轉(zhuǎn)自:https://www.cnblogs.com/tlnshuju/p/7106790.html
1. grep最簡單的用法,匹配一個詞:grep word filename
2. 能夠從多個文件里匹配:grep word filename1 filenam2 filename3
3. 能夠使用正則表達式匹配:grep -E pattern f1 f2 f3...
4. 能夠使用-o僅僅打印匹配的字符,例如以下所看到的:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo this is a line. | grep -E -o "[a-z]*\."
line.
5. 打印除匹配行之外的其它行风罩,使用-v
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo -e "1\n2\n3\n4" | grep -v -E "[1-2]"
3
4
6. 統(tǒng)計匹配字符串的行數(shù)凝颇。使用-c
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222" | grep -E "[1-2]" -c
2
7. 假設(shè)我們統(tǒng)計字符串模式匹配的次數(shù)。能夠結(jié)合-o和-c。例如以下:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222" | grep -o -E "[1-2]"? | wc -l
8
8. 假設(shè)須要顯示行號快压,能夠打開-n拯田,例如以下:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222\n33333\n44444" | grep -n -E "3"
3:33333
9. -b選項能夠打印出匹配的字符串想對于其所在的行起始位置的偏移量(從0開始)历造。通常配合-o使用,例如以下:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo "0123456789" | grep -b -o 4
4:4
10. 當(dāng)字符串在多個文件里匹配時船庇。-l選項將僅僅打印文件名稱
11. -L與-l相對吭产。僅僅打印不匹配的文件名稱
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat test1.txt
linux
is
fun
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat test2.txt
a
very
popular
os,
linux
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat test3.txt
what
the
fxxk
lichao@ubuntu:command$ grep -l linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt
test1.txt
test2.txt
lichao@ubuntu:command$ grep -L linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt
test3.txt
12. 打開遞歸搜索功能
lichao@ubuntu:command$ grep -n -R linux .
./test2.txt:5:linux
./test1.txt:1:linux
13. 忽略大寫和小寫:-i
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo "HELLO WORLD" | grep -i "hello"
HELLO WORLD
14. 匹配多個字符串模式
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo "This is a line." | grep -e "This" -e "is" -e "line" -o
This
is
line
15. 用單獨的文件提供匹配樣式,每一個匹配的樣式作為一行鸭轮,例如以下例所看到的:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat pattern.txt
1$
2
3
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat num.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
lichao@ubuntu:command$ grep -f pattern.txt num.txt
1
2
3
16. 打印匹配行上下文信息,使用 -A n打印匹配行及其后n行信息臣淤。使用-B n打印匹配行及其前n行信息。使用 -C n窃爷。打印匹配行及其前后n行信息邑蒋。假設(shè)有多重匹配姓蜂,將使用--隔離。
示比例如以下:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -A 3
5
6
7
8
lichao@ubuntu:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -B 3
2
3
4
5
lichao@ubuntu:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -C 3
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
lichao@ubuntu:command$ echo -e "a\nb\nc\nd\na\nb\nc\nd\n" | grep a -A 2
a
b
c
--
a
b
c
17. 使用-q進入靜默模式寺董,該模式下覆糟。grep命令執(zhí)行目的不過執(zhí)行一個條件測試。通常在腳本中使用遮咖。通過檢查其返回值進行下一步操作滩字。示比例如以下:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat tmp.txthelloworldlichao@ubuntu:command$ cat tmp.csh#!/bin/bashif [ $# -ne 2 ]; thenecho "Usage: $0 match_pattern file_name"exitfimatch=$1file=$2grep -q $match $fileif [ $?
-ne 0 ]; then
echo "$match not exist in $file"
else
echo "$match exist in $file"
fi
lichao@ubuntu:command$ ./tmp.csh hello tmp.txt
hello exist in tmp.txt
18. -Z選項在輸出匹配文件名稱時將以/0結(jié)尾配合xargs -0能夠發(fā)揮非常多作用,比如刪除匹配某個模式的文件例如以下:
lichao@ubuntu:command$ ls -llrt
total 28
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao? 13 Nov? 1 20:38 test1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao? 27 Nov? 1 20:39 test2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao? 14 Nov? 1 20:39 test3.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao? 21 Nov? 1 20:45 num.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao? 7 Nov? 1 20:45 pattern.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao? 12 Nov? 1 21:25 tmp.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 lichao lichao 217 Nov? 1 21:27 tmp.csh
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat test1.txt
linux
is
fun
lichao@ubuntu:command$ cat test2.txt
a
very
popular
os,
linux
lichao@ubuntu:command$ grep "linux" * -lZ | xargs -0 rm
lichao@ubuntu:command$ ls
num.txt? pattern.txt? test3.txt? tmp.csh? tmp.txt
以上命令將包括linux字符串的test1.txt和test2.txt刪除御吞。
19. 排除/包含文件或者文件夾:1)--include *{.c,.cpp} 僅僅在文件夾中搜索.c和.cpp文件麦箍;2)--exclude "README" 排除全部README文件 3) --include-dir 僅在某些文件夾中搜索 4) --exclude-dir 排除某些文件夾 5) --exclude-from FILE 從文件FILE中讀取須要排除的文件列表
lichao@ubuntu:test$ ls
dir1? dir2? exclude.config? test1.txt? test2.doc? test3.word
lichao@ubuntu:test$ cat test1.txt
linux
is
fun
lichao@ubuntu:test$ cat test2.doc
wonderful
os,
linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ cat test3.word
wonderful
os,
linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ ls dir1/
test1.txt? test2.doc? test3.word
lichao@ubuntu:test$ ls dir2/
test1.txt? test2.doc? test3.word
lichao@ubuntu:test$ cat exclude.config
*.txt
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n .
./test2.doc:3:linux
./test3.word:3:linux
./test1.txt:1:linux
./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir2/test3.word:3:linux
./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux
./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir1/test3.word:3:linux
./dir1/test1.txt:1:linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --include *.txt --include *.doc
./test2.doc:3:linux
./test1.txt:1:linux
./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux
./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir1/test1.txt:1:linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude *.txt --eclude *.doc
grep: unrecognized option '--eclude'
Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...
Try 'grep --help' for more information.
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude *.txt --exclude *.doc
./test3.word:3:linux
./dir2/test3.word:3:linux
./dir1/test3.word:3:linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-dir dir1
./test2.doc:3:linux
./test3.word:3:linux
./test1.txt:1:linux
./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir2/test3.word:3:linux
./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-dir dir1 --exclude-dir dir2
./test2.doc:3:linux
./test3.word:3:linux
./test1.txt:1:linux
lichao@ubuntu:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-from exclude.config
./test2.doc:3:linux
./test3.word:3:linux
./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir2/test3.word:3:linux
./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux
./dir1/test3.word:3:linux
已上即為grep經(jīng)常使用的選項。
注意:轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處陶珠。