新聞來自nbc news竖独。

原文鏈接：

https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/climate-change-could-affect-human-evolution-here-s-how-ncna907276

編者注：

現(xiàn)在的科學(xué)家，也總想搞大新聞挤牛。

作者Scott Solomon在萊斯大學(xué)教授生態(tài)莹痢、進(jìn)化和科學(xué)傳播，是“未來人類：我們持續(xù)進(jìn)化的科學(xué)內(nèi)因”一書的作者墓赴。

中文部分為編者翻譯竞膳，編者英語四級水平，如有錯誤诫硕，純屬必然坦辟，歡迎指正，共同進(jìn)步章办。

As climate change brings rising temperatures, droughts, shifting patterns of precipitation and longer growing seasons, plants and animals are evolving to keep pace.

隨著氣候變化帶來氣溫上升锉走、干旱滔吠、降水模式變化以及生長季節(jié)的延長，植物和動物正在不斷進(jìn)化以進(jìn)行適應(yīng)挠日。

Biologists have observed squirrels and salmon developing at an accelerated pace, causing them to reproduce at a younger age. Earlier summers have caused some flowers to bloom earlier in the year. And corals are forging new relationships with microscopic algae to survive in warmer, more acidic seas.

生物學(xué)家觀察到松鼠和鮭魚的發(fā)育速度加快，使它們繁殖的年齡更低翰舌。過早到來的夏天使得一些鮮花開放更早嚣潜，珊瑚也在與微型藻類建立新的關(guān)系，以便在更加溫暖椅贱、酸性更強(qiáng)的海水中生存懂算。

As the planet continues to warm, evolutionary changes are expected in other species as well — including Homo sapiens. Climate change will alter the internal workings of our bodies in subtle but significant ways and will likely cause a noticeable shift in our appearance.

隨著地球的繼續(xù)變暖，預(yù)計其他物種也會發(fā)生進(jìn)化行為庇麦，這其中當(dāng)然也包括人類计技。氣候變化將以微妙而重要的方式改變我們身體的內(nèi)部運作，并可能導(dǎo)致我們的外表發(fā)生明顯變化山橄。

INSIDE THE BODY

身體內(nèi)部變化

A warmer climate means malaria, West Nile virus and other diseases long confined primarily to the tropics will spread into temperate zones. As a result, people living in the U.S. and other developed nations will be exposed to these illnesses, and our immune systems will be forced to evolve new defenses. That, in turn, could cause other, noninfectious diseases.

氣候變暖意味著瘧疾垮媒、西尼羅河病毒和其他長期局限于熱帶地區(qū)的疾病將蔓延到溫帶地區(qū)。結(jié)果會是航棱，生活在美國和其他發(fā)達(dá)國家的人們將面臨這些疾病睡雇，我們的免疫系統(tǒng)將被迫發(fā)展出新的防御系統(tǒng)。相反饮醇，這可能會導(dǎo)致其他非傳染性疾病它抱。

Two blood disorders — sickle cell and thalassemia — arose and continue to exist because they have a beneficial side effect: resistance to malaria. Such disorders, or new ones, may soon appear if malaria moves into populated areas of North America, East Asia and Europe.

兩種血液疾病 - 鐮狀細(xì)胞和地中海貧血 - 將出現(xiàn)并繼續(xù)存在，因為它們具有有益的副作用：抗瘧疾朴艰。如果瘧疾進(jìn)入北美观蓄、東亞和歐洲的人口稠密地區(qū)，這種疾病或新的疾病可能很快出現(xiàn)祠墅。

Similarly, our digestive systems will evolve in response to shifts in food availability — where crops and livestock can be cultivated. The ability to digest milk in adulthood evolved among groups in the Middle East and North Africa that began raising cattle. Future generations may evolve better abilities to tolerate sugar or fat.

同樣侮穿，我們的消化系統(tǒng)將隨著食物供應(yīng)的變化而發(fā)展，特別是在農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)地饵隙。在開始飼養(yǎng)奶牛的中東和北非地區(qū)撮珠，成年人消化牛奶的能力發(fā)生變化，其后代可能會發(fā)展出更好的耐受糖或脂肪的能力金矛。

Changing diets will also trigger changes in our microbiomes — the bacteria and other microorganisms that live in our guts and help to keep us healthy. Vegetarians tend to harbor a different mix of bacteria than meat eaters, and these changes could be exaggerated if prolonged droughts make it too costly to raise livestock for meat.

改變飲食也會引發(fā)我們體內(nèi)微生物群體的變化芯急，這些細(xì)菌和其他微生物存在于我們的內(nèi)臟中，有助于保持我們的健康驶俊。素食者往往含有不同于肉食者的微生物群體娶耍，如果長期干旱導(dǎo)致飼養(yǎng)牲畜成本太高，這些變化可能會被放大饼酿。

EXTERNAL CHANGES

外貌變化

While these changes will be of enormous interest to biologists, they will be largely invisible. But as we change on the inside, we’ll also be changing on the outside. Evidence suggests that a warming planet could melt away differences between human races — or population groups, as scientists more accurately call them.

雖然上述這些變化對生物學(xué)家來說非常重要榕酒，但它們在很大程度上是不可見的胚膊。但隨著我們內(nèi)部的改變，我們的外貌也會改變想鹰。有證據(jù)表明紊婉，一個變暖的地球可以消除人類種族差異，準(zhǔn)確的說是人口群體之間的差異辑舷。

The reason why climate change could reduce racial differences is that it will trigger massive migrations. In recent decades the world has become more urbanized, with people moving into large cities in coastal areas. But as polar ice melts and sea levels rise, large numbers of people will be forced to flee the coasts. And as droughts become more common and more severe, people living in more arid areas will have to move to places with more reliable sources of water.

