如何安裝

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install software-properties-common

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum-dev

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install ethereum

查看安裝好的geth版本號

wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt$ geth version

Geth
Version: 1.8.4-stable
Git Commit: 2423ae01e0d2f853512eb2b46954b5ad0754a897
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.10
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.10

開始創(chuàng)建以太坊私有鏈

初始化一個創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊

初始化創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊時专执，要先創(chuàng)建一個genesis.json文件祈纯，內容如下：
genesis.json：

{
  "config": {
        "chainId": 10,
        "homesteadBlock": 0,
        "eip155Block": 0,
        "eip158Block": 0
    },
  "coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty" : "0x20000",
  "extraData"  : "",
  "gasLimit"   : "0x2fefd8",
  "nonce"      : "0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp"  : "0x00",
  "alloc"      : {}
}

接下來箕速，我們使用geth init ./genesis.json --datadir "./chain"命令酪碘，來進行創(chuàng)世區(qū)塊的初始化，當前區(qū)塊鏈網絡數據存放的位置會保存在chain目錄中：

wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt/born$ geth init ./genesis.json --datadir "./chain"
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/opt/born/chain/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=1.845μs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                      hash=5e1fc7…d790e0
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/opt/born/chain/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=3.16μs  gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [04-19|16:16:55] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                      hash=5e1fc7…d790e0

啟用私有鏈

geth \
  --datadir "./chain" \
  --nodiscover \
  console 2>>eth_output.log

啟動后的效果如下：

wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt/born$ geth \
>   --datadir "./chain" \
>   --nodiscover \
>   console 2>>eth_output.log
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.8.4-stable-2423ae01/linux-amd64/go1.10
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

在當前目錄執(zhí)行tail -f eth_output.log哺窄，可以看到輸出日志枢里。

wangzhen@wangzhen-VirtualBox:/opt/born$ tail -f eth_output.log
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/wangzhen/.ethash      count=2
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=1
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=5e1fc7…d790e0 td=131072
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=5e1fc7…d790e0 td=131072
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=5e1fc7…d790e0 td=131072
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/opt/born/chain/geth.ipc
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] Database deduplication successful        deduped=0
INFO [04-19|16:18:29] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@[::]:30303?discport=0"

后面章節(jié)中的命令邢滑，都是在啟動私有鏈后的Geth javascript console中操作

帳戶的添加和查看

查看帳戶，可以看到當前帳戶是空的

> web3.eth.accounts
[]
> 

創(chuàng)建帳戶的方式有兩種窑业，第一種創(chuàng)建帳戶時直接初始化密碼

> web3.personal.newAccount("123456")
"0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f"

其中返回的0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f是帳戶钦幔，123456是帳戶的密碼

第二種方法是先創(chuàng)建賬戶，然后輸入密碼

> web3.personal.newAccount()
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
"0xd7b8a838f947adb4da47fa7208a2c177cfed6ab3"

這時我們再查看帳戶数冬，能夠看到剛才創(chuàng)建的兩個帳戶已經存在了

> web3.eth.accounts
["0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f", "0xd7b8a838f947adb4da47fa7208a2c177cfed6ab3"]

開始挖礦和停止挖礦

挖礦執(zhí)行以下命令：

 miner.start()

執(zhí)行以后节槐，通過剛才查看日志的方法tail -f eth_output.log,能夠看到類似下面的日志搀庶，因為只有發(fā)送交易才會自動挖礦拐纱，所以會顯示如下信息。

INFO [04-19|16:30:08] Commit new mining work                   number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=175.12μs
INFO [04-19|16:30:16] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=6.662s
INFO [04-19|16:30:23] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=12.780s
INFO [04-19|16:30:29] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=19.418s
INFO [04-19|16:30:35] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=24.970s

需要在開發(fā)環(huán)境下哥倔，才能進行挖礦秸架，修改上述命令為：

geth   --datadir "./chaindev"   --nodiscover    console 2>>eth_output.log  --dev --dev.period 1

挖礦執(zhí)行以下命令：

 miner.start()

出現如下信息代表開始挖礦了

INFO [04-19|16:57:28] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 hash=eb3609…3747ef
INFO [04-19|16:57:28] ?? mined potential block                  number=1 hash=eb3609…3747ef
INFO [04-19|16:57:28] Commit new mining work                   number=2 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=417.68μs

挖礦會默認保存到創(chuàng)建的第一個帳戶0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4中。
block number=66咆蒿，說明我們已經創(chuàng)建了66個區(qū)塊
在以太坊官方的網絡上东抹，平均每15秒產生一個區(qū)塊

停止挖礦執(zhí)行以下命令：

> miner.stop()
true

停止挖礦后蚂子，以太幣則不會產生，同樣智能合約缭黔、轉帳等操作也不會起作用食茎。

查看帳戶余額

查看帳戶余額的方法如下：

> web3.eth.getBalance("0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4")
1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+77

以太幣最小的單位是wei（18個0）

每次記一長串的地址很麻煩，我們可以通過設置變量來acc0表示帳戶1

> acc0 = web3.eth.accounts[0]

"0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4"

查看格式化的以太幣

web3.fromWei(web3.eth.getBalance(acc0), 'ether')
1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+59

因為geth javascript console是基于javascript的馏谨，所以也可以創(chuàng)建js函數别渔，查看所有帳戶余額

> function checkAllBalances() {
      var totalBal = 0;
      for (var acctNum in eth.accounts) {
         var acct = eth.accounts[acctNum];
         var acctBal = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(acct), "ether");
          totalBal += parseFloat(acctBal);
          console.log("  eth.accounts[" + acctNum + "]: \t" + acct + " \tbalance: " + acctBal + " ether");
      }
      console.log("  Total balance: " + totalBal + " ether");
  };

