英語流利說 Level8 Unit1 Part3 : On Sports Technology
David Epstein: Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger?
TED2014 ? 14:53 ? Posted April 2014

Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger?

運(yùn)動(dòng)員真的變得更快、更好、更強(qiáng)了嗎氮惯？

L8-U1-P3: On Sports Technology 1

本演講者和之前大衛(wèi)和歌利亞的那個(gè)TED演講者M(jìn)alcolm Gladwell有過一次對(duì)話
David Epstein in Conversation with Malcolm Gladwell
1
The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius." Faster, Higher, Stronger.
奧林匹格格言是“Citius, Altius, Fortius潮饱∑褡”更快澄港，更高森枪，更強(qiáng)配紫。
Citius, Altius, Fortius是希臘語径密。

2
And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.
運(yùn)動(dòng)員迅速地貫徹了這一格言。

3
The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon ran 2 hours and 8 minutes.
2012年奧運(yùn)會(huì)馬拉松冠軍跑了2小時(shí)8分鐘躺孝。

4
Had he been racing against the winner of the 1904 Olympic marathon, he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.
如果他和1904年奧運(yùn)會(huì)馬拉松的冠軍競技享扔，他會(huì)快接近1個(gè)半小時(shí)。

5
Now we all have this feeling that we're somehow just getting better as a human race, inexorably progressing,
我們現(xiàn)在都感覺作為人類植袍，變得越來越強(qiáng)了惧眠，在瘋狂進(jìn)步。
inexorably adv. 不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地于个，不可阻擋地
eg：He abandoned his girlfriend inexorably.

6
but it's not like we've evolved into a new species in a century.
我們并非在一個(gè)世紀(jì)中進(jìn)化成了一個(gè)新的物種氛魁。

7
So what's going on here?
所在到底發(fā)生了啥？

8
I want to take a look at what's really behind this march of athletic progress.
我想看一下在運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)步的進(jìn)程背后到底是什么厅篓。
march n. 行進(jìn)秀存，前進(jìn)；行軍羽氮；游行示威或链；進(jìn)行曲；三月
eg：I just wanted to see what's really behind this march of performance enhancing.

9
In 1936, Jesse Owens held the world record in the 100 meters.
在1936年档押，Jesse Owens保持著100米的世界記錄澳盐。

10
Had Jesse Owens been racing last year in the world championships of the 100 meters,
如果Jesse Owens在去年世界錦標(biāo)賽的100米賽中競技祈纯。

11
when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished, Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.
當(dāng)牙買加短跑選手Usain Bolt到達(dá)終點(diǎn)，Owens依然還有14英尺的距離叼耙。
sprinter n. 短跑選手腕窥；短程賽選手；短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員
would have done 表示從過去觀點(diǎn)看將來某時(shí)某動(dòng)作已完成筛婉。

12
That's a lot in sprinter land.
這在短跑界算落了很遠(yuǎn)了油昂。

13
To give you a sense of how much it is, I want to share with you a demonstration conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.
為了讓你感知到這是多少，我想和你們分享一個(gè)由運(yùn)動(dòng)科學(xué)家Ross Tucker構(gòu)思的一個(gè)演示倾贰。

14
Now picture the stadium last year at the world championships of the 100 meters:
現(xiàn)在想象一下在去年世界錦標(biāo)賽100米賽跑中的體育場上冕碟。

15
thousands of fans waiting with baited breath to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history,
成千上萬的粉絲屏息等待著Usain Bolt，Usain Bolt是歷史上最快的男人匆浙，
baited n. 餌安寺；誘餌；誘惑物首尼；被故意激怒
baited breath = bated breath 屏住呼吸挑庶，關(guān)于這個(gè)詞網(wǎng)上的解釋為：從字面意思上來講，“屏住呼吸”這個(gè)詞語的意思是“吞下魚 餌后呼吸”软能。這多半不是一種舒服的狀態(tài)迎捺。在字面上，‘bait’有讓人上鉤的意思查排。一個(gè)發(fā)音相同凳枝、拼寫不 同的‘bate’則有著減少的意思。因此跋核，這個(gè)俗語實(shí)際上的意思是因?yàn)榻箲]或緊張而“減少呼吸”岖瑰。 “屏住呼吸”真正上的拼寫應(yīng)該是‘bated breath’。

16
flashbulbs popping as the nine fastest men in the world coil themselves into their blocks.
閃光燈突然亮了砂代，這9個(gè)世界上最快的男人蜷曲在他們的助跑器上蹋订。
flashbulb = flash bulb n. 閃光燈泡
pop v. 突然出現(xiàn)；突然地行動(dòng)刻伊；爆開露戒；射擊；瞪大眼
coil v. 盤繞捶箱，把……卷成圈智什，成圈狀
eg：The robber popped and coiled him, then fleed.

