Chapter 4 Writing Style and Word Usage

Correct Sentence Structure

良好的文章架構(gòu)和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以使文章更有邏輯西壮，也更有說服力。當(dāng)詞語處在句子中的合適位置時叫惊，讀者可以輕易地從一個觀點(diǎn)過渡到下一個款青，這樣就能理解作者的意圖。相反霍狰，當(dāng)文章結(jié)構(gòu)次序混亂時抡草，讀者就會一頭霧水饰及，無法理解作者的實際意思。

短小精悍的陳述句康震，是最容易書寫和閱讀的燎含。它在表達(dá)上無疑是清晰的，然而過多的話就會顯得生硬和乏味腿短。這也給讀者帶來了很大負(fù)擔(dān)屏箍，難以將全文連貫起來。為了增加句子的靈活度答姥，使文思如泉涌铣除，最好是先寫一些短小的陳述句，再把它們結(jié)合起來鹦付，而不是寫一些長而雜亂的句子尚粘，再絞盡腦汁地去縮短。兩個及以上的簡單句（只有一個主句而沒有從句）可以合并為一個復(fù)合句敲长。給簡單句加一個或更多的從屬分句就得到了復(fù)合句郎嫁。分句（Clause）包括主語和謂語，如果它可以獨(dú)立成句祈噪，它就是主句泽铛；如果不能獨(dú)立成句，它就是從句辑鲤。

Verbs

Voice

如果句子的主語是動詞所表示動作的實行者盔腔，則它就是主動語態(tài)。主動動詞的主語正在實施動詞的行動月褥。而對于被動語態(tài)弛随，主語是動詞所表示行動的受者。

? 當(dāng)句子可以更加簡潔直接時宁赤，用主動語態(tài)而不是被動語態(tài)舀透。

POOR
The fact that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control is demonstrated by our work in this area.

BETTER
Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control.

? 當(dāng)動作的實施者是未知的或者不重要的，亦或者你不想指定他時决左，使用被動語態(tài)愕够。

The solution is shaken until the precipitate forms.

Melting points and boiling points have been approximated.

Identity specifications and tests are not included in the monographs for reagent chemicals.

Tense

使用合適的動詞時態(tài)可以幫助讀者了解信息的性質(zhì)。

? 你或者其他人在該研究中所做的工作可以用簡單過去式（Simple past tense）來陳述佛猛。

Jones reviewed the literature and gathered much of this information.

We found that relativistic effects enhance the bond strength.

The structures were determined by neutron diffraction methods.

? 聲明事實可以用現(xiàn)在時（present tense）惑芭。

Absolute rate constants for a wide variety of reactions are available.

Hyperbranched compounds are macromolecular compounds that contain a branching point in each structural repeat unit.

? 結(jié)果、討論和結(jié)論的陳述用現(xiàn)在時或者簡單過去式都可以继找。

The characteristics of the voltammetric wave indicate that electron transfer occurs spontaneously.

The absence of substitution was confirmed by preparative-scale electrolysis.

IR spectroscopy shows that nitrates are adsorbed and are not removed by washing with distilled water.

然而强衡，在全文中，陳述結(jié)果、討論和結(jié)論的時態(tài)必須統(tǒng)一漩勤，要么全用現(xiàn)在時感挥，要么全用簡單過去時，不能混用越败。

Other Forms

? 使用分離不定式（split infinitives）來避免笨拙和模糊是可以接受的触幼。

AWKWARD
The program is designed to assist financially the student who is considering a career in chemistry.

BETTER
The program is designed to financially assist the student who is considering a career in chemistry.

AMBIGUOUS
The bonded phases allowed us to investigate fully permanent gases.

BETTER
The bonded phases allowed us to fully investigate permanent gases.

Subjects and Subject–Verb Agreement

? 使用第一人稱來表示目的或決定，它也可以保持你的意思清晰究飞。

Jones reported xyz, but I (or we) found ….

I (or we) present here a detailed study ….

My (or our) recent work demonstrated ….

