Final Project--Sissy Zhang

Policy?Paper?--Part?1

Address the humanitarian crisis in Maroon: policies to prevent genocide and restore democratic?governance

BACKGROUND

Maroon?Since?its?establishment,?the?Drakes?group?has?been?dominant,?while?Steelys?has?been?marginalized.?This?historical?context?of?racial?division?and?power?distribution?has?led?to?tensions?today.?Maroon?A?chronic?law?of?racial??discrimination ?prohibiting??Steelys??from ?participating??in ??electoral ?politics.??This ??law ?is??not ??only ?the?embodiment?of?the?long-term?inequality?between?the?two?races?in?the?history?of?the?Maroon?but?also?the?root?cause of?the current crisis. Recently,?Steelys?organized a?series of?protests?calling?for?changes?in?the?law?prohibiting?their?participation?in?elections.?The?protests,?which?involved?numerous?disputes?over?interests?and?broke?the?ongoing?political??environment,??quickly??escalated??into ?violence,???leading ?to??massive ??Steely??killings??and??subsequent?government-ordered?arrests?and?executions.?The?comments?and?actions?of?Prime?Minister?Jason?Norman?have?worsened?the?current?situation,?although?opposition?voices?are?present?and?criticized;?the?ongoing?unsolved?crisis?makes the?Steelys?situation even more precarious. Maroon The?government's?violent?crackdown?on?the?Steelys?has?drawn?great?attention?from?the?international?community.?The?most?serious?ethical?issues?include?violations?of?human rights, racial discrimination, and potential implications that could lead to genocide.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

How to promote its domestic reform through international intervention to prevent Maroon genocide and restore?democratic governance, and to solve the human rights problems faced by?ethnic minorities?

ANALYSIS OF ACTION OPTIONS

???????"Talk" - Diplomatic Action:

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The United States can try to get Norman to agree to?stop?further?aggression,?commit?to?a?ceasefire,?and?agree?to?better integrate the?Steelys into the political system in Maroon. The U.S. could?provide?financial?support to the??government.

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????????????????????????Bilateral:?conduct these negotiations directly with?Norman

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????????????????????????Multilateral:?work with the Organization of?American?States

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This?action would?involve?engagement with?several more prestigious?international?organizations internationally?as?well?as those?organizations?and?institutions in regions?such?as the?Caribbean?Community,?for?joint?discussions?and?presenting resolutions to express tangible concerns and make?some?improvements?to?the?discriminatory?laws?in?the?maroon region.?These?prominent?and?influential?organizations will publicly?condemn?this?deprivation?of minority voting?rights?and?the?fact?that?they?violate?and?disrespect?human?rights?and?ask?the?government?to?improve?and?respond to the?situation?as?soon?as possible. This peaceful?approach?is?moderately?supported?by?the?United?States,

and?generally?supported?by?the?European?Union,?the?Organization?of American?States?and?the?United?Nations,?without international legal issues. The positive effects of?these?actions?include,?but?are?not?limited?to,?attracting?and?raising?international?attention?to?the?issue?through?multilateral?diplomatic?actions,?thereby?increasing?the pressure?on international image issues and the maroon?government?to?face?it.?Solving the?crisis?through?diplomatic?channels?can?avoid military conflicts, help to?maintain?the?authority?of?international?law,?and?reduce?the?negative?impact?on?the United?States?diplomacy.At?the?same?time,?a?sense?of solidarity?in?favour?of democratic principles?and human?rights?will?be?spread?more?widely,?and?now?social?media?and?tools?will?facilitate?such?action. And?an?interest?in?potential?long-term?solutions?rather?than?more?short-term?repairs.?However,?due?to?the?limited?time,?the?role?of?negotiations?in?the?short?term?is?limited?in?preventing?imminent?actions,?and?the?international?community?may?resist?any?compromise.?If the?Maroon?government?takes ?a?strong?stance?on?diplomacy,?the?lack?of progress ?in?international?efforts?and the?crisis?may?worsen.?Moreover,?if the?international?community?is?divided?on this?issue,?or?if the?dissemination?of tools ?(such?as?social?media)?is?inappropriate?or?untrue,?this?will?not?only?reduce?the?effectiveness?of?multilateral?action,?but?also?have?an?impact?on?the?reputation?of?multilateral?diplomacy.

The?international?community?and?the?Maroon?domestic?party?against?the?NP?may?support?a?diplomatic?solution.?This?can?lead?to more help?and more?opportunities?to know?more?about?the?situation.?But?most?of?the?NP?and?his?colleagues?in?the?Maroon?government?may?reject?diplomatic?mediation,?not just?for?interest,?but?also?for?thought?and beliefs.?Successful diplomatic?actions may avoid military conflicts,?maintain?the?authority?of?international?law,?reduce the negative?impact?of?American diplomacy, and may?lead to the?political?participation?of?the?Steelys,?so?as?to?solve?the?humanitarian?crisis?through?such?peaceful?means.?But?failure?means?that?immediate?remediation?measures?and?preliminary?preparation?are?imminent,?as?the?aggravation?will?only?lead?to?a?deeper?humanitarian?crisis and casualties.