block

17
And I want you to pretend that Jesse Owens is in that race.
我想讓你假設(shè)Jesse Owens在那場比賽中。

18
Now close your eyes for a second and picture the race.
現(xiàn)在閉一下眼讼呢，想象一下這個(gè)比賽撩鹿。

19
Bang! The gun goes off.
砰谦炬！槍響了悦屏。

20
An American sprinter jumps out to the front.
一個(gè)美國短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員沖到了前面节沦。
加特林前80米一直領(lǐng)先，后面被博爾特超過础爬。

21
Usain Bolt starts to catch him. Usain Bolt passes him, and as the runners come to the finish, you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.
Usain Bolt開始追趕他甫贯，Usain Bolt超過了他，當(dāng)選手們跑到終點(diǎn)時(shí)看蚜，你會(huì)聽到每個(gè)人越過終點(diǎn)線時(shí)發(fā)出的“嗶”聲叫搁。

22
That's the entire finish of the race.
這就是這次賽跑的全部。

23
You can open your eyes now.
你現(xiàn)在可以睜開眼睛了供炎。

24
That first beep was Usain Bolt. That last beep was Jesse Owens. Listen to it again.
第一聲嗶是Usain Bolt渴逻，最后一聲是Jesse Owens。再聽一次音诫。

25
When you think of it like that, it's not that big a difference, is it?
當(dāng)你這樣想的時(shí)候惨奕，差別并不大，對(duì)嗎竭钝？

26
And then consider that Usain Bolt started by propelling himself out of blocks down a specially fabricated carpet designed to allow him to travel as fast as humanly possible.
然后考慮一下梨撞，Usain Bolt通過推動(dòng)自身起跑，跑在一個(gè)特制的香罐、讓人能夠跑得盡可能快的地毯上卧波。
fabricate vt. 制造；偽造庇茫；裝配
eg：It's a specially fabricated pen that can ignite from the bottom of it.

27
Jesse Owens, on the other hand, ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood, and that soft surface stole far more energy from his legs as he ran.
然而Jesse Owens跑在木頭燃燒后的灰燼上港粱，這個(gè)柔軟的表面在他跑的過程中偷去了不少能量。
cinder n. 煤渣旦签；灰燼

28
Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening trowel that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.
Jesse Owens沒有磚塊可用啥容，只有一個(gè)花園鏟，他需要用它在灰燼上挖坑來起跑顷霹。
trowel n. （園藝用的）泥鏟咪惠；（砌磚用的）[建] 泥刀；（抹灰用的）抹子

29
Biomechanical analysis of the speed of Owens' joints shows that had he been running on the same surface as Bolt,
關(guān)于Owens關(guān)節(jié)處的生物力學(xué)分析表明如果他跑在和Bolt一樣的地面上淋淀，

30
he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind, he would have been within one stride.
他不會(huì)落后14英尺遥昧，他只落后一步。
stride n. 大步朵纷；步幅坡锡；進(jìn)展
eg：This is a little for me, but it's a stride for our humans.

31
Rather than the last beep, Owens would have been the second beep. Listen to it again.
Owens不是最后一名奠伪，他會(huì)成為第二名。再聽一次吧。

32
That's the difference track surface technology has made, and it's done it throughout the running world.
這就是道路表面技術(shù)的不同之處厂镇，在整個(gè)跑步界都是如此。

L8-U1-P3: On Sports Technology 2

33
Consider a longer event. In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister became the first man to run under four minutes in the mile.
思考一個(gè)更長的事件簸呈。在1954年，Sir Roger Bannister成為第一個(gè)1英里跑進(jìn)4分鐘的人落午。
這里的longer指的是跑步距離的長，剛才是100米肚豺，現(xiàn)在是1英里溃斋，后面還有馬拉松，以及100米自由泳吸申，作者從縱向和橫向進(jìn)行對(duì)比梗劫，闡述了科技帶給運(yùn)動(dòng)水平的巨大提升。

34
Nowadays, college kids do that every year.
現(xiàn)在截碴，大學(xué)生每年都有人能做到梳侨。

35
On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.
偶爾也有高中生能做到。

36
As of the end of last year, 1,314 men had run under four minutes in the mile,
在去年年底日丹，1314個(gè)男性在1英里中跑進(jìn)了4分鐘猫妙，

37
but like Jesse Owens, Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders that stole far more energy from his legs than the synthetic tracks of today.
但是如同Jesse Owens，Sir Roger Bannister跑在柔軟的灰渣上聚凹，相比于今天的人造跑道割坠，這會(huì)從他腿上偷取更多的能量。
synthetic adj. 綜合的妒牙；合成的彼哼，人造的
eg：Old Mark is using a synthetic leg because he had lost his left leg in a car accident 20 years ago.