> checkAllBalances()
  eth.accounts[0]:  0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4  balance: 1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+59 ether
  eth.accounts[1]:  0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13  balance: 0 ether
  Total balance: 1.157920892373162e+59 ether

> 

如果命令較多，可以保存到一個腳本里惧互，使用命令載入腳本：loadScript('/path/script/here.js')

轉帳操作

從帳戶0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4轉3個以太幣到0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13,如果不指定單位ether哎媚，默認轉的是wei。

>web3.eth.sendTransaction({from:acc0,to:acc1,value:web3.toWei(3,"ether")})
Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
    at web3.js:3104:20
    at web3.js:6191:15
    at web3.js:5004:36
    at <anonymous>:1:1

當直接執(zhí)行此方法時會拋出異常喊儡，顯示帳號被鎖

執(zhí)行開發(fā)者模式拨与，創(chuàng)建的默認賬戶，不會報這個錯誤
如果報相關錯誤艾猜，執(zhí)行以下語句

> web3.personal.unlockAccount(acc0,"123456")
true

轉賬完成的正確顯示為:

web3.eth.sendTransaction({from:acc0,to:acc1,value:web3.toWei(3,"ether")})
"0x1c59a753ecd2efd7e916912df7bd8ae2973379df23024de9a3cee6ceb242b611"

但此時查看時會發(fā)現接收賬戶依舊為原來數值买喧。此時需要執(zhí)行挖礦命令，才會把轉賬真正完成箩朴。

> checkAllBalances()
  eth.accounts[0]:  0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4  balance: 1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639927e+59 ether
  eth.accounts[1]:  0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13  balance: 0 ether
  Total balance: 1.157920892373162e+59 ether
undefined
> miner.start()
null
> checkAllBalances()
  eth.accounts[0]:  0x6426ea256ba1d45e966c9aabc0268594093251c4  balance: 1.15792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039451584007913129639927e+59 ether
  eth.accounts[1]:  0x9e8e4b905e054575a7495a6822545da82f197b13  balance: 6 ether
  Total balance: 1.157920892373162e+59 ether
undefined
> miner.stop()
true

這里看到轉賬了6個幣岗喉，是因為我執(zhí)行了兩次：）

添加節(jié)點

首先要知道自己的節(jié)點信息，在Geth命令行界面下輸入命令,注意大小寫

admin.nodeInfo

顯示結果為：

> admin.nodeInfo
{
  enode: "enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@[::]:30303?discport=0",
  id: "5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09",
  ip: "::",
  listenAddr: "[::]:30303",
  name: "Geth/v1.8.4-stable-2423ae01/linux-amd64/go1.10",
  ports: {
    discovery: 0,
    listener: 30303
  },
  protocols: {
    eth: {
      config: {
        chainId: 10,
        eip150Hash: "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
        eip155Block: 0,
        eip158Block: 0,
        homesteadBlock: 0
      },
      difficulty: 131072,
      genesis: "0x5e1fc79cb4ffa4739177b5408045cd5d51c6cf766133f23f7cd72ee1f8d790e0",
      head: "0x5e1fc79cb4ffa4739177b5408045cd5d51c6cf766133f23f7cd72ee1f8d790e0",
      network: 1
    }
  }
}

其中

 enode: "enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@[::]:30303?discport=0"
 

就是自己節(jié)點的信息炸庞，注意要把“0.0.0.0“換成你自己的IP钱床。將這個信息發(fā)送給其他節(jié)點，在其他節(jié)點的命令行中輸入：

admin.addPeer("enode://5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09@192.168.1.121:30303?discport=0")

如果添加成功埠居，輸入admin.peers會顯示出新添加的節(jié)點查牌。

> admin.peers
[{
    caps: ["eth/63"],
    id: "5231f4677b0576292a6d7cd11890218ae2f84336338a4ce7b08e296aa3b9007c8dc728bf26b2e10a3de9afb4d5272ab13e86030a1e7db42474d6577aad174d09",
    name: "Geth/v1.8.4-stable-2423ae01/linux-amd64/go1.10",
    network: {
      inbound: false,
      localAddress: "192.168.1.112:42702",
      remoteAddress: "192.168.1.121:30303",
      static: true,
      trusted: false
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: {
        difficulty: 131072,
        head: "0x5e1fc79cb4ffa4739177b5408045cd5d51c6cf766133f23f7cd72ee1f8d790e0",
        version: 63
      }
    }
}]
> 

發(fā)送交易

解鎖賬戶

> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0])


Unlock account 0x20869f8cb579e7712f60167d3d153d3f038960c9
Passphrase: 
true

發(fā)送交易

> eth.sendTransaction({from: "0x20869f8cb579e7712f60167d3d153d3f038960c9", to: "0x25df465d9d9060423ce46137ca25aa5a10fd9a2f", gas:31000, 'gasPrice': web3.toWei(300, 'gwei'), "value": "1"})
"0xe4ecfa81d367d2906e87a0f45b5bb90a0424f58bbd74d896ef217f3d5f132533"

此時交易已經提交到區(qū)塊鏈，返回了交易的hash滥壕，但還未被處理纸颜，要使交易被處理，必須要挖礦绎橘。

交易成功后再對方賬戶上收到

> web3.fromWei(web3.eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))
5.006300000000000001

參考資料

使用 Go-Ethereum 1.7.2搭建以太坊私有鏈
以太坊執(zhí)行miner.start返回null終極解決方案
Geth官方安裝指南
以太坊私鏈demo胁孙，實現第一筆交易
以太坊中的賬戶、交易称鳞、Gas和區(qū)塊Gas Limit