without a technical background.
開發(fā)者用簡(jiǎn)單的語言解釋錯(cuò)誤，即使是沒有技術(shù)背景的人也能容易理解指巡。
10. Spotlight Effect 聚光燈效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The spotlight effect is the phenomenon where people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are.
中文解釋：
聚光燈效應(yīng)是人們傾向于相信他們被注意的比實(shí)際上更多的現(xiàn)象淑履。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Walking into a room and thinking that everyone is noticing and judging your clothing.
走進(jìn)一個(gè)房間，認(rèn)為每個(gè)人都在注意和評(píng)判你的衣服藻雪。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Realizing that everyone is likely to be more concerned with themselves and that your entrance may not be as prominent as you feel.
意識(shí)到每個(gè)人可能更關(guān)心自己秘噪，你的出現(xiàn)可能沒有你感覺的那么突出。
11.Availability Heuristic 可得性啟發(fā)
English Explanation:
The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.
中文解釋：
可得性啟發(fā)式是一種心理簡(jiǎn)便法則勉耀，它依賴于在評(píng)估特定主題指煎、概念、方法或決策時(shí)立即想到的例子便斥。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Believing that shark attacks are common because of frequent news stories about shark attacks, despite statistics showing they are rare.
由于經(jīng)常有關(guān)于鯊魚攻擊的新聞報(bào)道至壤，所以認(rèn)為鯊魚攻擊很常見，盡管統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示它們很罕見枢纠。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Understanding that news stories often focus on rare and dramatic events and seeking out statistical data to form a more accurate assessment of risk.
理解新聞報(bào)道通常關(guān)注罕見和戲劇性事件像街，并尋找統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以形成更準(zhǔn)確的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。
12. Defensive Attribution 防御性歸因
English Explanation:
Defensive attribution is a bias where a witness to an event may blame the victim less if they can relate to them, especially if they feel vulnerable to the same misfortune.
中文解釋：
防御性歸因是一種偏見晋渺，如果目擊事件的人能與受害者產(chǎn)生共鳴镰绎，特別是如果他們感到自己也容易遭受同樣的不幸，他們可能會(huì)對(duì)受害者的責(zé)備較少木西。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A person who never drives blaming a car accident victim for not being careful enough, even when the victim was not at fault.
一個(gè)從不開車的人責(zé)備一個(gè)汽車事故受害者不夠小心畴栖，即使受害者沒有過錯(cuò)。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A driver empathizes with a car accident victim, realizing that a similar accident could happen to them, leading to less victim-blaming.
一個(gè)司機(jī)與車禍?zhǔn)芎φ弋a(chǎn)生共鳴八千，意識(shí)到類似的事故可能發(fā)生在他們身上吗讶，從而減少了對(duì)受害者的責(zé)備。
13. Just-World Hypothesis 正義世界假設(shè)
English Explanation:
The just-world hypothesis is the cognitive bias that a person's actions always bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, essentially the belief that the world is just.
中文解釋：
正義世界假設(shè)是一種認(rèn)知偏見恋捆，認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的行為總會(huì)給那個(gè)人帶來道德上公正和恰當(dāng)?shù)暮蠊佤幔举|(zhì)上是相信世界是公正的。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Assuming a person who has experienced a theft must have done something to deserve it.
假設(shè)一個(gè)經(jīng)歷盜竊的人一定做了什么應(yīng)得的事情鸠信。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Recognizing that bad things can happen to good people and that life is not always fair.
認(rèn)識(shí)到壞事可能發(fā)生在好人身上纵寝，生活并不總是公平的。
14. Na?ve Realism 天真現(xiàn)實(shí)主義
English Explanation:
Na?ve realism is the belief that we see the world precisely as it is, assuming that our perception of reality is the only accurate one, and that people who disagree with us must be uninformed, irrational, or biased.
中文解釋：
天真現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是我們看到世界正如其本來面目的信念星立，假設(shè)我們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的感知是唯一準(zhǔn)確的爽茴，不同意我們的人一定是不了解情況的、不理智的或有偏見的绰垂。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Dismissing another person's opinion on a social issue simply because it differs from your own, without considering their perspective.