38
So I consulted biomechanics experts to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders than synthetic tracks,
所以我咨詢了生物力學(xué)專家去尋找，跑在灰渣上比人造跑道上會(huì)慢多少湘今。

39
And their consensus was that it's 1.5% slower.
他們一致的答案是會(huì)慢1.5%敢朱。

40
So if you apply a one and a half percent slowdown conversion to every man who ran his sub-four mile on a synthetic track, this is what happens.
所以如果你把1.5%的減速轉(zhuǎn)化在每一個(gè)在人造跑道上，1英里跑進(jìn)4分鐘的人摩瞎，以下是結(jié)果拴签。
sub有“下標(biāo)”的意思，在這里應(yīng)該是指1英里跑進(jìn)4分鐘的人旗们。

41
Only 530 are left.
只剩530人蚓哩。

42
If you look at it from that perspective, fewer than ten new men per dacade have joined the sub-four mile club since Sir Roger Bannister.
如果你從這個(gè)角度看，自Sir Roger Bannister后上渴，每十年少于10個(gè)新人能跑進(jìn)1英里4分鐘岸梨。

43
Now 530 is a lot more than 1, right, and that's partly because they're many more people training today and they're training more intelligently.
530不少了，對(duì)嗎稠氮，部分是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在很多人在練并且訓(xùn)練地更加科學(xué)曹阔。

44
Even college kids are professional in their training compared to Sir Roger Bannister, who trained for 45 minutes at a time while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.
甚至大學(xué)生相比于Sir Roger Bannister都訓(xùn)練地更專業(yè)，Sir Roger Bannister當(dāng)時(shí)逃掉了自己在醫(yī)學(xué)院的婦科課程去每次訓(xùn)練45分鐘隔披。
ditch 開溝赃份，掘溝，修渠奢米；挖溝于抓韩，挖壕于纠永；（非正式）擺脫；逃學(xué)园蝠，逃課，曠工
gynecology n. 婦科學(xué)痢士，婦科醫(yī)學(xué)
eg：He ditched his major in gynecology because he didn't like the courses.

Roger Bannister

45
And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon in 3 and a half hours, that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy while he ran along the course.
這位在1904年奧林匹克馬拉松中跑了3個(gè)半小時(shí)的冠軍兄弟彪薛，在跑步途中喝著老鼠藥和白蘭地。
course有“跑道”的意思怠蹂。

46
That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.
這就是他關(guān)于興奮劑的想法善延。

47
Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy about performance-enhancing drugs as well,
顯然，運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)提高成績的藥物也越來越了解
savvy adj. 聰慧的城侧；具有實(shí)際知識(shí)的
eg：A savvy person won't complain often.

48
and that's made a difference in some sports at some times, but technology has made a difference in all sports, from faster skis to lighter shoes.
這玩意有時(shí)候?qū)σ恍┻\(yùn)動(dòng)有影響易遣，但是科技對(duì)所用運(yùn)動(dòng)都有影響，從更快的滑雪板到更輕的鞋子嫌佑。

49
Take a look at the record for the 100-meter freestyle swim.
看下100米自由泳的記錄吧豆茫。

50
The record is always trending downward, but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.
這個(gè)記錄總是趨勢向下的，但是它被一些突變點(diǎn)所打斷屋摇。
punctuate vt. 不時(shí)打斷揩魂；強(qiáng)調(diào)；加標(biāo)點(diǎn)于
cliff n. 懸崖炮温；絕壁
eg：I was always being punctuated by the noise when I was sleeping, I was at the cliff of anger.

51
This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction of the flip turn.
第一個(gè)突變點(diǎn)火脉，在1956年，翻轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)頭的發(fā)明柒啤。

52
Rather than stopping and turning around, athletes could somersault under the water and get going right away in the opposite direction.
不再是停下轉(zhuǎn)身倦挂，運(yùn)動(dòng)員們能夠在水下翻個(gè)筋斗然后馬上游向反方向。
somersault v. 翻筋斗
eg：I could somersault on the ground, but now I can't do it.

53
This second cliff, the introduction of gutters on the side of the pool that allows water to splash off, rather than becoming turbulence that impedes the swimmers as they race.
第二個(gè)突變點(diǎn)担巩，發(fā)明了在水池兩邊的水槽方援，這能使得水向兩邊濺開，而不是亂晃阻止游泳者競賽涛癌。
gutter n. 排水溝肯骇；槽；貧民區(qū)
splash v. 潑灑祖很；把（水笛丙、泥等）潑在……上
turbulence n. 騷亂，動(dòng)蕩假颇；[流] 湍流胚鸯；狂暴
impede vt. 阻礙；妨礙笨鸡；阻止
eg：Splash your waste water into that gutter, don't impede your mother's will, or she will become tubulence.