氣候變化可以減少種族差異的原因是它會引發(fā)大規(guī)模的人口遷移喻犁。近幾十年來，世界城市化發(fā)展迅速何缓，人口流沿海地區(qū)的大城市肢础。但隨著極地冰層融化和海平面上升，大量人口將被迫離開海岸碌廓。隨著干旱變得更加普遍和嚴(yán)重传轰，生活在干旱地區(qū)的人們將不得不搬到擁有固定水源的地方。

These migrations will erode the geographic barriers that once separated human populations. In fact, this process is already underway. As of 2017, 258 million people were living in a country other than the one they were born in — an increase of 49 percent since 2000, according to a report from the United Nations. A World Bank report released in March predicts that climate change will cause 140 million people to migrate by 2050, with those now living in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America especially likely to migrate.

這些遷移將穿越曾經(jīng)造成人口分離的地理屏障谷婆。事實上慨蛙，這個過程已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行之中。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國的一份報告纪挎，截至2017年股淡，有2.58億人生活在他們出生的國家以外，自2000年以來增加了49％廷区。世界銀行3月份發(fā)布的一份報告預(yù)測唯灵，到2050年，氣候變化將導(dǎo)致1.4億的人口遷移隙轻，現(xiàn)在生活在撒哈拉以南非洲埠帕、南亞和拉丁美洲的人群尤其可能遷移。

One consequence of large-scale migrations is what biologists call gene flow, a type of evolution caused by the blending of genes between populations. When people from different populations mate and reproduce, their genes intermingle in their children. That can lead to combinations of traits not seen in either parent or in the populations they come from — like the dark skin and blue eyes of Cape Verde islanders, the result of interbreeding between Portuguese and West Africans.

大規(guī)模遷移的一個后果是生物學(xué)家所謂的基因流動玖绿，這是一種由種群間基因混合引起的進(jìn)化敛瓷。當(dāng)來自不同人群的人婚配時，他們的基因就會在他們的孩子身上融合斑匪。這可能出現(xiàn)在他們父母或他們來自的人群中沒有的特征組合呐籽，比如佛得角島民的黑皮膚和藍(lán)眼睛，就是葡萄牙人和西非人之間混血的結(jié)果蚀瘸。

SHIFTING SKIN COLOR

改變皮膚顏色

One of the most obvious effects of gene flow may be greater similarity in skin color.

基因流動最明顯的影響之一可能是使人類的膚色更加相似狡蝶。

Skin color differences came about a result of natural selection in different human populations. The pigment eumelanin makes skin darker, which helps protect against harsh sunlight. But too much eumelanin can make it hard for the body to produce vitamin D, which is needed to build healthy bones. So over many thousands of years, human populations evolved varying levels of skin pigmentation as they spread across the globe, with natural selection balancing the cost of having too much eumelanin (which can indirectly cause bone deformities) versus having too little (which can lead to cancer and birth defects).

皮膚顏色差異是由于不同人群中的自然選擇造成的。真黑素使皮膚更暗贮勃，有助于抵御強(qiáng)烈的陽光贪惹。但過多的真黑素可能會使身體難以產(chǎn)生維生素D，維生素D是建立健康骨骼所必需的寂嘉。因此奏瞬，在數(shù)千年的時間里枫绅，人類在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)化出不同程度的皮膚色素沉著，自然選擇平衡了過多的真黑素（可能間接導(dǎo)致骨骼畸形）與過少（可能導(dǎo)致癌癥和先天缺陷）的影響硼端。

As a result, skin color came to closely match the intensity of sunlight in different regions — darker near the equator and lighter near the poles.

這樣的結(jié)果是并淋，膚色與不同區(qū)域的陽光強(qiáng)度非常相關(guān)，赤道附近較暗珍昨，而極地附近較淺预伺。

But in today’s world, with sunscreen and vitamin supplements, natural selection is less relevant to ongoing changes in human skin pigmentation than gene flow. Because skin color is controlled by many genes, parents whose skin color differs tend to have children with intermediate skin tones. And so in five to 10 generations (125 to 250 years), we may see fewer people with dark skin or pale skin and more with a brown or olive complexion. Having both dark skin and light eyes may become more common.

但在今天的世界中，人們使用防曬霜和服用維生素曼尊，自然選擇與人體皮膚色素的關(guān)系不如基因的影響強(qiáng)大。由于皮膚顏色受許多基因控制脏嚷，因此膚色不同的父母往往會生出具有中度膚色的兒童骆撇。因此，在5至10代（125至250年）中父叙，我們可能會看到更少皮膚較黑或皮膚蒼白的人神郊，而是更多棕色或橄欖色。同時擁有深色皮膚和淺色眼睛的人可能會變得更加常見趾唱。

Blending of races is already well underway in ethnically diverse countries like Brazil, Singapore and the U.S. A Pew report from 2017 found that the number of multiracial births in the U.S. rose from 1 percent in 1970 to 10 percent in 2013. And the increase will continue — the multiracial population is projected to grow by 174 percent over the next four decades.

在巴西涌乳、新加坡和美國這些種族多樣化的國家，種族混合已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行中甜癞。2017年的皮尤報告發(fā)現(xiàn)夕晓，美國的混血新生兒數(shù)量從1970年的1％上升到2013年的10％。這一增長將繼續(xù)悠咱，預(yù)計四十年后蒸辆，混血人口將增長174％。

The bottom line? As people around the world become more physically similar to one another, it's possible that racism might slowly fade.

底線析既？隨著世界各地的人們在身體上越來越相似躬贡，種族主義可能會逐漸消失。

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