僅僅因?yàn)榱硪粋€(gè)人在社會(huì)問題上的意見與你不同室奏，就不考慮他們的觀點(diǎn)而駁回。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Acknowledging that your own view is subject to bias and limitations and actively seeking out different perspectives
承認(rèn)自己的觀點(diǎn)受到偏見和限制的影響劲装，并積極尋找不同的視角以理解更大的情況胧沫。
15. Na?ve Cynicism 天真的憤世嫉俗
English Explanation:
Na?ve cynicism is the belief that, while we see the world objectively, others are unduly influenced by their self-interests and biases more than they actually are.
中文解釋：
天真的憤世嫉俗是這樣一種信念：雖然我們客觀地看待世界昌简，但其他人過分受到他們自己的利益和偏見的影響，超過了他們實(shí)際上的情況绒怨。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Assuming that co-workers' suggestions in a meeting are driven purely by self-interest rather than genuine concern for the project.
假設(shè)同事在會(huì)議上的建議完全是出于個(gè)人利益而不是對(duì)項(xiàng)目的真正關(guān)心纯赎。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Realizing that while personal biases exist, it is possible for others to have honest and valid points that contribute to the discussion.
意識(shí)到雖然個(gè)人偏見存在，但其他人可能有誠實(shí)和有效的觀點(diǎn)南蹂，這些觀點(diǎn)有助于討論犬金。
16. Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect) Forer效應(yīng)（又稱Barnum效應(yīng))
English Explanation:
The Forer Effect, or Barnum Effect, is a psychological phenomenon where individuals believe that vague and general personality descriptions apply specifically to them, though they could apply to a wide range of people.
中文解釋：
Forer效應(yīng)（又稱Barnum效應(yīng)）是一種心理現(xiàn)象，個(gè)體相信含糊和普遍的人格描述特別適用于他們六剥，盡管這些描述可能適用于廣泛的人群晚顷。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A horoscope that says "You have a great need for other people to like and admire you" and taking it as a highly personalized statement.
占星術(shù)說“你非常需要?jiǎng)e人喜歡和欣賞你”，并將其視為高度個(gè)性化的陳述疗疟。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Recognizing that a statement like "At times you are extroverted, affable, sociable, while at other times you are introverted, wary, and reserved" is so general it could apply to anyone.
認(rèn)識(shí)到像“有時(shí)你是外向的该默、和藹的、社交的策彤，而其他時(shí)候你是內(nèi)向的栓袖、謹(jǐn)慎的、保留的”這樣的陳述非常泛泛锅锨，可以適用于任何人。
17. Dunning-Kruger Effect 達(dá)克效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias wherein people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability, while people with high ability underestimate their competence.
中文解釋：
達(dá)克效應(yīng)（Dunning-Kruger Effect）是一種認(rèn)知偏誤恋沃，任務(wù)能力低的人高估了自己的能力必搞，而高能力的人低估了自己的能力。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Inexperienced cook thinks they can easily run a restaurant because they managed a few successful dinners at home.
一個(gè)沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的廚師認(rèn)為他們可以輕松地經(jīng)營一家餐廳囊咏，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诩页晒Φ販?zhǔn)備了幾次晚餐恕洲。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A seasoned scientist is aware of the complexity of their field and feels they know very little, despite being an expert.
一位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的科學(xué)家意識(shí)到他們領(lǐng)域的復(fù)雜性，并感到自己知之甚少梅割，盡管他們是專家霜第。
18. Anchoring 錨定效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
Anchoring is the cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on the first piece of information they encounter (the "anchor") when making decisions.
中文解釋：
錨定效應(yīng)是一種認(rèn)知偏誤，個(gè)體在做決定時(shí)過分依賴他們遇到的第一條信息（“錨定”）户辞。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
First hearing a house is worth $300,000 and then always thinking of it as expensive, even if later learning the actual market is much higher.
首先聽到一座房子值30萬美元泌类，然后總是認(rèn)為它很貴，即使后來了解到實(shí)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)值要高得多底燎。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A car salesman mentions a high initial price for a vehicle, which affects the customer's subsequent judgments about the value and negotiation of the price.
汽車銷售員提到了汽車的高初始價(jià)格刃榨，這影響了顧客隨后對(duì)價(jià)值和價(jià)格談判的判斷。
19. Automation Bias 自動(dòng)化偏見
English Explanation:
Automation bias occurs when people have an excessive dependence on automated systems, which can lead to ignoring correct decisions or information in favor of machine-provided solutions.