To determine the effects of structure on photophysics, I (or we) ….

然而要避免使用“we believe”置谦、“we feel”和“we can see”等表示主觀意見的句子。

? 主語和謂語應(yīng)該在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致亿傅。Chapter 9詳細(xì)介紹了這一點(diǎn)媒峡。

Sentence Modifiers

可以在簡單句中添加由短語或從句組成的修飾語來表示因果關(guān)系、時序或者比較等葵擎。

? 限制性短語或從句對于句子意思的表達(dá)是至關(guān)重要的谅阿。限制性修飾語并不用逗號來分隔。

Only doctoral students who have completed their coursework may apply for this grant.

Several systems that take advantage of this catalysis can be used to create new palladium compounds.

? 非限制性短語或從句為主句提供補(bǔ)充信息酬滤，對于句子意思的表達(dá)并不是必要的签餐，換句話說，基本句的意思有它沒它一樣盯串。非限制性修飾語要用逗號分隔氯檐。

Doctoral students, who often have completed their coursework, apply for this teaching fellowship.

Several systems, which will be discussed below, take advantage of this catalytic reaction.

? 錯位修飾（misplaced modifier）是在句子中放錯位置的修飾語，它會在無意中歪曲作者的原意体捏。

INCORRENT
We commenced a new round of experiments unable to point to meaningful conclusions.

CORRECT
Unable to point to meaningful conclusions, we commenced a new round of experiments.

? 懸垂修飾語（dangling modifier）是指句子中同其他詞沒有明顯修飾關(guān)系的成分冠摄。它與修飾整個句子的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)（absolute construction）不同。

INCORRENT
Adding 2 mL of indicator solution, the end point for the titration was reached.

CORRENT
Adding 2 mL of indicator solution, we reached the end point for the titration. When we added 2 mL of indicator solution, the end point for the titration was reached.

Sentence Construction and Word Order

? 使用肯定句几缭，而不是雙重否定句河泳。

| INSTEAD OF | CONSIDER USING |
| -------- | ----- |
| This reaction is not uncommon. | This reaction is common. |
| | This reaction is not rare. |
| | This reaction occurs about 40% of the time. |
| This transition was not unexpected. | This transition was expected. |
| | We knew that such transitions were possible.|
| This strategy is not infrequently used. |This strategy is frequently used.|
| |This strategy is occasionally used.|
| This result is not unlikely to occur. | This result is likely to occur.|
| | This result is possible.|

? 注意單詞“Only”的位置，它處在句子中的不同位置時有不同的意思奏司。

Only the largest group was injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and no other group)

The largest group was only injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and not given the compound in any other way)

The largest group was injected with only the test compound. (Meaning: and no other compounds)

The largest group was injected with th e only test compound. (Meaning: there were no other test compounds)

? 確認(rèn)代詞所指明確乔询，換句話說樟插，在使用代詞（“he”, “she”, “it”, or “they”）時韵洋，它所指代的名詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是明顯的，比如 “Isaac Newton”, “Marie Curie”, “the compound”, or “the research team”等黄锤，特別是對于“this” 和“that”的使用搪缨。如果有可能產(chǎn)生歧義，那就使用名詞來闡明你的意思鸵熟。

AMBIGUOUS
The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions.

UNAMBIGUOUS
The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This interest is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions.

? 使用合適的從屬連詞（subordinating conjunctions）副编。（連詞連接句子的不同部分；從屬連詞連接主句和從句流强。）“While”和“since”有強(qiáng)烈的時間內(nèi)涵痹届，不要在你想要表達(dá)“although”, “because”, or “whereas”的意思時使用它們呻待。

POOR
Since solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important.

BETTER
Because solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important.

POOR
While the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not.

BETTER
Although the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not.

The reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, but (or whereas) the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not.