???????????????"Transactions" - Economic Sanctions:

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The United States can prevent U.S. companies from doing business?in?Maroon?and/or?freeze?assets?of?Maroon?nationals that are located in the U.S.

For specific?sectors controlled by government officials or entities?involved in?discrimination?against?minority

parties. But more specifically, I think it will include restricting trade, investment and?financial?transactions to

increase the pressure. The deal will start with higher tariffs on?maroon?goods.?Since the US?is?a?major?Maroon

trading partner, these tariffs could be detrimental for the long-term economy.?Economic?sanctions?can?directly

affect the economic interests of?government officials and related personnel, possibly?force them to?change?their

discrimination policies. Sanctions also show acceptance by the international?community,?and that the United?States?can work with its Allies. They can also represent the positions of?the participating countries?and the international

community, indicating whether their actions are accepted and?justified. Economic?sanctions can?also be

implemented quickly relative to other intervention programmes. But if?these sanctions?lead to?economic?hardship, the government may use them to rally nationalist sentiments against foreign intervention.?In both?cases,?tensions

may intensify and lead to more serious consequences. And?lowering?these?tariffs?would?otherwise?indirectly make??it more difficult to finance other plans. And when the Maroon civilians lose?their key?economic resources, because?the United States is the maroon's main trading partner, it could further?defeat the?conditions?of?minority?life.

Supporters of?this action may be diplomatic, but there will be more opposition; not?just the government, but also the poor living standards and people in the business and financial industries.

POLICY RECOMMENDATION AND ACTION?PLAN

Given?the?current?crisis?in?Maroon,?urgent?diplomatic?action?and?targeted?economic?sanctions?are?necessary;?the?aim?is?to?prevent?further?human?rights?violations?and?to?promote?political?reform?of?the?Maroon?government?to?engage?minorities?in?politics.?The?implementation?of?these?two?policies?can?avoid?the?evolution?of?military?conflict,?and?reduce?casualties?and non-essential property?losses.?To?solve?the?crisis?by?peaceful?means,?Maroon?can?bring?long-term ?stability ?and ?democratic ?development ?and ?the?rights ?of?minorities ?and ?the?proof?of?its ?image ?and?reputation?in?the?absence?of?military?conflict?and?the?threat?of?military?conflict.

"Talk" - Diplomatic Action:

Feasibility:?The?US?diplomatic?efforts?are ?supported?by?the?international?community,?including?the?European?Union, the?Organization?of?American?States?and the United Nations, which?enhances the?legitimacy?and?influence of?the?diplomatic ?actions.?With?the ?support ?of?its ?original?Allies ?and?joint ?efforts,?through ?cooperation?with?regional organizations?such as the Caribbean?Community, the?United?States?can?expand?the?scope?of?its?diplomatic?efforts?and?seek?joint?solutions?with?various?parties.?With?the?rapid?dissemination?of?information?tools?from?social?media and modern communication, such a peaceful?solution?will?increase?the?international?reputation?and?image?of?the?United?States?and?at?the?same?time?increase?the?international?attention?of the?international?community?to?this?matter,?so?that?more?people?can?see?the?diplomatic?actions?of the?United?States?and?the?decisions?of the?Maroon?government. From the perspective of?the potential long-term solution, this shows?the willingness?to?invest?time?and resources to resolve the human rights?crisis?in?Maroon,?help?Steelys?overcome?the?difficulties?and?restore?political?participation and suffrage.

However,?any?diplomacy?has?limitations,?but?this?does?not?mean?bad?or?completely?negative.?On?the?contrary,?planning?in?advance?will?always?follow?the?trajectory?of the?plan:?the?first?thing?to?consider?is?that?diplomatic?negotiations?may?not?prevent?imminent?action,?and?whether?we?can?prevent?further?violence?and?human?rights?violations?in?a?short?period?of?time?is?very?important.?And?we?need?to?predict?that?if?the?Maroon?government?takes a?tough?line,?then?the?progress?of?the?negotiations?could?face?obstacles,?and?the?relations?between?countries?could worsen?the?crisis.?Not?only?that,?but?if?the?international?community?divides?on?this?issue,?or?if?the?dissemination?of information?is?inaccurate?or?untrue,?it?may?undermine?the?effect?of multilateral?action?and?have?an?impact?on?the?reputation?of?multilateral?diplomacy.?Given?these perceived?as potentially?difficult?situations, America?should?use?social ?media ?and ?information ?dissemination ?to ?make ?maximum ?use ?of ?our ?own ?international??influence.??For?example, ?working ?with ?international ?organizations??and??regional??partners??to??keep??interests??through??different

organizations?and countries?and encourage those influential?and powerful?organizations?to?better play?their?role.?In?the?face?of possible?government?resistance?and?international?differences,?such?as?Russia's?block?in?the?Security?Council,?be?appropriate?to?slow?down?Russia's?foreign?policy?or?try?to?negotiate?with?China,?allowing?China?to?consult?with?Russia?and?persuade?it.?Improve?the?efficiency?of?international?administration.

