Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.

He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.

Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications.

These medications affect the brain in many different ways.

(As a psychiatrist, he treats people who have mental problems.)

Over the years, Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all.

In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected.

Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why these treatments didn't work.

The patient's name was Bob.

He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help.

The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.

(What did Jack know about the effects in different treatment?)

(In some cases they produced opposite effects from what he expected.)

(If Bob hadn’t attempted suicide…He wouldn’t have come to see Jack.)

(Why did Bob come for treatment ? He had tried to kill himself.)

(Bob wouldn't have to see Jack if he hadn't tried to kill himself.)

(If he hadn’t attempted suicide, he wouldn’t have come to see Jack.)

Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world.

However, he was often extremely depressed.

Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol.

It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol that nearly killed him.

His roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob unconscious in their dormitory room.

(What nearly killed him? He took an overdose of drugs and drank too much alcohol.)

(If his roommate hadn’t called 911, Bob would probably have died.)

(He took drugs and drank a lot? because of his depression.)

Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital, he took time off from school to get help.

That was when he came to the clinic where Jack practices medicine.

At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with antidepressant medications.

He also used conversation and recommendations to help him rethink his life and memories.

After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately.

Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively.

He also continued to go through periods of depression.

As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.

(He wasn't able to return to school.,Because his treatment wasn’t working.)

(What would Bob have done had the treatment been successful ? He would probably have returned to school.)

(Had the treatment been successful, he probably would have returned to school.)

(He was still going through periods of depression.)

Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new.

He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain.(Because the other treatments weren’t working.)

Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning.

What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.

They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated.

There was significant damage to the front part of his brain.

An injury in this part of the brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling.

It can also contribute to feelings of anger and rage.

The fact that his brain was injured unbalanced explained why the treatments hadn't worked.

(What did the brain scan show ? His brain was damaged.)

(What explain why the previous treatments hadn't worked? His brain was damaged.)

(Why did decided use brain scans?None of his other treatments were working.)

The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked.

They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury.

After discussing the injury with Bob and his parents, they concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.

In fact, Jack knew of a quite few of soccer players who had suffered head injuries from playing that sport.

Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.

(What was the conclusion about the cause of the injury?The injury was from playing soccer.)

(Why hadn't the other treatments worked? They didn't address the brain injury.)

(If he hadn’t played soccer, his brain wouldn’t have been injured.)

(They concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.)

With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury.

Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months was close to full recovery.

He no longer had any signs of depression, and was finally able to return to school.

Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with honors, and entered a famous law school.

(What did the new medication do? It helped his brain recover from the injury.)

(He chose it because it designed to treat the part of the brain that had been injured.)

From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life.

If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself.

Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment.

Jack now believes that brain scans can be an important tool for psychiatrists.

An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling, can work.

(From treating Bob, what had Jack realized ? The brain scans had allowed him to save Bob's life.)

(He used brain scans to look inside Bob’s brain to see how it was functioning.)

(He decided to use brain scans because his other treatments weren’t working.)

(The brain scans had allowed him to save Bob's life.)