54
This final cliff, the introduction of full-body and low-friction swimsuits.
最后一個(gè)突變點(diǎn)姜钳，發(fā)明了全身低阻力的泳衣坦冠。

55
Throughout sports, technology has changed the face of performance.
在整個(gè)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中，技術(shù)已經(jīng)改變了水平的表象哥桥。
以前表面上看以為是運(yùn)動(dòng)員厲害辙浑，但其實(shí)是科技厲害。

56
In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record for the longest distance cycled in one hour at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.
在1972年拟糕，Eddy Merckx把1小時(shí)騎行最遠(yuǎn)距離的記錄給干到了30英里3774英尺判呕。

57
Now that record improved and improved as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic
現(xiàn)在這個(gè)記錄隨著自行車的提高而提高，自行車變得越來越符合空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)送滞。
aerodynamic adj. 空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)的侠草，[航] 航空動(dòng)力學(xué)的

58
all the way until 1996, when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet, nearly five miles farther than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.
直到1996年，這個(gè)記錄在35英里1531英尺犁嗅，比Eddy Merckx在1972年的騎行遠(yuǎn)了近5英里边涕。

59
But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record had to do so with essentially the same equipment that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.
但是在2000年，國際騎行聯(lián)盟宣布任何想要保持記錄的人都必須使用和1972年Eddy Merckx使用的裝備基本一樣褂微。
decree vt. 命令功蜓；頒布；注定宠蚂；判決
eg：The court decreed that he was innocent and was released instantly.

60
Where does the record stand today?
今天這個(gè)記錄是多少霞赫？

61
30 miles, 4,657 feet, a grand total of 883 feet farther than Eddy Merckx cycled more than four decades ago.
30英里4657英尺，總計(jì)比Eddy Merckx40多年前騎行的多了883英尺肥矢。
a grand total of 總計(jì)
eg：A grand total of 13 people died in this fire accident.

62
Essentially the entire improvement in this record was due to technology.
基本上這個(gè)記錄的所有提升都來源于科技端衰。

L8-U1-P3: On Sports Technology 3

63
Still, technology isn't the only thing pushing athletes forward.
然而，科技不是推動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)步的唯一要素甘改。

64
While indeed we haven't evolved into a new species in a century, the gene pool within competitive sports most certainly has changed.
雖然事實(shí)上我們?cè)?個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)沒有進(jìn)化成一個(gè)新的物種旅东，但競技運(yùn)動(dòng)的基因庫大部分確實(shí)改變了。

65
In the early half of the 20th century, physical education instructors and coaches had the idea that the average body type was the best for all athletic endeavors:
在20世紀(jì)早期十艾，物理教育講師和教練認(rèn)為平均體型是所有競技運(yùn)動(dòng)的最佳身材抵代。
endeavour n. 努力，嘗試忘嫉；事業(yè)
eg：It's a little endeavour for myself to meet new friends.

66
medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.
中等身高荤牍，中等體重，無論何種運(yùn)動(dòng)庆冕。

67
And this showed in athleles' bodies.
這一點(diǎn)在運(yùn)動(dòng)員體型上有體現(xiàn)康吵。

68
In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size.
在20世紀(jì)20年代，優(yōu)秀的跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)員和優(yōu)秀的鉛球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的平均體型是一樣的访递。

69
But as that idea started to fade away, as sports scientists and coaches realized that rather than the average body type,
但隨著這種想法逐漸消失晦嵌，體育科學(xué)家和教練們意識(shí)到并非平均體型，

70
you want highly specialized bodies that fit into certain athletic niches,
你需要契合特定運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域的高度專業(yè)化的身材。

71
a form of artificial selection took place, a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports, and athletes' bodies became more different from one another.
一種人工選擇的形式出現(xiàn)了惭载，適應(yīng)特性運(yùn)動(dòng)的身材的自發(fā)分類旱函，運(yùn)動(dòng)員的身材相互之間變得越來越不同。

72
Today, rather than the same size as the average elite high jumper,the average elite shot-putter is two and a half inches taller and 130 pounds heavier.
今天描滔，不同于優(yōu)秀跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的平均身材棒妨，優(yōu)秀的鉛球運(yùn)動(dòng)員平均比其高2.5英寸和重130磅。

73
And this happened throughout the sports world.
這發(fā)生在整個(gè)體育界含长。

74
In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph one data point for each of two dozen sports in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.
事實(shí)上券腔，如果你畫一個(gè)身高-體重的圖像，每一個(gè)點(diǎn)代表20世紀(jì)早期的24種運(yùn)動(dòng)中的一個(gè)茎芋，它看上去像這樣颅眶。

75
There's some dispersal, but it's kind of grouped around that average body type.
有點(diǎn)分散蜈出，但是集中在平均體型附近田弥。
dispersal n. 分散；傳播铡原；散布偷厦；疏散；消失
eg：Information dispersal is too fast on the internet, especially the bad news.