中文解釋：
自動(dòng)化偏見是指人們過分依賴自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)双仍，這可能導(dǎo)致忽視正確的決定或信息枢希，而偏向于機(jī)器提供的解決方案。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A pilot ignores their expertise in flying conditions and relies solely on the autopilot, even when they know it's not functioning properly.
飛行員忽視了他們對(duì)飛行條件的專業(yè)知識(shí)朱沃，僅僅依賴自動(dòng)駕駛儀苞轿，即使他們知道它沒有正常工作茅诱。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A doctor uses a diagnostic software for initial suggestions but evaluates its recommendations against their own knowledge and additional tests.
醫(yī)生使用診斷軟件進(jìn)行初步建議，但會(huì)根據(jù)他們自己的知識(shí)和額外的測(cè)試評(píng)估其推薦搬卒。
20. Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia) 谷歌效應(yīng)（又稱數(shù)字健忘癥）
English Explanation:
The Google Effect or Digital Amnesia refers to the tendency to forget information that can be easily found using internet search engines like Google.
中文解釋：
谷歌效應(yīng)（又稱數(shù)字健忘癥）是指容易通過谷歌等互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索引擎找到的信息被遺忘的傾向瑟俭。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Believing you remember the capitals of all countries because you looked them up once online.
因?yàn)槟阍?jīng)在網(wǎng)上查過一次，所以你相信自己記得所有國家的首都秀睛。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Forgetting the specifics of a historical event because you know you can always get the details from an online search.
因?yàn)槟阒滥憧偸强梢詮脑诰€搜索中獲得詳細(xì)信息尔当，所以忘記了歷史事件的具體細(xì)節(jié)。
21. Reactance 反應(yīng)性
English Explanation:
Reactance is a psychological reaction where individuals do the opposite of what they are told, often in response to a perceived threat to their personal freedoms.
中文解釋：
反應(yīng)性是一種心理反應(yīng)蹂安，個(gè)體常常做與他們被告知的相反的事情椭迎，通常是對(duì)個(gè)人自由的感知威脅作出的回應(yīng)。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Following instructions closely because you believe it's the best way to maintain your freedom.
因?yàn)槟阆嘈胚@是維護(hù)你自由的最佳方式田盈，所以你會(huì)仔細(xì)遵循指示畜号。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Choosing not to wear a seatbelt despite laws and safety warnings, because you feel your personal freedom is being infringed.
盡管有法律和安全警告，但因?yàn)槟愀杏X你的個(gè)人自由受到侵犯允瞧，所以選擇不系安全帶简软。
22. Confirmation Bias 確認(rèn)偏誤
English Explanation:
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
中文解釋：
確認(rèn)偏誤是一種傾向，即以某種確認(rèn)某人已有信仰或假設(shè)的方式來搜索述暂、解釋痹升、偏愛和回憶信息。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Changing your opinion when presented with information that contradicts your beliefs.
當(dāng)呈現(xiàn)與你的信仰相矛盾的信息時(shí)改變你的觀點(diǎn)畦韭。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Ignoring credible news sources that report negatively about your favored political party, and only trusting sources that show the party in a positive light.
忽略報(bào)道你偏愛的政黨負(fù)面消息的可信新聞源疼蛾，只信任以積極光芒展示該黨的來源。
23. Backfire Effect 逆火效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The backfire effect occurs when people react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening their beliefs, rather than reconsidering them.
中文解釋：
逆火效應(yīng)發(fā)生在人們通過加強(qiáng)他們的信仰而不是重新考慮他們來對(duì)待反證據(jù)的反應(yīng)時(shí)艺配。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Admitting you were wrong when someone shows you evidence that contradicts your opinion.
當(dāng)有人向你展示與你意見相矛盾的證據(jù)時(shí)察郁，承認(rèn)你錯(cuò)了。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Refusing to accept climate change data and becoming more convinced of your stance against it when presented with scientific evidence of global warming.
當(dāng)呈現(xiàn)全球變暖的科學(xué)證據(jù)時(shí)转唉，拒絕接受氣候變化數(shù)據(jù)并更加確信你反對(duì)它的立場(chǎng)皮钠。
24. Third-Person Effect 第三人效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The third-person effect hypothesizes that individuals believe others are more influenced by mass media and persuasive messages than they themselves are.
中文解釋：
第三人效應(yīng)假設(shè)個(gè)體相信別人比他們自己更容易受到大眾媒體和說服性信息的影響。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Acknowledging that you are just as likely as others to be swayed by advertising.