Parallelism

排比，或者說平行結(jié)構(gòu)队腐，是使用同語法等級的詞語或詞組蚕捉。同語法等級意味著詞語只和詞語連接，短語只和短語連接柴淘，從句只和從句連接迫淹，句子也只和其它句子連接。 通過并列連詞（coordinating conjunctions）为严、關(guān)系連詞（correlative conjunctions）和關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)建立排比的結(jié)構(gòu)敛熬。

? 并列連詞是單個的詞匯，比如“and”, “but”, “or”, “nor”,
“yet”, “for”等第股，有時“so”也算应民。

INCORRENT
Compound 12 was prepared analogously and by Lee's method (5).

CORRECT
Compound 12 was prepared in an analogous manner and by Lee's method (5).

? 關(guān)系連詞是成對的詞匯，比如“either … or”炸茧、“neither
… nor”瑞妇、“both … and”、“not only … but also”和“not … but”等梭冠。

INCORRENT
The product was washed either with alcohol or acetone.

CORRECT
The product was washed with either alcohol or acetone.
The product was washed either with alcohol or with acetone.

INCORRENT
It is best to use alternative methods both because of the condensation reaction and because the amount of water in the solvent increases with time.

CORRECT
It is best to use alternative methods both because of the condensation reaction and because of the increase in the amount of water in the solvent with time.

INCORRENT
Not only was the NiH functionality active toward the C-donor derivatives but also toward the N donors.

CORRECT
The NiH functionality was active not only toward the C-donor derivatives but also toward the N donors.
The NiH functionality was not only active toward the C-donor derivatives but also active toward the N donors.
Not only was the NiH functionality active toward the C-donor derivatives, but it was also active toward the N donors.

? 關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)是使用“as … as”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)辕狰，比如“as well as”。

He performed the experiment as well as I could have done it.

? 當(dāng)“but”不作為并列連詞時控漠，不要在它附近使用排比結(jié)構(gòu)蔓倍。

Increasing the number of fluorine atoms on the adjacent boron atom decreases the chemical shift, but only by a small amount.

The reaction proceeded readily, but with some decomposition of the product.

? 在序列和列表（series and lists）中使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)，包括章節(jié)標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題以及圖的說明（figure captions）中的表格和列表等盐捷。

Comparisons

? 表示比較的介紹性短語要指向句子的主語偶翅，并在其后接一個逗號。

INCORRECT
Unlike alkali-metal or alkaline-earth-metal cations, hydrolysis of trivalent lanthanides proceeds significantly at this pH.

CORRECT
Unlike that of alkali-metal or alkaline-earth-metal cations, hydrolysis of trivalent lanthanides proceeds significantly at this pH.
Unlike alkali-metal or alkaline-earth-metal cations, trivalent lanthanides hydrolyze significantly at this pH.

INCORRECT

In contrast to the bromide anion, there is strong distortion of the free fluoride anion on the vibrational spectroscopy time scale.

CORRECT
In contrast to the bromide anion, the free fluoride anion is strongly distorted on the vibrational spectroscopy time scale.

? “compare to”比較兩者的相似點(diǎn)碉渡，“compare with”比較兩者的不同點(diǎn)聚谁。只有同類的事物才能進(jìn)行比較。

Compared to compound 3, compound 4 shows an NMR spectrum with corresponding peaks.

Compared with compound 3, compound 4 shows a more complex NMR spectrum.

? 不能忽略那些影響比較的完整性的詞語(比如"that", "those"等)滞诺，也不要用混亂的語序形导。從屬連詞 “than”在比較中用于引入第二個元素，其后跟隨一個形容詞或者副詞的比較級习霹。

INCORRECT
The alkyne stretching bands for the complexes are all lower than the uncoordinated alkyne ligands.

CORRECT
The alkyne stretching bands for the complexes are all lower than those for the uncoordinated alkyne ligands.
The alkyne stretching bands are all lower for the complexes than for the uncoordinated alkyne ligands.

INCORRECT
The decrease in isomer shift for compound 1 is greater in a given pressure increment than for compound 2.

CORRECT
The decrease in isomer shift for compound 1 is greater in a given pressure increment than that for compound 2.
The decrease in isomer shift in a given pressure increment is greater for compound 1 than for compound 2.