76
Then that idea started to go away, and at the same time, digital technology -- first radio, then television and the Internet --
然后這個(gè)想法開始消失燕刻，與此同時(shí)只泼，數(shù)字科技 -- 首先是收音機(jī)，然后是電視再然后是互聯(lián)網(wǎng) --

77
Gave millions or in some cases billions of people a ticket to consume elite sports performance.
給了數(shù)百萬卵洗，有時(shí)候是數(shù)十億的人一張觀看精英體育表演的門票请唱。

78
The financial incentives and fame and glory afforded elite athletes skyrocketed, and it tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of performance.
經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激、名聲和榮譽(yù)使得精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員水平猛漲过蹂，然后這一切向頂部一小部分更好的表演傾斜十绑。
skyrocket v. （價(jià)格）飛漲，猛漲酷勺；（使）……猛然上漲
echelon n. 梯形本橙；梯次編隊(duì)；梯陣脆诉；階層
eg：Even the economy of China has skyrocketed, but the most wealth is still tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of people.

79
It accelerated the artificial selection for specialized bodies.
這加速了對(duì)特定身材的人為選擇甚亭。

80
And if you plot a data point for these same two dozen sports today, it looks like this.
如果你為今天這同樣的12個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)畫數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)，它看上去像這樣击胜。

81
The athletes' bodies have gotten much more different from another.
運(yùn)動(dòng)員的體型相互之間變得更加不同亏狰。

82
And because this chart looks like the charts that show the expanding universe, with the galaxies flying away from one another,
因?yàn)檫@個(gè)表看上去像展示星系相互遠(yuǎn)離、宇宙膨脹的表偶摔，

83
the scientists who discovered it call it "The Big Bang of Body Types."
發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)的科學(xué)家稱之為“體型大爆炸骚揍。”

84
In sports where height is prized, like basketball, the tall athletes got taller.
在身高有要求的運(yùn)動(dòng)中，比如籃球信不，高的運(yùn)動(dòng)員變得更高嘲叔。

85
In 1983, the National Basketball Association signed a groundbreaking agreement making players partners in the league,
在1983年，美國籃球協(xié)會(huì)簽了一個(gè)開創(chuàng)性的協(xié)議抽活，使得球員成為聯(lián)盟的合伙人硫戈，
groundbreaking adj. 開創(chuàng)性的
eg：It's a groundbreaking finding in how to live a longer life.

86
entitled to shares of ticket revenues and television contracts.
擁有門票收益和電視合同的分紅。
entitle to 擁有...的權(quán)力
eg：Everyone is entitled to live.

87
Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player wanted to be, and teams started scouring the globe for the bodies that could help them win championships.
突然間下硕，任何能夠成為NBA的球員都想加入NBA丁逝，而NBA的團(tuán)隊(duì)開始在全球?qū)ふ夷軌驇椭鼈儷@得冠軍的球員。
scour vt. 擦亮梭姓，洗滌霜幼；沖洗，清除誉尖；徹底搜索
eg：I need to scour my face, it's full of creams.

88
Almost overnight, the proportion of men in the NBA who are at least 7 feet tall doubled to 10%.
幾乎一夜之間罪既，NBA中身高超過7英尺的比例翻了一倍到10%。

89
Today, 1 in 10 men in the NBA is at least seven feet tall, but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare in the general population --
今天铡恕，在NBA中琢感，十分之一的人身高超過7英尺，但是一個(gè)7英尺高的男人在大眾人口中相當(dāng)稀少 --
1 in 10 men后面應(yīng)該跟單數(shù)is探熔，演講者在這里用的是are驹针。

90
So rare that if you know an American man between the ages of 20 and 40 who's at least 7 feet tall, there is a 17% chance he's in the NBA right now.
非常稀少以至于如果你認(rèn)為一個(gè)在20到40歲之間、身高超過7英尺的美國男性诀艰，有17%的概率他在NBA柬甥。

91
That is, find six honest seven footers, one is in the NBA right now.
也就是說，找出6個(gè)真正的7英尺高的人其垄，其中有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在就在NBA苛蒲。

92
And that's not the only way that NBA players' bodies are unique.
這不是NBA球員體型獨(dú)特的唯一一方面。

93
This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man," the ideal proportions, with arm span equal to height.
這是達(dá)芬奇的“維特魯威人”捉捅，理想的比例是撤防，兩臂伸展長度等于身高。

94
My arm span is exactly equal to my height. Yours is probably very nearly so. But not the average NBA player.
我的臂展基本等于我的身高棒口。你的估計(jì)也很接近寄月。但是一般的NBA球員不是。

95
The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7", with arms that are seven feet long.
一般NBA球員略矮于6英尺7英寸无牵，臂展長7英尺漾肮。

96
Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall, they are ludicrously long.
NBA球員不僅特高，它們還長得一比茎毁。
ludicrously adv. 滑稽地克懊；荒唐地
eg：This newspaper is ludicrously unreliable.

