2019-03-21
On the Uses of Philosophy
Esthetics（美學(xué)） is the study of ideal form, or beauty; it is the philosophy of art.
【寫作技巧】不是重點(diǎn)討論的話題就簡單一筆帶過
Ethics （倫理學(xué)）is the study of ideal conduct; the highest knowledge, said Socrates（插入語）, is the knowledge of good and evil, the knowledge of the wisdom of life.
Politics is the study of ideal social organization (it is not, as one might suppose, the art and science of capturing and keeping office（權(quán)利）); monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, socialism, anarchism, feminism—these are the dramatis personae（所有演出陣容） of political philosophy.
*as one might suppose 在樹敵論的時候用于緩和語氣，不要那么強(qiáng)硬裆甩。
【賞析】介紹每個類別都用了ideal這個形容詞，說明哲學(xué)研究的不是fact，而是一個理想狀態(tài)。
And lastly, metaphysics（形而上學(xué)） (which gets into so much trouble because it is not, like the other forms of philosophy, an attempt to coordinate the real in the light of the ideal) is the study of the "ultimate reality" of all things: of the real and final nature of "matter" (ontology 本體論), of "mind" (philosophical psychology 哲學(xué)心理學(xué)), and of the interrelation of "mind" and "matter" in the processes of perception and knowledge (epistemology 認(rèn)知論).
These are the parts of philosophy; but so dismembered （拆解）it loses its beauty and its joy.
【觀點(diǎn)】哲學(xué)不應(yīng)該被拆分途蒋，應(yīng)該當(dāng)成整體來看待。
We shall seek it not in its shrivelled （枯萎的屠凶，沒有營養(yǎng)和美感）abstractness and formality, but clothed in the living form of genius（此處指哲學(xué)家）; we shall study not merely philosophies, but philosophers; we shall spend our time with the saints and martyrs （烈士驰后，殉道者）of thought, letting their radiant spirit play about us until perhaps we too, in some measure, shall partake （品嘗，參與矗愧，來自take part）of what Leonardo called "the noblest pleasure, the joy of understanding."
【觀點(diǎn)】哲學(xué)系的學(xué)生把學(xué)性钪ィ科學(xué)化之后，反而有可能感受不到它的美感了唉韭。最高級的歡喜夜涕，是理解帶來的欣喜。
Each of these philosophers has some lesson for us, if we approach him properly.
"Do you know," asks Emerson, "the secret of the true scholar? In every man there is something wherein（在一個人當(dāng)中） I may learn of him; and In that（因?yàn)槭舴撸且环N非常正式的寫法） I am his pupil."
Well, surely we may take this attitude to the master minds of history without hurt to our pride!
And we may flatter ourselves with that other thought of Emerson's, that when genius speaks to us we feel a ghostly reminiscence（鬼魅般的回憶女器，不知道到底發(fā)生過沒有） of having ourselves, in our distant youth（插入語，一邊在修飾住诸，一邊在懸停句子驾胆，為之后的爆發(fā)做鋪墊）, had vaguely this selfsame（=same） thought which genius now speaks, but which we had not art or courage to clothe with form and utterance.
And indeed, great men speak to us only so far as we have ears and souls to hear them; only so far as(=so long as) we have in us the roots, at least, of that which flowers out in them.
We too have had the experiences they had, but we did not suck those experiences dry（把經(jīng)驗(yàn)吸干） of their secret and subtle meanings: we were not sensitive to the overtones of the reality that hummed about us.（我們不敏感，聽不到這個世界的弦外之音贱呐。）
Genius hears the overtones, and the music of the spheres（星球）; genius knows what Pythagoras（畢達(dá)哥拉斯） meant when he said that philosophy is the highest music.
So let us listen to these men, ready to forgive them their passing（轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的） errors, and eager to learn the lessons which they are so eager to teach（學(xué)生只有感受到老師迫切想傳承的熱情丧诺，才能想學(xué)，學(xué)會奄薇。做老師要eagar to teach）. ”
Do you then be reasonable," said old Socrates to Crito, "and do not mind whether the teachers of philosophy are good or bad, but think only of Philosophy herself.（不要在乎教你的老師是好是壞驳阎，要在乎哲學(xué)本身。）
Try to examine her well and truly; and if she be evil, seek to turn away all men from her; but （不僅表示轉(zhuǎn)折馁蒂，還暗含了蘇格拉底的對哲學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)）if she be what I believe she is, then follow her and serve her, and be of good cheer."
