2017年8月6日

Summary

Why are some people so amazingly good at what they do锉矢？They always dazzle us with their amazingly incredible results.There are always some sorts of exceptions around .

Why can not I do as good as them even if really I work hard绷蹲？Facing the vast differences,we naturally come to conclude ?that this sort of person is born with gentic gift----he is gifted.

Yes ,it's true.Not only us,the normal people,but also the neuroscientists believed that our brains' circuits were fixed,which hints a cruel truth--no amount of practice would help if you didn't have the genes to start with.

Thanks to the great scientific process and the neuroscientists,we can “see” what on earth happened in the brain today.

Our brain is like a muscle in nutshell, and it could change to somewhere we want it ?to with our beliberate practice.

The author offers a detailed investigations of the posterior hippocampi of london cabbles and the visual cortex of blinds to testify how our brain is incredibly adaptable ?in response to our purposeful practices.

The brain's structure and function are not fixed ,and they change in response how we use them. In other words ,we can say that ?the brain can be shaped in the way we desire through deliberate practice.

What a breakthrough极舔！

Then what is deliberate practice茄蚯？How can we do it？

Everyone know the importance of work-hard. When we run into the wall,we never give up ,on the contrary, we insisit on and even try harder.But it's not the effctive way of practice.We might call it as “naive practice” ,which is mainly just doing someting repeatedly,and expecting that the repetition alone will improve our performance.

But naive practice cannot lead to any? improvement ?once we reach the level of acceptable performance automatically ,one the contrary,the automated abilities gradually deteriorate in the absence of deliberate practice.

So we should turn to purposeful practice,which is charactered ?with well-defined,specific goals,focused,good feedback and getting out of comfort zone.

In fact most of us are wandering about in our comfort zones day to day.Before getting to the ultimate point we usually stop ,then turn around.However ,the truth is :if you never push yourself beyond your comfort zone,you will never improve.Getting ou of ?your comfort zone means trying to do someting that you ?couldn't do before.

We are not short of “try harder”,but short of “try differently”.

But purposeful practice is only the basic of beliberate practice,and it has its own limitations.

The most powerful and effective way to improve one's abilities in every area is deliberate practice.

The human body has a preference for stability ,and the technical term for this is “homeostasis”,which means the tendency of a system----any sorts of system of living creature ------to act in a way that maintains its own stability.

The body and the brain have the same feedback mechanisms? in reponse to the outer pushing to maintain the stability.

If you run fast ,your body's all sorts of systems and your cells are not happy with the varied affaires,they will response by calling up some different genes or more complicated things to get out of the formal comport zone to mantain its “homeostasis”-----go into the next comport zone.Your physical force has? improved? a lot.

So is the brain. Brain changes in respose to mental challenges.Push it hard enough and for a long enough,the brain will respond by changing in ways that make that push easier to do.

Regular training leads to changes in the parts of the brains that are challenged by the training .The btain adapts to these challenges by rewiring itself in ways that increase its ability to carry out the functions required by the challenges.

But there are a few details that are worth noting.

First, the training has a larger effects ?in the younger people.Second,developing certain parts of the brain by prolonged training will come at the cost of another parts of brain.Finally Stop training ,and they can go away.

Afterall we can think about ourselves in the broadest sense ,----our goal it not to reach our potential but to built it ;to expand it ,to do things possible that were not possible before.

In this sense ,learning is no longer just a way of fulfilling some genetic destiny;it becomes a way of taking control of yourdestiny and shaping your potential in ways taht you choose.

中文感悟

上節(jié)作者通過跟蹤觀測(cè)倫敦出租車司機(jī)大腦中的海馬體以及對(duì)盲人及視力不好的中老人的訓(xùn)練以及測(cè)試虑鼎，發(fā)現(xiàn)有目的的練習(xí)確實(shí)讓人類的大腦部分發(fā)生了很顯著的變化瘤泪，大腦就像我們?nèi)梭w的肌肉一樣，也會(huì)長大的硬猫。

為什么會(huì)這樣的呢补箍？多少年以來，不僅普通老百姓啸蜜，就連從事腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究的科學(xué)家也持這樣的觀點(diǎn)坑雅，大腦的回路是固定的，后天的訓(xùn)練或練習(xí)只是讓本來人腦就有的潛能發(fā)揮到最大衬横，如果你的腦子里沒有具備某種天賦的腦回路裹粤，那么后天的努力于事無補(bǔ)。

但是隨著科學(xué)的巨大發(fā)展蜂林，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)并不是這樣遥诉，人腦就像我們的身體一樣對(duì)于外界的持續(xù)不斷的練習(xí)會(huì)有回應(yīng)，繼而不斷調(diào)整噪叙，然后達(dá)到一個(gè)更高的水平矮锈。