? 比較中常用的習(xí)語有 “different from”, “similar to”, “identical
to”, 和“identical with”等朵耕，一般不能分開來用。

INCORRECT
The complex shows a significantly different NMR resonance from that of compound 1.

CORRECT
The complex shows an NMR resonance significantly different from that of compound 1.

INCORRECT
Compound 5 does not catalyze hydrogenation under similar conditions to compound 6.

CORRECT
Compound 5 does not catalyze hydrogenation under conditions similar to those for compound 6.

例外：修飾習(xí)語中第一個詞語的中間介詞短語可以把習(xí)語分開淋叶。

The single crystals are all similar in structure to the crystals of compound 7.

Solution A is identical in appearance with solution B.

? 像“relative to”, “as compared to”,和“as compared with”之類的短語以及“versus”之類的詞語也可以用來引入比較中的第二個元素阎曹，被比較的事物必須是相似的。

The greater acidity of nitric acid relative to nitrous acid is due to the initial-state charge distribution in the molecules.

The lowering of the vibronic coupling constants for Ni as compared with Cu is due to configuration interaction.

This behavior is analogous to the reduced Wittig-like reactivity in thiolate versus phenoxide complexes.

Correct Word Usage

作者所挑選的詞語是作者風(fēng)格的定義特征之一。然而詞語的選擇并不只有風(fēng)格支配处嫌。文章的受眾也會影響作者的選擇栅贴。作者會選擇那些受眾所了解的詞語，并定義那些受眾不了解的熏迹。文件的類型也會影響作者的選擇：學(xué)術(shù)論文筹误、期刊文章和書籍等傾向于使用正式的語言；而電子郵件等則可以不拘小節(jié)癣缅。

選擇正確的詞匯來表意適于一本好詞典厨剪，然而也需要理解兩個幾乎同義的兩個單詞或短語之間的微小差別，以及拼寫相近但意義顯著不同的單詞或短語友存。最好使用詞語的基本意義祷膳，避免使用那些生僻、不正式或者只有文學(xué)上使用的詞語屡立。一些詞語在說出來時可以通過手勢直晨、表情和聲調(diào)的變化來輔助表達(dá)你的意思，但是寫出來時可能就沒有那么清楚膨俐。

本章僅僅給出了少量在學(xué)術(shù)寫作中常常被誤用的一些詞語和短語勇皇，請自行查閱關(guān)于詞匯用法的參考資料以獲得更全面的幫助。（Chapter 18 “References on Scientific Communication” 標(biāo)題下羅列了一些這樣的參考文獻(xiàn)焚刺。）

Grouping and Comparison Words

? 使用“respectively”讓兩個序列在同一個句子中聯(lián)系起來敛摘。

The excitation and emission were measured at 360 and 440 nm, respectively. (That is, the excitation was measured at 360 nm, and the emission was measured at 440 nm.)

? 使用更精確的措辭，比如“greater than”或者“more than”而不是不精確的 “over”或者“in excess of ”乳愉。

greater than 50% (not in excess of 50%)

more than 100 samples (not over 100 samples)

more than 25 mg (not in excess of 25 mg, not over 25 mg)

? 使用“fewer”來陳述數(shù)字兄淫；使用“l(fā)ess”來陳述數(shù)量。

fewer than 50 animals

fewer than 100 samples

less product

less time

less work

? 然而蔓姚，對于帶單位的數(shù)字捕虽，要使用“l(fā)ess”，因為它們被認(rèn)為是單數(shù)坡脐。

less than 5 mg

less than 3 days

? 對于兩個命名對象泄私，使用“between”；s;對于三個或更多的命名對象备闲，使用“among”晌端。

Communication between scientists and the public is essential.

Communication among scientists, educators, and the public is essential.

Communication among scientists is essential.

