@[toc]
requests庫安裝
Windows平臺
pip install requests
測試requests的安裝
import requests
r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.status_code)
print(r.text)
200
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>???o|???????? ?
requests庫的7個主要方法
| 方法 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| requests.request() | 構造一個請求样屠，支撐以下各方法的基礎方法 |
| requests.get() | 獲取HTML網(wǎng)頁的主要方法铐炫，對應于HTTP的GET |
| requests.head() | 獲取HTML網(wǎng)頁頭信息的方法相满，對應于HTTP的HEAD |
| requests.post() | 向HTML網(wǎng)頁提交POST請求的方法槐瑞，對應于HTTP的POST |
| requests.put() | 向HTML網(wǎng)頁提交PUT請求的方法跷跪，對應于HTTP的PUT |
| requests.patch() | 向HTML網(wǎng)頁提交局部修改請求，對應于HTTP的PATCH |
| requests.delete() | 向HTML頁面提交刪除請求稚铣，對應于HTTP的DELETE |
requests庫的get()方法
requests.get(url,params=None,**kwargs)
- url:擬獲取頁面的url鏈接
- params:url中的額外參數(shù)瞧剖，字典或字節(jié)流格式，可選
- **kwargs:12個控制訪問的參數(shù)
import requests
r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.status_code)
print(type(r))
print(r.headers)
200
<class 'requests.models.Response'>
{'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Date': 'Fri, 27 Aug 2021 08:13:17 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'}
response對象包含服務器返回的所有信息民假，也包含請求的request信息
response對象的屬性
| 屬性 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| r.status_code | HTTP請求的返回狀態(tài)浮入，200表示連接成功，404表示失敗 |
| r.text | HTTP響應內(nèi)容的字符串形式阳欲，即url對應的頁面內(nèi)容 |
| r.encoding | 從HTTP header中猜測的響應內(nèi)容編碼方式 |
| r.apparent_encoding | 從內(nèi)容中分析出的響應內(nèi)容編碼方式 |
| r.content | HTTP響應內(nèi)容的二進制形式 |
import requests
r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.status_code)
print(r.text)
print(r.encoding)
print(r.apparent_encoding)
print(r.content)
=cp-feedback>?
è§?é|</a> ?o?ICPèˉ030173?· <img src=//www
.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
ISO-8859-1
utf-8
b'<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=
r.encoding:如果header中不存在charset,則認為編碼為ISO-8859-1,r.text根據(jù)r.encoding顯示網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容
r.apparent_encoding:根據(jù)網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容分析出的編碼方式舵盈，可以看做是r.encoding的備選
爬取網(wǎng)頁的通用代碼
import requests
def getHTMLText(url):
try:
r = requests.get(url,timeout=30)
r.raise_for_status()
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
return r.text
except:
return "產(chǎn)生異常"
if __name__ == "__main__":
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
print(getHTMLText(url))
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新聞</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 clas/www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登錄</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登錄</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多
產(chǎn)品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>關于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使
用百度前必讀</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意見反饋</a> 京ICP證030173號 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
requests庫的方法
requests庫的head()方法
r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(r.headers)
{'Date': 'Fri, 27 Aug 2021 08:35:54 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Content-Length': '307', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Server': 'gunicorn/19.9.0', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': 'true'}
requests庫的post()方法
payload = {'key1':'value1','key2':'value2'}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=payload)
print(r.text)
PS E:\coding> python -u "e:\coding\pa.py"
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"key1": "value1",
"key2": "value2"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "23",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.25.1",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-6128a52f-262035902ff7c33c4f61fe1b"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "36.142.152.189",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
向URL POST一個字典球化，自動編碼為form（表單）
向URL POST一個字符串秽晚，自動編碼為data