人類的身體有一種偏愛穩(wěn)定性的傾向，所有這些全都不是完全靜態(tài)的睁蕾。技術(shù)上的術(shù)語是“體內(nèi)平衡”（homeostasis）苞笨，它意味著一個(gè)系統(tǒng)以一種保持其自身穩(wěn)定性的方式來行動(dòng)的趨勢(shì)。比如你跑步，你的整個(gè)身體系統(tǒng)都會(huì)感受到這種變化猫缭，你的呼吸會(huì)加快葱弟，你的血流速度會(huì)改變，當(dāng)你的運(yùn)動(dòng)超過某種界限后猜丹，你的身體就會(huì)感覺的很不舒服芝加，你原有的平衡已然被打破，你身體的微觀部分比如你的身體細(xì)胞射窒，細(xì)胞的某種基因藏杖，等等這些微觀的變化非常復(fù)雜，總之你的身體被迫走出舒適區(qū)脉顿，你身體內(nèi)部的一些變化正在努力達(dá)到適應(yīng)新一輪的體內(nèi)平衡蝌麸。所以足夠努力地鍛煉，并且保持足夠長的時(shí)間艾疟，那么来吩，身體將以各種方式來改變，使得那種努力變得更容易蔽莱。你會(huì)稍稍變得更強(qiáng)壯一些弟疆，身體也變得更協(xié)調(diào)一些。

人的大腦和身體上的這種適應(yīng)能力一樣盗冷，從事智力型的訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)怠苔，能夠觸發(fā)大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。作者通過觀察小提琴手仪糖，科學(xué)家等的大腦變化給我們論證了人腦的這種適應(yīng)能力柑司。經(jīng)常性的訓(xùn)練會(huì)使大腦中受到訓(xùn)練挑戰(zhàn)的區(qū)域發(fā)生改變。大腦通過自身重新布線的方式來適應(yīng)這些挑戰(zhàn)锅劝，增強(qiáng)其接受那些挑戰(zhàn)所需的能力攒驰。然而，對(duì)大腦的訓(xùn)練還是有幾點(diǎn)值得注意故爵，1.年輕人的大腦讼育，兒童和青少年的大腦，比成年人的大腦更具適應(yīng)能力稠集，因此奶段，年紀(jì)越小，訓(xùn)練產(chǎn)生的影響也越大剥纷。2.通過超長時(shí)間的訓(xùn)練來發(fā)展大腦中的某些部位痹籍，可能得付出一些代價(jià)，大腦在其他部位的能力可能會(huì)相對(duì)弱化晦鞋。3.由訓(xùn)練引起的智力變化需要繼續(xù)保持蹲缠。如果停止訓(xùn)練棺克，它們便開始消失。

當(dāng)我們了解了人體和大腦超強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力之后线定，我們就可以從完全不同的視角來看待我們自己娜谊，這會(huì)讓我們考慮一種全新的學(xué)習(xí)方式。

傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)方式不是專門用于挑戰(zhàn)體內(nèi)平衡的斤讥，這種學(xué)習(xí)只是發(fā)揮你的內(nèi)在潛力纱皆，同時(shí)也意味著你可以發(fā)展某一特定的技能或能力，而不用走出你的舒適區(qū)太遠(yuǎn)芭商。然而派草，對(duì)于刻意練習(xí)，我們的目標(biāo)不僅僅是發(fā)掘自己的潛能铛楣，而且要構(gòu)建它近迁，從前不可能做到的事情變得可能做到。這就要求挑戰(zhàn)體內(nèi)平衡簸州，走出你的舒適區(qū)鉴竭，并迫使你的大腦或身體來適應(yīng)。學(xué)習(xí)不再是完成遺傳的方式岸浑，而是變成了一種控制你自己命運(yùn)的方式搏存，一種按按照你選擇的方法構(gòu)筑潛力的方式。

我想這也是這本書帶給我們的最大的勇氣吧助琐。我們可以掌握我們自己的命運(yùn)祭埂，我們可以按照我們的選擇發(fā)展我們的天賦面氓。天賦并不是遙不可及兵钮，它其實(shí)就在于你自己。

單詞部分

1.catch n.[可數(shù)名詞, 常用單數(shù)形式] a hidden difficulty or disadvantage 隱藏的困難舌界；暗藏的不利因素

But there is a catch :once the comensatory changes have occurred--....

The catch is what is problem caused him so unhappy.

2.burnout n.精疲力竭掘譬；勞累過度 also burn-out. If someone suffers burnout, they exhaust themselves at an early stage in their life or career because they have achieved too much too quickly.

Pushing too hard for too long can lead to brunout and ineffctice learning.

Many students have burnout after taking exams.

3.upkeep? n.維修；保養(yǎng)呻拌；養(yǎng)護(hù) The upkeep of a building or place is the work of keeping it in good condition.

The cognitive and physical changes causedby training requires upkeep.

The upkeep of a big house is very expensive.