Commonly Confused Words and Phrases

?根據(jù)你的意思選擇“myself”和“me”∏骋郏“Myself” 是一個反身代詞斩松，僅僅用于主語是“I”的句子伶唯，而“me” 用作直接或間接賓語觉既，或者介詞的賓語。 “Myself”從來都不是“me”的替代品。

Please give a copy of the agenda to Anne and me. (not to Anne and myself)

I myself checked the agenda.

Cheryl and I checked the agenda. (not Cheryl and myself)

The agenda was checked by Barbara and me. (not by Barbara and myself)

? “due to”的意思是“attributable to”瞪讼，僅用來修飾直接在它前面的名詞或代詞钧椰，或者跟在動詞“to be”的形式之后。

Cutbacks due to decreased funding have left us without basic reference books.

The accuracy of the prediction is due to a superior computer program.

? 根據(jù)你的意思選擇“based on”和“on the basis of ”符欠。以“based on”開始的短語必須修飾直接在其前面或后面的名詞或代詞嫡霞。用以“on the
basis of ”開始的短語來修飾動詞。

The doctors' new methods in brain surgery were based on Ben Carson’s work.

On the basis of the molecular orbital calculations, we propose a mechanism thatcan account for all the major features of alkali and alkaline earth catalyzed gasification reactions. (not Based on …)

? 根據(jù)你的意思選擇“assure”希柿、“ensure”和“insure”诊沪。“to assure”意思是“to affirm”曾撤，證實端姚，肯定;“to ensure”意思是“to make certain”，確定挤悉，落實; “to insure”意思是“to indemnify for money”渐裸，保險.

He assured me that the work had been completed.

The procedure ensures that clear guidelines have been established.

You cannot get a mortgage unless you insure your home.

? 根據(jù)你的意思選擇“affect”、“effect”和“impact”装悲。當(dāng)“affect”被用作動詞時昏鹃，它的意思是影響（influence），調(diào)整（modify）或改變（change）诀诊。 當(dāng)“effect”被用作動詞時洞渤，它的意思是效果（to bring about），而作為名詞属瓣，則是后果您宪，結(jié)果（consequence, outcome, or result）〉煊浚“Impact”是一個名詞宪巨，意思是顯著的后果。

The increased use of pesticides affects agricultural productivity.

The use of polychlorinated benzenes has an effect on the cancer rate.

The effect of the added acid was negligible.

The new procedure effected a 50% increase in yield.

The impact of pesticide use on health is felt throughout the world.

The acid did not have a great impact on the reaction rate.

? 使用“whether”來引入至少兩個選擇（alternatives）溜畅，無論是聲明的還是暗示的捏卓。

I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment.

I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment or use a different statistical treatment.

I am going to repeat the experiment whether the results are positive or negative.

使用“whether or not”來表示無論如何（“regardless of whether”）。

INCORRECT
I am not sure whether or not to repeat the experiment.

CORRECT
I am not sure whether to repeat the experiment.

Whether or not the results are positive, I will repeat the experiment.

Whether or not I repeat the experiment, I will probably leave the laboratory late tonight.

? 使用“to comprise”來表示包含（“to contain”）或組成（“to consist of ”）慈格。它并不是“to compose”的同義詞怠晴。整體包含（“comprise”）部分，或者說 整體由部分組成（“composed of”）浴捆，但是不能說整體由部分包含（“comprised of”）蒜田。永遠(yuǎn)不要使用“is comprised of ”。

INCORRECT
A book is comprised of chapters.

CORRECT
A book comprises chapters.

A book is composed of chapters.

INCORRECT
Our research was comprised of three stages.

CORRECT
Our research comprised three stages.

Use of “A” and “An”

? 根據(jù)它們之后單詞或縮寫的發(fā)音來選擇冠詞“a”和“an” 选泻〕逶粒化學(xué)元素和同位素之前a”和“an”的用法見257和264頁（Chapter 13）美莫。

a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer

an NMR spectrometer

? Use “a” before an 送氣音（aspirated ）“h”之前用“a”；元音字母a梯捕、e厢呵、i、o傀顾，以及軟的或短的u和y之前用“an”襟铭。

a house, a history (but an hour, an honor)

a union, a U-14C (but an ultimate)

a yard (but an ylide, an yttrium compound)

? 根據(jù)第一個字母的讀音選擇以下頭銜的合適冠詞：B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., and Ph.D.。

a B.S. degree

an M.S. degree

a Ph.D.