承認(rèn)你和其他人一樣有可能被廣告所影響赠法。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Assuming your peers are more likely to be persuaded by a commercial, while you remain skeptical and unaffected.
假設(shè)你的同齡人更有可能被一則商業(yè)廣告所說服麦轰，而你保持懷疑和不受影響。
25. Belief Bias 信仰偏誤
English Explanation:
Belief bias is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the believability of their conclusions rather than the logic or evidence presented.
中文解釋：
信仰偏誤是根據(jù)結(jié)論的可信度而不是所呈現(xiàn)的邏輯或證據(jù)來判斷論據(jù)強(qiáng)度的傾向砖织。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Carefully considering the validity of an argument, even if its conclusion challenges your existing beliefs.
即使結(jié)論挑戰(zhàn)你現(xiàn)有的信仰原朝，也仔細(xì)考慮一個(gè)論點(diǎn)的有效性。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Accepting a poorly supported argument because it concludes in alignment with your own views.
因?yàn)榻Y(jié)論與你自己的觀點(diǎn)一致镶苞，所以接受一個(gè)支持不充分的論點(diǎn)喳坠。
26. Availability Cascade 可得性級(jí)聯(lián)
English Explanation:
The availability cascade is a cognitive social process where a belief becomes more popular and accepted in the public sphere through increased repetition in media and public discourse.
中文解釋：
可得性級(jí)聯(lián)是一個(gè)認(rèn)知社會(huì)過程，一個(gè)信念通過在媒體和公共話語中的增加重復(fù)變得在公眾領(lǐng)域更受歡迎和接受茂蚓。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Assuming a fact is false because it has not been repeated often in public forums.
假設(shè)一個(gè)事實(shí)是假的壕鹉，因?yàn)樗鼪]有在公共論壇中被經(jīng)常重復(fù)剃幌。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Believing that shark attacks are common because of frequent news stories about shark sightings and attacks, despite statistics showing they are rare.
盡管統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示鯊魚攻擊很罕見，但由于頻繁的鯊魚目擊和攻擊新聞故事晾浴，你相信鯊魚攻擊是常見的负乡。
27. Declinism 衰退論
English Explanation:
Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is in decline, often romanticizing the past and perceiving the future negatively.
中文解釋：
衰退論是一種信念，認(rèn)為一個(gè)社會(huì)或機(jī)構(gòu)正在衰退脊凰，常常將過去理想化抖棘，并負(fù)面地看待未來。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Believing that every new technological advancement is a step toward a better future.
相信每一個(gè)新的技術(shù)進(jìn)步都是朝著更好的未來邁進(jìn)的一步狸涌。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Claiming that the education system used to be more effective in the past without acknowledging improvements or changes in contemporary education methods.
聲稱教育系統(tǒng)在過去更有效切省，而不承認(rèn)現(xiàn)代教育方法的改進(jìn)或變化。
- Status Quo Bias 現(xiàn)狀偏誤
English Explanation:
Status quo bias is the preference to keep things the same or maintain a previous decision rather than change.
中文解釋：
現(xiàn)狀偏誤是保持事物不變或維持先前決策而不是改變的偏好帕胆。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Excitedly adopting a new software tool because it promises to make your work more efficient, ignoring the potential for disruption.
因?yàn)樗兄Z讓你的工作更有效率朝捆，所以興奮地采用一個(gè)新的軟件工具，忽略了潛在的破壞性懒豹。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Refusing to switch from a traditional phone to a smartphone, despite the clear advantages, because you're used to the old one.
盡管有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)芙盘，但因?yàn)槟懔?xí)慣了舊手機(jī)，所以拒絕從傳統(tǒng)手機(jī)換到智能手機(jī)脸秽。
29. Sunk Cost Fallacy (Escalation of Commitment) 沉沒成本謬誤
English Explanation:
The sunk cost fallacy is the misjudgment where people continue to invest in a decision based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the cost, starting fresh, may be lower.
中文解釋：
沉沒成本謬誤是一種錯(cuò)誤判斷儒老，人們繼續(xù)在一個(gè)決定上投資，基于累積的先前投資记餐，盡管新的證據(jù)表明從頭開始的成本可能會(huì)更低驮樊。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Choosing to abandon a project after realizing initial costs are not recoverable.
