一叹洲、Leonardo da Vinci1
peasant
[?peznt]
n.(尤指昔日或貧窮國(guó)家的)農(nóng)民脐瑰，小農(nóng)飒货，佃農(nóng);
老粗;土包子;沒(méi)教養(yǎng)的人
profession
[pr??fe?n]
n.(需要專門(mén)技能魄衅，尤指需要較高教育水平的某一)行業(yè)，職業(yè);
(某)職業(yè)界;業(yè)內(nèi)人士;同業(yè);同行;同人;(統(tǒng)稱塘辅，指需要較高教育水平的)職業(yè)
half-sister
[?hɑ?f s?st?(r)]
n.同母異父(或同父異母)的姐妹
mathematics
[?m?θ??m?t?ks]
n.數(shù)學(xué);運(yùn)算;計(jì)算
self-educated
[?self ?ed?uke?t?d]
adj.自我教育的;自學(xué)的;自修的
Leonardo da Vinci is one of the greatest geniuses of all time.
He was a painter, an architect, an engineer and a scientist.
He was born in Vinci, Italy in 1452.
Vinci is a town just outside of the great Italian city, Florence.
His name Da Vinci means "of Vinci”.
Leonardo’s father was a lawyer and landowner, and his mother was a peasant.
Leonardo’s parents were never married to each other.
Q：When he was born?
A：He was born in 1452.
Q：What was his father's profession?
A：Leonardo’s father was a lawyer and land owner.
Leonardo lived with his mother until he was around 5 years old.
When he was 5, he moved into the home of his father.
By then his father had married a 16-year-old girl.
Leonardo’s mother married another man, and moved to another town.
She had many more children after that, with several different men.
In the end, Leonardo had more than 15 half-sisters and brothers.
Q：How old was he when he moved to his father's home?
A：five
Q：With whom did he live until he was five?
A：Leonardo lived with his mother until he was around 5 years old.
As a young man, Da Vinci didn’t go to school.
He was educated at home in reading, writing and mathematics.
In other subjects, he was mostly self-educated.
He had access to books at his father’s home.
Leonardo spent a lot of time outdoors and developed a strong interest in nature.
He loved to observe things, especially birds.
He was also interested in the properties of water.
Q：What does he have access to at home?
A：books at his father's home
Q：In what did he develop a strong interest?
A：He developed a strong interest in nature.
二晃虫、Leonardo da Vinci2
demonstrate
[?dem?nstre?t]
v.證明;證實(shí);論證;說(shuō)明;表達(dá);表露;表現(xiàn);顯露;示范;演示
Florence
[?fl?r?ns]
n.佛羅倫薩（意大利中部一城市，托斯卡納區(qū)首府）;
弗洛倫斯（女子名）
apprentice
[??prent?s]
n.學(xué)徒;徒弟
v.使某人當(dāng)(某人的)學(xué)徒
workshop
[?w??k??p]
n.車(chē)間;工場(chǎng);作坊;研討會(huì);講習(xí)班
surpass
[s??pɑ?s]
v.超過(guò);勝過(guò);優(yōu)于
jealous
[?d?el?s]
adj.吃醋的;妒忌的;妒羨的;忌妒的;珍惜的;愛(ài)惜的;精心守護(hù)的
vow
[va?]
n.(尤指宗教的)誓扣墩，誓言哲银，誓約
v.起誓;立誓;發(fā)誓
duke
[dju?k]
n.公爵;(尤指舊時(shí)歐洲部分地區(qū)小公國(guó)的)君主
vi.戰(zhàn)斗
machinery
[m???i?n?ri]
n.(統(tǒng)稱)機(jī)器;(尤指)大型機(jī)器;機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)部分;機(jī)械裝置;組織;機(jī)構(gòu);系統(tǒng);體制
submarine
英 [?s?bm??ri?n] 美 [?s?bm??ri?n]
n.潛艇;潛艇三明治，長(zhǎng)卷三明治(用長(zhǎng)卷面包縱向切開(kāi)呻惕，內(nèi)夾各種食物)
adj.水下的;海底的
vi.用潛艇攻擊駕駛潛艇;劃入底下
invade
英 [?n?ve?d] 美 [?n?ve?d]
v.武裝入侵;侵略;侵犯;(尤指造成損害或混亂地)涌入;侵襲;侵?jǐn)_;干擾
dissect
英 [d??sekt] 美 [d??sekt]
v.解剖(人或動(dòng)植物);仔細(xì)研究;詳細(xì)評(píng)論;剖析;把…分成小塊
anatomy
英 [??n?t?mi] 美 [??n?t?mi]
n.解剖學(xué);(動(dòng)植物的)結(jié)構(gòu)荆责，解剖;人體
backward
英 [?b?kw?d] 美 [?b?kw?rd]
adj.向后的;朝后的;倒退的;反向的;落后的;進(jìn)步緩慢的
Leonardo’s early drawings and paintings demonstrated a rare talent.