Words and Phrases To Avoid

? 不要用俚語（Slang）或者行話（Jargon）短曾。

? 要簡短精要寒砖。廢話連篇會掩蓋你的信息，使你的讀者感到厭煩嫉拐。

? 避免空洞的短語入撒，比如

As already stated
It has been found that
It has long been known that
It is interesting to note that
It is worth mentioning at this point
It may be said that
It was demonstrated that

? 避免多余的話。

| INSTEAD OF | CONSIDER USING |
|---|---|
|It is a procedure that is often used.|This procedure is often used.|
|There are seven steps that must be completed.|Seven steps must be completed.|
|This is a problem that is ….|This problem is ….|
|These results are preliminary in nature.|These results are preliminary.|

? 使用單詞而不是短語來更簡潔精確地表達(dá)椭岩。

| INSTEAD OF | CONSIDER USING |
|---|---|
|a number of|many, several|
|a small number of |a few|
|are found to be| are|
|are in agreement| agree|
|are known to be |are|
|at present |now|
|at the present time| now|
|based on the fact that| because|
|by means of |by|
|despite the fact that |although|
|due to the fact that |because|
|during that time| while|
|fewer in number |fewer|
|for the reason that| because|
|has been shown to be |is|
|if it is assumed that| if|
|in color, e.g., red in color |just state the color, e.g., red|
|in consequence of this fact |therefore, consequently
|in length| long
|in order to| to
|in shape, e.g., round in shape |just state the shape, e.g., round|
|in size, e.g., small in size |just state the size, e.g., small|
|in spite of the fact that |although|
|in the case of … |in …, for …|
|in the near future |soon|
|in view of the fact that |because|
|is known to be| is|
|it appears that |apparently|
|it is clear that| clearly|
|it is likely that |likely|
|it is possible that| possibly|
|it would appear that |apparently|
|of great importance| important|
|on the order of| about|
|owing to the fact that| because|
|prior to| before|
|reported in the literature |reported|
|subsequent to |after|

? 科技論文中不要使用縮寫茅逮。

INCORRECT
The identification wasn’t confirmed by mass spectrometry.

CORRECT
The identification was not confirmed by mass spectrometry.

? 不要用“plus” 或者加號作為“and”的同義詞。

INCORRECT
Two bacterial enzymes were used in a linked-enzyme assay for heroin plus metabolites.

CORRECT
Two bacterial enzymes were used in a linked-enzyme assay for heroin and its metabolites.

? 在你想要表達(dá)separately” 或者“independently”D的時候判哥，不要用“respectively”献雅。

INCORRECT
The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes, respectively, were studied.

CORRECT
The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes were studied separately.

? A避免濫用由“with”引入的介詞短語。

POOR
Nine deaths from leukemia occurred, with six expected.

BETTER
Nine deaths from leukemia occurred, and six had been expected.

POOR
Of the 20 compounds tested, 12 gave positive reactions, with three being greater than 75%.

BETTER
Of the 20 compounds tested, 12 gave positive reactions; three of these were greater than 75%.

POOR
Two weeks later, six more animals died, with the total rising to 25.

BETTER
Two weeks later, six more animals died, and the total was then 25.

? 不要用斜線表示“and” 或“or”塌计。

INCORRECT
Hot/cold extremes will damage the samples.

CORRECT
Hot and cold extremes will damage the samples.

? R不要用“and/or” 挺身，而是根據(jù)你的意思選擇“and” 或“or”。

INCORRECT
Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in the leaves and/or roots.

CORRECT
Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in the leaves and roots.
Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in either the leaves or the roots.
Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in the leaves, the roots, or both.