在意識(shí)到初始成本無法回收后選擇放棄一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Continuing to attend a bad movie because you've already paid for the ticket, rather than leaving to do something more enjoyable.
因?yàn)槟阋呀?jīng)為電影票付費(fèi)剥扣，所以繼續(xù)觀看一部糟糕的電影巩剖，而不是離開去做更有趣的事情铝穷。
30. Gambler’s Fallacy 賭徒謬誤
English Explanation:
The gambler's fallacy is the erroneous belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa.
中文解釋：
賭徒謬誤是錯(cuò)誤的信念钠怯，如果某事在一段給定時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生得比正常情況更頻繁，那么將來它會(huì)發(fā)生得更少曙聂，反之亦然晦炊。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Assuming that because it rained all week, it will not rain on the weekend.
假設(shè)因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)星期都在下雨，所以周末不會(huì)下雨宁脊。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
After seeing several red cars pass by, believing the next car is less likely to be red because there have been so many in a row.
在看到幾輛紅色汽車經(jīng)過后断国，認(rèn)為下一輛汽車不太可能是紅色的，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)連續(xù)有這么多輛紅色汽車了榆苞。
31.Zero-Risk Bias 零風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏誤
English Explanation:
Zero-risk bias is the tendency to prefer the complete elimination of a risk even when alternative options produce a greater reduction in overall risk.
中文解釋：
零風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏誤是指傾向于完全消除一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)稳衬，即使其他選擇可以產(chǎn)生更大的整體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減少。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Choosing a medicine that reduces the chance of a common cold by 10% instead of one that reduces the risk of severe illness by 5%.
選擇一種藥物坐漏，它降低普通感冒的幾率為10%薄疚，而不是選擇一種將嚴(yán)重疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低5%的藥物碧信。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Preferring to buy a lottery ticket with a 0% loss guarantee (getting your money back if you don't win) over a ticket with a higher chance of winning but no guarantee.
更喜歡購買有0%虧損保證的彩票（如果不中獎(jiǎng)就退款），而不是購買中獎(jiǎng)機(jī)會(huì)更高但沒有保證的彩票街夭。
32. Framing Effect 框架效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The framing effect is the phenomenon where people make different decisions based on how the same factual information is presented.
中文解釋：
框架效應(yīng)是指人們基于相同事實(shí)信息的不同呈現(xiàn)方式做出不同決策的現(xiàn)象砰碴。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Consistently making the same choice, regardless of how the information is framed.
無論信息如何呈現(xiàn)，始終做出相同的選擇板丽。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Opting for surgery when told it has a 90% survival rate, but avoiding it when told there is a 10% mortality rate, even though the statistics are the same.
當(dāng)被告知手術(shù)有90%的生存率時(shí)選擇手術(shù)呈枉，但當(dāng)被告知有10%的死亡率時(shí)避免手術(shù)，盡管統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)是相同的埃碱。
33. Stereotyping 成見
English Explanation:
Stereotyping is the act of assigning attributes to individuals solely based on their membership in a particular group, without acknowledging individual variability.
中文解釋：
成見是僅僅基于個(gè)人屬于某個(gè)特定群體就給他們賦予屬性的行為猖辫，而不承認(rèn)個(gè)體差異。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Evaluating someone's skills based on direct observation of their performance.
基于對(duì)他們表現(xiàn)的直接觀察來評(píng)估某人的技能乃正。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Assuming all software engineers are not good at public speaking without considering individual abilities.
假設(shè)所有軟件工程師都不擅長(zhǎng)公共演講住册，而不考慮個(gè)人能力。
34.Outgroup Homogeneity Bias 外群體同質(zhì)性偏見
English Explanation:
Outgroup homogeneity bias is the perception that individuals in a group outside our own are similar to each other, while perceiving our in-group as more differentiated.
中文解釋：
外群體同質(zhì)性偏見是這樣一種看法：我們自己群體外的個(gè)體彼此相似瓮具，而我們自己的群體則更加有差異荧飞。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Appreciating the unique characteristics of each member in a rival sports team.
欣賞對(duì)手運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)中每個(gè)成員的獨(dú)特特點(diǎn)。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Believing all fans of another sports team have the same negative qualities without recognizing the diversity among their fanbase.
認(rèn)為另一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)的所有粉絲都有相同的負(fù)面品質(zhì)名党，而不認(rèn)識(shí)到他們粉絲群中的多樣性叹阔。
35. Authority Bias
English Explanation:
Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure, regardless of the content.