97
Had Leonardo wanted to draw the Vitruvian NBA Player, he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse, not a circle and a square.
如果達(dá)芬奇想要畫一個(gè)維特魯威NBA球員忱辅，他會(huì)需要一個(gè)長方形和一個(gè)橢圓，而不是一個(gè)圓和一個(gè)正方形谭溉。
ellipse n. [數(shù)] 橢圓形墙懂，[數(shù)] 橢圓

98
So in sports where large size is prized, the large athletes have gotten larger.
所以在需要大個(gè)頭的運(yùn)動(dòng)中，個(gè)頭大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員變得越來越大扮念。

99
Conversely, in sports where diminutive stature is an advantage, the small athletes got smaller.
相反损搬，在小體型是優(yōu)勢的運(yùn)動(dòng)中，小個(gè)頭的運(yùn)動(dòng)員變得越來越小柜与。
diminnutive adj. 小的巧勤，小型的，微小的
stature n. 身高弄匕，身材颅悉；（精神、道德等的）高度
eg：Maybe every man want to marry a girl with diminutive stature.

100
The average elite female gymnast shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average over the last 30 years,
在過去30年中迁匠，一般的精英女性體操運(yùn)動(dòng)員身高從5英尺3英寸下降到4英尺9英寸剩瓶。
gymnast n. 體操運(yùn)動(dòng)員

101
all the better for their power-to-weight ratio and for spinning in the air.
這對(duì)它們的力重比和在空中旋轉(zhuǎn)都有好處。
spin vt. 使旋轉(zhuǎn)柒瓣；紡紗儒搭；編造吠架；結(jié)網(wǎng)
eg：That kid is making the peg-top spin.

102
And while the large got larger and the small got smaller, the weird got weirder.
大的更大芙贫，小的更小，怪的更怪傍药。

103
The average length of the forearm of a water polo player in relation to their total arm got longer, all the better for a forceful throwing whip.
水球運(yùn)動(dòng)員前臂的平均長度相對(duì)于他們的手臂長度變長了磺平，這對(duì)有力的揮臂更有利。
forearm n. 前臂
whip v. 抽打拐辽；猛然移動(dòng)拣挪；促使，煽動(dòng)
eg：You need to whip by using your forearm under water to go forward.

104
As the large got larger, small got smaller, and the weird weirder.
大的更大俱诸，小的更小菠劝，怪的更怪。

105
In swimming, the ideal body type is a long torso and short legs.
在由泳中睁搭，理想體型就是長軀干和短腿赶诊。
torso n. 軀干；裸體軀干雕像园骆；未完成的作品舔痪；殘缺不全的東西

106
It's like the long hull of a canoe for speed over the water.
這就像一個(gè)獨(dú)木舟的船體，為了在水中加速锌唾。
hull n. 船體锄码；（果實(shí)的）外殼
canoe n. 獨(dú)木舟；輕舟

107
And the opposite is advantageous in running. You want long legs and a short torso.
與之相反的一面對(duì)跑步有利。你需要長腿和短軀干滋捶。

108
And this shows in athletes' bodies today.
這在今天的運(yùn)動(dòng)員體型中都有體現(xiàn)痛悯。

109
Here you see Michael Phelps, the greatest swimmer in history, standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj, the world record holder in the mile.
現(xiàn)在你看到的是Michael Phelps，史上最偉大的游泳者重窟，旁邊站著Hicham El Guerrouj灸蟆，1英里的世界記錄保持者。

110
These men are seven inches different in height, but because of the body types advantaged in their sports, they wear the same length pants.
這兩人在身高上差7英寸亲族，但是由于他們的體型對(duì)各自的運(yùn)動(dòng)有幫助炒考，他們穿著同樣長的褲子。

111
Seven inches difference in height, these men have the same length legs.
身高上7英寸的差異霎迫，這倆人卻擁有著相同的腿長斋枢。

L8-U1-P3: On Sports Technology 4

112
Now in some cases, the search for bodies that could push athletic performance forward ended up introducing into the competitive world.
在一些情況下，對(duì)于身體的研究能夠推動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的進(jìn)步知给，而這最終會(huì)被引進(jìn)競技世界瓤帚。