? 如果你已經(jīng)在會議上展示了你的結(jié)果锌仅，而現(xiàn)在要把這些結(jié)果寫成文章來發(fā)表章钾，那么你需要刪去所有與會議相關(guān)的詞語，比如“Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen”, “This morning we heard”, “in this symposium”, “at this meeting”, 以及“I am pleased to be here”等等热芹。這些詞語僅僅在你準(zhǔn)確記錄演講的時候才合適贱傀。

? 避免使用“recently”。 你的文章或書籍會存在很長時間伊脓，但是這個單詞會讓它看起來在很短的時間內(nèi)就會過時府寒。

POOR
It was recently found that these effects enhance the bond strength.

BETTER
Harris and Harris (2006) found that these effects enhance the bond strength.

Gender-Neutral Language

美國政府和許多出版商正在努力地去鼓勵人們使用中性語言（Gender-
neutral language）。中性語言也是許多化學(xué)家的目標(biāo)报腔。 最近樣式指南和寫作指南敦促編輯和作者來選擇過時的強(qiáng)調(diào)性別角色的說法株搔。中性語言是準(zhǔn)確的，無偏見的纯蛾，并不會產(chǎn)生尷尬纤房。問題最大的詞語是名詞
“man”和它的代詞“he”和“his”，但是也有一些合適的中性語言可以替代它們翻诉。仔細(xì)地選擇一種說法炮姨，并在全文中保持一致捌刮。^[1]

? 用“people”, “humans”, “human beings”, or “human species”等詞語來替換“man”。

OUTDATED
The effects of compounds I–X were studied in rats and man.

GENDER-NEUTRAL
The effects of compounds I–X were studied in rats and humans.

OUTDATED
Men working in hazardous environments are often unaware of their rights and responsibilities.

GENDER-NEUTRAL
People working in hazardous environments are often unaware of their rights and responsibilities.

OUTDATED
Man’s search for beauty and truth has resulted in some of his greatest accomplishments.

GENDER-NEUTRAL
The search for beauty and truth has resulted in some of our greatest accomplishments.

? 使用workers”, “staff ”, “work force”, “l(fā)abor”, “crew”,
“employees”, 或者“personnel”來替換“manpower”剑令。

? 使用synthetic”, “artificial”, “built”, “constructed”,
“manufactured”, 或者“factory-made”來替換“man-made”。

? 使用復(fù)數(shù)形式(“they” 和“theirs”) 或者第一人稱(“we”, “us”和“ours”)來替換“he” 和“his”拄查∮踅颍或者，用“a”或“the”來代替它堕扶，甚至直接把它刪除碍脏。“His or her”在沒有濫用的情況下也是可以接受的稍算。使用被動語態(tài)或者第二人稱有時也是可以的典尾。

OUTDATED
The principal investigator should place an asterisk after his name.

GENDER-NEUTRAL
Principal investigators should place asterisks after their names.
If you are the principal investigator, place an asterisk after your name.
The name of the principal investigator should be followed by an asterisk.

? 不要在單數(shù)的先行詞后面使用復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞。

INCORRECT
The principal investigator should place an asterisk after their name.

CORRECT
The principal investigators should place asterisks after their names.

? 用“family” 或者“spouse” 來替換“wife”糊探。

OUTDATED
The work of professionals such as chemists and doctors is often so time-consuming t their wives are neglected.

GENDER-NEUTRAL
The work of professionals such as chemists and doctors is often so time-consuming that their families are neglected.

OUTDATED
the society member and his wife

GENDER-NEUTRAL
the society member and spouse

1. 男女平等钾埂，反對性別歧視在美國是政治正確的，這也許是文明的體現(xiàn)吧科平。國內(nèi)也有用Ta來表示無性別的第三人稱，然而古代漢語中表示第三人稱的是之字，本無性別之分赘风。他和她都是西學(xué)東漸之后白話文運(yùn)動時才產(chǎn)生的茅主。同時產(chǎn)生的還有妳，不過只有臺灣還在使用這個字了弃酌。 ?