中文解釋：
權(quán)威偏見是一種傾向，不管內(nèi)容如何传睹，都將更高的準(zhǔn)確性歸于權(quán)威人物的意見耳幢。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Assessing the validity of a claim based on evidence rather than the status of the person making the claim.
基于證據(jù)而非提出聲明的人的地位來評(píng)估一個(gè)聲明的有效性。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Following medical advice from a celebrity rather than a certified doctor.
遵循名人的醫(yī)療建議而不是合格醫(yī)生的建議欧啤。
36. Placebo Effect 安慰劑效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The placebo effect occurs when a person experiences a physiological or psychological improvement after taking a treatment with no therapeutic effect, due to their belief in the treatment's efficacy.
中文解釋：
安慰劑效應(yīng)發(fā)生在個(gè)體在使用沒有治療效果的處理后體驗(yàn)到生理或心理上的改善睛藻，這種改善是由于他們對(duì)治療效果的信念。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Feeling pain relief after taking a medicine known to be effective for your condition.
在服用已知對(duì)你的病狀有效的藥物后感到疼痛緩解邢隧。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling less anxious after taking a sugar pill, believing it's a powerful anti-anxiety medication.
在服用糖丸后感覺不那么焦慮店印，因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為它是強(qiáng)效的抗焦慮藥物。
37.Survivorship Bias 幸存者偏差
English Explanation:
Survivorship bias is the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, often leading to false conclusions.
中文解釋：
幸存者偏差是一種邏輯錯(cuò)誤倒慧，它集中在那些通過某些選拔過程的人或事物上按摘，并忽視了那些沒有通過的人或事物，這常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論纫谅。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Evaluating the success rates of startups by considering all startups equally, whether they failed or succeeded.
通過平等地考慮所有的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)（無論成功與否）來評(píng)估初創(chuàng)企業(yè)的成功率炫贤。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Highlighting the stories of successful entrepreneurs without acknowledging the much larger number who failed.
突出成功企業(yè)家的故事，而不承認(rèn)失敗的企業(yè)家數(shù)量要多得多付秕。
38. Tachypsychia
English Explanation:
Tachypsychia is a distortion of perceived time, which can occur during stressful events, leading to the sensation that time is moving slower or faster than normal.
中文解釋：
心理時(shí)間加速是一種感知時(shí)間的扭曲兰珍，它可能在壓力事件期間發(fā)生，導(dǎo)致時(shí)間感覺比正常情況下移動(dòng)得更慢或更快询吴。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Experiencing time consistently regardless of emotional state or events happening around you.
無論情緒狀態(tài)或周圍發(fā)生的事件如何掠河，都一致地體驗(yàn)時(shí)間励幼。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling like only minutes have passed during a traumatic event, when in fact much longer has passed.
在創(chuàng)傷事件中感覺只過了幾分鐘，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)過去了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間口柳。
39. Law of Triviality (Bike-Shedding) 瑣碎法則
English Explanation:
The law of triviality, also known as "bike-shedding," refers to the tendency to give disproportionate time and energy to trivial issues while neglecting more significant ones.
中文解釋：
瑣碎法則苹粟，也被稱為“自行車棚效應(yīng)”，指的是將不成比例的時(shí)間和精力花在瑣碎問題上跃闹，而忽視更重大問題的傾向嵌削。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Spending equal time on both minor and major issues during a meeting.
在會(huì)議中對(duì)小問題和大問題花費(fèi)相同的時(shí)間。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Arguing for hours over the color of a new bike shed while ignoring the discussion of the construction of a new nuclear power plant.
在新自行車棚的顏色上爭(zhēng)論數(shù)小時(shí)望艺，而忽略了新核電站建設(shè)的討論苛秕。
40. Zeigarnik Effect Zeigarnik效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The Zeigarnik effect is the psychological phenomenon where people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.
中文解釋：
Zeigarnik效應(yīng)是一種心理現(xiàn)象，人們對(duì)未完成或被打斷的任務(wù)比完成的任務(wù)有更好的記憶找默。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Forgetting what you were about to say after being interrupted in a conversation.
在談話中被打斷后忘記你正要說什么艇劫。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Remembering the details of a project you're still working on more vividly than the one you've completed.