113
populations of people that weren't previously competing at all, like Kenyan distance runners.
這些人以前根本沒有參加過比賽，比如肯尼亞的長跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員涩赢。

114
But we think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.
但是我們認(rèn)為肯尼亞人是厲害的馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員戈次。

115
Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe as being great marathoners.
肯尼亞人認(rèn)為卡倫金族是厲害的馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員。

116
The Kalenjin make up just 12% of the Kenyan population but the vast majority of elite runners.
卡倫金族只占肯尼亞人群的12%筒扒，但是其中絕大部分都是精英跑者怯邪。

117
And they happen, on average, to have a certain unique physiology: legs that are very long and very thin at their extremity,
平均來看，他們恰巧有一個(gè)不同的生理機(jī)能：在他們的肢體中花墩，腿很細(xì)長悬秉，

118
and this is because they have their ancestry at very low latitude in a very hot and dry climate,
這是因?yàn)樗鼈兊淖嫦壬钤诜浅Ｑ谉岣稍锏牡途暥鹊貐^(qū)，

119
and an evolutionary adaptation to that is limbs that are very long and very thin at the extremity for cooling purposes.
一種進(jìn)化上的適應(yīng)就是四肢很長很細(xì)以達(dá)到降溫的目的冰蘑。

120
It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils, to increase surface area compared to volume to let heat out,
這和散熱器有很長的線圈的原因是一樣的和泌，相比體積，增加表面積來釋放熱量祠肥，

121
and because the leg is like a pendulum, the longer and thinner it is at the extremity, the more energy-efficient it is to swing.
因?yàn)檫@腿像一個(gè)鐘擺武氓，肢干越長越瘦，搖擺時(shí)就越節(jié)能仇箱。
pendulum n. 鐘擺县恕；搖錘；搖擺不定的事態(tài)

122
To put Kalenjin running success in perspective, consider that 17 American men in history have run faster than 2 hours and 10 minutes in the marathon.
為了正確地看待卡倫津族人長跑的成功工碾，想想歷史上有17名美國男子的馬拉松跑進(jìn)了2小時(shí)10分鐘弱睦。

123
That's a 4-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.
這是4分58秒每英里的配速。

124
32 Kalenjin men did that last October.
去年10月32個(gè)卡倫金人做到了這一點(diǎn)渊额。

125
That's from a source population the size of metropolitan Atlanta.
這人口來源的規(guī)模相當(dāng)于亞特蘭大大都市的規(guī)模况木。
這句話等同于That's from a source population (like) the size of metropolitan Atlanta.

126
Still, even changing technology and the changing gene pool in sports don't account for all of the changes in performance.
即使變化的技術(shù)和運(yùn)動(dòng)上的基因庫也不能解釋所有表現(xiàn)上的變化垒拢。

127
Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.
相比曾經(jīng)，運(yùn)動(dòng)員有了不同的理念火惊，
mindset n. 心態(tài)求类；傾向；習(xí)慣屹耐；精神狀態(tài)
eg：Have a good mindset is the key to have a good mood.

128
Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets an electrical shock and they're thrown across a room?
你曾在電影中見過當(dāng)一個(gè)人受到電擊尸疆，然后把自己扔出門外的場景嗎？

129
There's no explosion there.
此處沒有爆炸惶岭。

130
What's happening when that happens is that the electrical impulse is causing all their muscle fibers to twitch at once, and they're throwing themselves across the room.
當(dāng)這件事發(fā)生的時(shí)候寿弱，電脈沖導(dǎo)致他們的所有肌肉纖維立刻抽搐，然后他們把自己扔出到門外按灶。
fiber n. 纖維（等于 fibre）

131
They're essentially jumping.
他們本質(zhì)上是在跳躍症革。

132
That's the power that's contained in the human body.
這就是蘊(yùn)藏在人體內(nèi)的力量。

133
But normally we can't access nearly all of it.
但是通常我們不能獲取全部鸯旁。

134
Our brain acts as a limiter, preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources, because we might hurt ourselves, tearing tendons or ligaments.
我們的大腦充當(dāng)一個(gè)篩選器噪矛，保護(hù)我們用力過度，因?yàn)槲覀兛赡軅Φ阶约浩贪眨瓊旌晚g帶艇挨。
tendon n. [解剖] 腱
ligament n. 韌帶；紐帶韭赘，系帶

135
But the more we learned about how that limiter functions, the more we learned how we can push it back, just a bit,
但是我們?cè)郊恿私膺@個(gè)篩選器的功能缩滨，我們?cè)侥馨阉赝埔稽c(diǎn)，即使只有一點(diǎn)辞居。

136
in some cases by convincing the brain that the body won't be in mortal danger by pushing harder.
在一些情況中楷怒，越加用力蛋勺，使得大腦相信身體沒有致命危險(xiǎn)瓦灶。
mortal adj. 凡人的；致死的抱完；終有一死的贼陶；不共戴天的
eg：A motal person will altimately die.