His father and his father’s friends recognized his talent and encouraged him.
When he was 15, he was sent to Florence.
In Florence, he became an apprentice to a famous master painter.
For the next few years, Leonardo worked at his master’s workshop.
It wasn’t long before his ability surpassed that of his master.
Some people say that his master became jealous of Leonardo’s great talent.
They say that the master vowed to never paint again.
In 1478, with his father’s help, Leonardo set up his own workshop.
Q：Where was he sent when he was 15
A：He was sent to Florence
In 1482, he entered the service of powerful man in the city of Milan.
This man was the Duke of Milan.
For the next few years, Leonardo designed buildings, machineries and weapons of war.
Weapons were important, because Italy was constantly at war during this period.
From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced designs for a variety of weapons.
In his notes, he predicted the development of advanced weapons such as submarines and flying machines.
In 1499, the French invaded Italy and Leonardo left Milan.
Q：Why did Leonardo leave Milan?
A：The French invaded Italy
Q：What kind of advanced weapons did he predict?
A：submarines and flying machines
Altogether, Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan.
During this period, he spent much of his time studying nature.
He dissected bodies, both human and animal to study and illustrate anatomy.
His detailed illustrations are masterpieces.
Leonardo filled many notebooks with drawings and ideas.
He wrote backwards so you need a mirror to read them.
Q：How did he spend much of his time in Milan?
A：He studied nature.
After 1500, Leonardo spent time in a number of Italian cities.
He worked very slowly and the range of his interests was very wide.
As a result, Leonardo left many paintings and projects unfinished.
One painting that he did finish, was the Mona Lisa, one of world’s most famous paintings.
People are still interested in this painting 500 years after he painted it.
Thought there are many theories, nobody knows who the woman in the painting really was.
Q：Who was the woman in the painting?
A：Nobody knows for sure.
Q：Why did Leonardo leave so many projects unfinished?
A：He worked slowly and had a wide interests.
In 1516, Leonardo left Italy for good when the French King, Francis the first, offered him a position.
There, he had the freedom to paint and draw whatever he wanted.
Leonardo died in 1519 at the age of 67.
Some say that the French King, who had become a close friend, was with him when he died.
He was buried in the church which was destroyed during the French revolution.
The exact location of his remains is unknown.
Q：How old was he when he died?
A：He died at the age of 67.
Q：Where was he buried?
A：He was buried in a church.
三、Sources of Pollution
Pesticide
英 [?pest?sa?d] 美 [?pest?sa?d]
農(nóng)藥;殺蟲(chóng)劑;農(nóng)藥殘留;殺蟲(chóng)劑;撒藥
fertilizer
英 [?f??t?la?z?(r)] 美 [?f??rt?la?z?r]
n.肥料
Waste water and carbon gases from farm animals are bad for the environment.
Animal wastes and other chemicals flow into the ground and pollute water supplies.
Exhausted gases from automobiles are a major cause of air pollution and global warming.
As a result, many companies are trying to produce more efficient and cleaner cars.
Pesticides and fertilizers are used by farmers to grow crops such as fruits and vegetables.
These chemicals pollute water supplies when they flow into the ground or rivers.
Factories like this one, allow harmful chemicals to get into the air or water.
Companies need to try harder to protect the environment and our health.
Nuclear waste products are radioactive and can pollute the environment for thousands of years.
They need to be safely transported and stored in the safe place.
四蟆融、Historical Figures
Jane Austen
簡(jiǎn)·奧斯汀
nonviolence
n.不訴諸武力的主張（或政策）；非暴力主義
resistance
英 [r??z?st?ns] 美 [r??z?st?ns]
n.反對(duì);抵制;抗拒;抵抗;反抗;抗力;抵抗力
dedicate
英 [?ded?ke?t] 美 [?ded?ke?t]
v.把…奉獻(xiàn)給;(在書(shū)守呜、音樂(lè)或作品的前部)題獻(xiàn)詞;為…舉行奉獻(xiàn)典禮;為(建筑物等)舉行落成典禮
The British writer, Jane Austen, was born in England in 1775, one of seven children.