比起已經(jīng)完成的項(xiàng)目，更生動(dòng)地記住你還在進(jìn)行中的項(xiàng)目的細(xì)節(jié)惩激。
41.IKEA Effect IKEA效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The IKEA effect is the cognitive bias that causes people to place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created or assembled themselves.
中文解釋：
IKEA效應(yīng)是一種認(rèn)知偏差店煞，它導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)他們部分創(chuàng)造或自己組裝的產(chǎn)品賦予過高的價(jià)值。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Valuing a piece of furniture less after assembling it yourself.
在自己組裝家具后對(duì)其價(jià)值評(píng)估更低风钻。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling proud of and valuing a bookshelf more because you assembled it yourself, despite minor imperfections.
盡管有輕微瑕疵顷蟀，但因?yàn)樽约航M裝了書架，感到自豪并對(duì)其評(píng)價(jià)更高骡技。
42. Ben Franklin Effect 本·富蘭克林效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The Ben Franklin effect is a psychological phenomenon in which we are more likely to develop a positive attitude and do another favor for someone we have already helped than for someone who has helped us.
中文解釋：
本·富蘭克林效應(yīng)是一種心理現(xiàn)象鸣个，我們更傾向于對(duì)我們已經(jīng)幫助過的人產(chǎn)生積極態(tài)度，并為他們?cè)僮鲆粋€(gè)恩惠布朦，而不是對(duì)幫助過我們的人囤萤。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Refusing to help someone again because you remember how much effort it took the first time.
因?yàn)橛浀玫谝淮螏椭鷷r(shí)付出了多少努力，所以拒絕再次幫助某人是趴。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling more inclined to lend money to a friend you've already assisted with moving, rather than expecting them to pay you back for the moving help first.
比起期待朋友先償還搬家的幫助涛舍，更傾向于借錢給一個(gè)你已經(jīng)幫助過搬家的朋友。
43.Bystander Effect 旁觀者效應(yīng)
English Explanation:
The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
中文解釋：
旁觀者效應(yīng)是一種社會(huì)心理現(xiàn)象右遭，當(dāng)其他人在場(chǎng)時(shí)做盅，個(gè)體提供幫助給受害者的可能性會(huì)降低缤削。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A person calls for help in a crowded area, and immediately everyone rushes to assist.
在一個(gè)擁擠的區(qū)域里窘哈，有人呼救，立即每個(gè)人都沖上前去提供幫助亭敢。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Walking past a person in distress on a busy street, assuming someone else will help.
在繁忙的街道上經(jīng)過一位處于困境中的人滚婉，假設(shè)其他人會(huì)提供幫助。
44.Suggestibility 暗示性
English Explanation:
Suggestibility is a psychological vulnerability to accept and act on suggestions by others, often leading to false memories, especially in children.
中文解釋：
暗示性是一種心理易感性帅刀，它使人接受并根據(jù)他人的建議行事让腹，這經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的記憶远剩，尤其是在兒童中。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A child remembering a school event accurately despite their peers suggesting false details.
盡管同伴提供了錯(cuò)誤的細(xì)節(jié)骇窍，一個(gè)孩子還是準(zhǔn)確地記得了一個(gè)學(xué)校事件瓜晤。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A child recalling a trip to the amusement park with details that were actually suggested by their parents, not from their own experience.
一個(gè)孩子回憶游樂園之旅時(shí)，提到的細(xì)節(jié)實(shí)際上是父母暗示的腹纳，而不是自己的親身體驗(yàn)痢掠。
45. False Memory 錯(cuò)誤記憶
English Explanation:
False memory is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually occurred.
中文解釋：
錯(cuò)誤記憶是一種心理現(xiàn)象，個(gè)體回憶起的事情實(shí)際上并沒有發(fā)生嘲恍，或者與事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的方式不同足画。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Recalling a memory in detail just as it happened without any alterations.
詳細(xì)回憶一個(gè)記憶，就像它發(fā)生時(shí)沒有任何改變一樣佃牛。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Remembering being lost in a mall as a child, even though it never happened, influenced by hearing a similar story from a relative.
記得小時(shí)候在商場(chǎng)迷路了淹辞，盡管這從未發(fā)生過，這種記憶是受到了聽親戚講述類似故事的影響俘侠。
46. Cryptomnesia 隱匿記憶
English Explanation:
Cryptomnesia occurs when a person mistakenly believes that a current thought or idea is a product of their own creation when, in fact, they have encountered it before and forgotten about it.