137
Endurance and ultra-endurance sports serve as a great example.
耐力和超耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)就是個(gè)很好的例子。

138
Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful to human health, but now we realize that we have all these traits that are perfect for ultra-endurance:
我們?cè)?jīng)認(rèn)為超耐力對(duì)人體健康有害巧娱，但是現(xiàn)在我們直到我們擁有超耐力的完美特性：

139
no body fur and a glut of sweat glands that keep us cool while running.
沒有體毛以及擁有大量用來跑步時(shí)降溫的汗腺碉怔。

140
narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames; large surface area of joints for shock absorption.
相比我們的身材來看，細(xì)腰和長腿禁添；關(guān)節(jié)處大的表面積用來吸收沖擊撮胧。

141
We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring, short toes that are better for pushing off than for grasping tree limbs,
腳底呈弓形，動(dòng)起來像一個(gè)彈簧老翘，短腳趾能更好地推離地面而不是抓住樹枝芹啥，

142
and when we run, we can turn our torso and our shoulders like this while keeping our heads straight.
當(dāng)我們奔跑時(shí)锻离，我們能夠像這樣轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)我們的軀干和肩膀并保持頭部向前。

143
Our primate cousins can't do that. They have to run like this.
我們的猩猩兄弟不能這樣墓怀。他們只能像這樣奔跑汽纠。
primate adj. 靈長目動(dòng)物的；大主教的

144
And we have big old butt muscles that keep us upright while running.
并且我們有大而肥的臀部肌肉傀履，能讓我們直立奔跑虱朵。

145
Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?
你曾看過一個(gè)猩猩的屁股嗎？

146
They have no buns because they don't run upright.
他們沒有屁屁钓账，因?yàn)樗麄儾恢绷⒈寂堋?/p>

147
And as athletes have realized that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance, they've taken on feats that would have been unthinkable before,
當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識(shí)到我們很適合超耐力碴犬，他們做到了以前難以想象的成績，

148
athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.
像西班牙耐力跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員Kílian Jornet梆暮。

149
Here's Kílian running up the Matterhorn.
這是Kílian在爬馬特洪峰翅敌。

150
With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.
他的腰部系著一個(gè)汗衫。

151
It's so steep he can't even run here. He's pulling up on a rope.
這里很陡峭惕蹄，他無法在上面跑蚯涮。他拉著一根繩子。

152
This is a vertical ascent of more than 8,000 feet, and Kelian went up and down in under 3 hours, amazing.
這的垂直距離超過8000英尺卖陵，Kelian上下一個(gè)來回用時(shí)不超過3小時(shí)遭顶，震驚。
vertical adj. 垂直的泪蔫，直立的棒旗；[解剖] 頭頂?shù)模旤c(diǎn)的撩荣；[植]縱長的铣揉，直上的
ascent n. 上升；上坡路餐曹；登高
eg：There is a nearly vertical ascent before that mountain.

153
And talented though he is, Kílian is not a physiological freak.
即使Kílian天賦異稟逛拱，他也不是一個(gè)生理怪人。
freak n. 怪人台猴，怪事朽合；畸形人；反復(fù)無常

154
Now that he has done this, other athletes will follow, just as other athletes followed after Sir Roger Bannister ran under 4 minutes in the mile.
即使他做到了這個(gè)饱狂，其他運(yùn)動(dòng)員也會(huì)跟隨曹步，就如同其他運(yùn)動(dòng)員在Sir Roger Bannister 1英里跑進(jìn)4分鐘后跟隨一樣。

155
Changing technology, changing genes and changing mindset.
變化的科技休讳，變化的基因和變化的理念讲婚。

156
Innovation in sports, whether that's new track surfaces or new swimming techniques, the democratization of sport,
體育中的創(chuàng)新，無論是新的跑道表面或游泳技巧俊柔，這都是全民的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)筹麸，
democratization n. 民主化

157
the spread to new bodies and to new populations around the world, and imagination in sport, an understanding of what the human body is truly capable of,
向更多人群的推廣纳猫，對(duì)體育的想象，對(duì)于人體極限的理解竹捉，

158
have conspired to make athletes stronger, faster, bolder, and better than ever.
共同使得運(yùn)動(dòng)員更強(qiáng)芜辕、更快、更勇敢块差、更棒侵续。
conspire vt. [法] 密謀策劃

159
Thank you very much.
感謝老鐵們。