She wrote some of the most popular love stories of all time.
One of the most famous female rulers in history, Cleopatra had affairs with Julius Caesar and later with Mark Antony.克利奧帕特拉是歷史上最著名的女統(tǒng)治者之一型酥，他與凱撒大帝有過(guò)婚外情，后來(lái)又與馬克·安東尼發(fā)生了婚外
She was known for her great beauty and charming voice.
Born in 1756, Mozart composed and performed some of the world’s greatest classical music.
He was the youngest of seven children, and by the age of 5, he was already composing music.
The sun of a king, Alexander the Great was a military leader who created one of the largest empires in the ancient world.亞歷山大大帝（Alexander the Great）是國(guó)王的太陽(yáng)查乒，曾是一位軍事領(lǐng)袖弥喉，創(chuàng)造了古代世界上最大的帝國(guó)之一
As a youth, Alexander was taught by the Greek philosophy, Aristotle.亞歷山大年輕時(shí)曾接受希臘哲學(xué)亞里士多德的教導(dǎo)。
Mahatma Gandhi was a 20th century leader who used nonviolence resistance to lead India to independence.圣雄甘地(MahatmaGandhi)是一位20世紀(jì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人玛迄，他利用非暴力抵抗帶領(lǐng)印度走向獨(dú)立由境。
Gandhi dedicated his life to the pursuit of truth.甘地畢生致力于追求真理。
五蓖议、An Urgent Call
I’d like to speak with Mr. Bennett, please.
I’m sorry, but he’s not here right now.
Would you like to leave a voice message?
It’s urgent that I speak with him.
It’s an emergency.
Oh, I see.
What kind of emergency?
It’s very personal so I can’t give you any details.
Q：Why doesn't he want to leave a voice message
A：It’s an emergency matter.
Without more details I’m afraid I can’t give you his number.
Give me your number and I’ll let him know about your call.
Then maybe he’ll call you back.
Would that be okay?
Sure, my number is 5834987.
It would be great if he could call me within the next half hour.
六虏杰、Settling the Bill
flip
英 [fl?p] 美 [fl?p]
v.(使)快速翻轉(zhuǎn)，迅速翻動(dòng);按(開(kāi)關(guān));按(按鈕);開(kāi)(或關(guān))(機(jī)器等);(用手指)輕拋勒虾，輕擲
n.輕拋;捻擲;空翻;瀏覽;草草翻閱
adj.無(wú)禮的;輕率的;冒失的
場(chǎng)景一：
A: That was a great dinner.
B: Here, put away your wallet. I’ll pay the bill.
A: You paid last time, this time it's my turn to pay.
B: Hey, you don’t have a job, and I do. Let me pay.
A: Thanks for the offer, but I can handle it.
Q：Why does he want to pay?
A：It's his turn to pay.
B: Wait, let’s flip for it.
A: Flip for it? What does that mean?
B: Do you see this coin? This side is heads, and the opposite side is tails. I’ll flip it up in the air. If it comes down with heads facing up, I’ll pay. If tails is up, you can pay.
A: Okay, that’s fine with me.
Q：How are they going to decide who is going to pay?
A：They are going to flip a coin.
B: Look, it’s heads up. So I’ll pay.
A: Thanks, it’s very nice of you.
B: It’s my pleasure.
場(chǎng)景二
W: Do you want anything else sir? Would you like to see the dessert menu?
M: No, thanks.I’m ready for the check. Here is my credit card.
W: I’m sorry sir, but we don’t take credit cards.
M: You’re joking, right?
W: No sir, I’m not joking. Do you see that sign? It says "cash only".
M: I didn’t see it when I came in. I don’t have enough cash to pay the bill.
Q：How did he plan to pay?
A：he planed to pay by credit card.
W: There's a bank down the street, sir. If you let me hold your driver’s license, you can go and get the cash.
M: Ok, I hope the bank is open.
W: The bank is closed, but you can use the ATM to get your cash.
Q：Where can he get the cash?
A：He can get the cash at an ATM down the street.
Would you like to see the dessert menu?
There's a bank down the street, Sir.
Do you want anything else sir?
The bank is closed, but you can use the ATM to get your cash.
He has to leave his driver’s license with the waitress.