中文解釋：
隱匿記憶是指一個(gè)人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為當(dāng)前的想法或創(chuàng)意是他們自己創(chuàng)造的象缀，實(shí)際上他們之前遇到過這個(gè)想法，但忘記了爷速。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
A writer consciously takes a story idea from another author's book, fully aware it's not their original idea.
一個(gè)作家有意從另一本書中取材故事想法攻冷，完全意識(shí)到這不是他們?cè)瓌?chuàng)的想法。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A musician composes a melody, believing it to be original, but it's actually similar to a tune they heard years ago and forgot.
一個(gè)音樂家創(chuàng)作了一段旋律遍希，認(rèn)為它是原創(chuàng)的等曼，但實(shí)際上它與他們多年前聽過然后忘記的曲調(diào)相似。
47. Clustering Illusion 聚類幻覺
English Explanation:
The clustering illusion is the cognitive bias where an individual sees patterns in random data where none actually exists.
中文解釋：
聚類幻覺是一種認(rèn)知偏差凿蒜，個(gè)體在隨機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)中看到了實(shí)際上不存在的模式禁谦。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Analyzing statistical data correctly to identify genuine trends and patterns.
正確分析統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以識(shí)別真正的趨勢(shì)和模式。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Looking at a random set of numbers and mistakenly identifying a sequence or trend.
看著一組隨機(jī)數(shù)字废封，錯(cuò)誤地識(shí)別出一個(gè)序列或趨勢(shì)州泊。
48. Pessimism Bias 悲觀偏差
We don’t think we have bias, and we see in others more than ourselves.
人信不認(rèn)為自己有偏見，還會(huì)覺得別人比自己更偏激漂洋。
English Explanation:
Pessimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.
中文解釋：
悲觀偏差是指過高估計(jì)負(fù)面結(jié)果發(fā)生的可能性的傾向遥皂。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Expecting the best possible outcome in a situation despite historical trends suggesting otherwise.
盡管歷史趨勢(shì)表明不然，但還是期望在某種情況下得到最好的結(jié)果刽漂。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Assuming a job interview went poorly, despite positive feedback, because of a general expectation that things will go wrong.
盡管有積極的反饋演训，但由于普遍預(yù)期事情會(huì)出錯(cuò)，假設(shè)一次工作面試進(jìn)行得不好贝咙。
49. Optimism Bias 樂觀偏差
We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes.
我信有時(shí)對(duì)好結(jié)果過于樂觀样悟。
"It's going to turn out great! "
水還有半杯呢，一切會(huì)好起來的。
English Explanation:
Optimism bias is the tendency to believe that we are less likely to experience negative events and more likely to experience positive events.
中文解釋：
樂觀偏差是指我們相信自己不太可能經(jīng)歷負(fù)面事件窟她，更有可能經(jīng)歷正面事件的傾向陈症。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Preparing for the worst despite having no indication of bad outcomes.
盡管沒有壞結(jié)果的跡象，但還是為最壞的情況做準(zhǔn)備震糖。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Driving without a seatbelt, thinking you won't get into an accident because you're a good driver.
沒有系安全帶開車录肯，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)好司機(jī)，不會(huì)發(fā)生事故吊说。
50 Blind Spot Bias 盲點(diǎn)偏差
We don’t think we have bias, and we see in others more than ourselves.
人信不認(rèn)為自己有偏見嘁信，還會(huì)覺得別人比自己更偏激。
"I am not biased!"
『我沒有偏見』
English Explanation:
Blind spot bias is the cognitive bias where individuals recognize the impact of biases on the judgment of others while failing to see the impact of biases on their own judgment.
中文解釋：
盲點(diǎn)偏差是一種認(rèn)知偏差疏叨，個(gè)體認(rèn)識(shí)到偏見對(duì)他人判斷的影響潘靖，但未能看到偏見對(duì)自己判斷的影響。
Incorrect Example (錯(cuò)誤的例子):
Acknowledging your own biases in judgment and actively working to mitigate them.
承認(rèn)你在判斷中的偏見蚤蔓，并積極努力減輕它們卦溢。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Criticizing others for being biased while insisting that your own views are completely objective.
批評(píng)別人有偏見，同時(shí)堅(jiān)持自己的觀點(diǎn)完全客觀秀又。