"Transactions" - Economic Sanctions:

Feasibility: ?By ?restricting?trade, ?investment ?and ?financial ?transactions, ?the ?United ?States ?can ?exert ?economic?pressure?on?government?officials?in?Maroon?countries?and?on?individuals?involved?in?discrimination, which?could?force them to?change?their policies. At the?same?time,?the?economic?sanctions?show?the?international?community's?position?on?the?behavior?of Maroon?countries,?and?the United?States?can?cooperate?with?its?Allies?to put?pressure?together. Relative?to?other?intervention programs,?economic?sanctions?can be?implemented?quickly,?representing a?peaceful and relatively rapid action option.

Similarly,?the?limitations?of?economic?sanctions?must?also?be?considered:?for?example,?sanctions?may?lead?to?economic ?difficulties ?in ?Maroon??countries,??and ?the??government??may??use??this??situation??to??incite??nationalistsentiment ?and ?oppose ?foreign ?intervention. ?Moreover, ?sanctions??may ?affect ?civilians ?in ?the ?Maroon ?country,?especially?if the?United?States?is?a?major?trading?partner,?potentially?exacerbating?the?living?conditions?of ethnic?minorities. Although this is?an?effective way?to put?pressure,?economic?sanctions?may?face?strong?opposition?from?the Maroon?government,?affected?industries?and people?affected by declining?living?standards,?which?will?hurt?the?development?of bilateral?relations?and?receive?more?resistance ?and?protests?against?the?United?States.?Here,?to?overcome these?obstacles need the United?States in the?sanctions?maximum?guarantee?"targeted"?and?other?effects,?can?through?the?opposition?for NP?some?aid?let?them?in?domestic?affairs?for?the rationality?of American?behavior?and?justice?to?explain?the?sentiment,?at?the?same?time?and?other?committee?of the?United?Nations, ?and?related?human rights protection NGOs?"targeted" aid at the same time.

Historically, ?diplomatic ?actions??and??economic??sanctions??have??been??implemented ??simultaneously ?to??resolve?numerous?international?disputes,?which?is?why?they?are?seen?as?one?of the?most?common?diplomatic?tactics.?For?example,?in?South Africa,?which?also?has?a?serious?humanitarian?crisis,?in?the?1980s,?the?international?community?imposed?broad?economic?sanctions?against?South?Africa?in?protest?against?its?apartheid?policy.?These?sanctions,?combined?with?diplomatic?pressure,?eventually?led?to?the?first?all-race?election?in?South?Africa?in ?1994,?ending?apartheid ?system.We ?can ?learn ?from ?the ?past ?that ?to ?avoid ?the ?violate ?any ?international ?law ?and ?work ?with?organizations?like?the United Nations?to?ensure?professionalism?and recognition.?In?multilateral?diplomacy,?try?to?clarify the legitimacy of?its purpose and remind each other with its?Allies?in?cooperation.

Personally, I think the combination of?these?two?effective?interventions?will?take?about?three?to?six?months:?during?which time?diplomatic negotiations will?continue,?and the?United?States?may?need?to?adjust?its?strategy?to?counter?the?Maroon?government's?response.?At?the?same?time,?if the?effects?of economic?sanctions?begin?to?emerge,?the?Maroon?government?may?feel pressure;?then protests?and?opposition would require?additional?humanitarian?work. Support?for?the?opposition?and?other?domestic?forces?may?begin?to?explain?the?rationality?and?justice?of?American actions,?and?strive?for the rights?of?minorities.?The?reason not?within three?months?is?because?I?think?it?takes?time?for?the?first?three?months?whether?the?information?to?cause?attention?and?discussion. At?the?same?time,?strong?and?overwhelming Maroon’s domestic opposition will try?its best?to?deal?with?the?United?States?and?our?Allies;?the?US?chose?not?to?use?military?solutions?to?prevent?events?from?becoming?worse?and?increasing?insecurity.?Then?we?need to be prepared for long-term negotiations with the?government. However,?the?reason?why?I?think?it?can?end?in?half?a year is that the United?States is the largest trading object?of?Maroon,?and the?impact?of?economic?sanctions?is undoubtedly?a?great?impact?on?their?interests,?and?the joint?pressure?under?the?influence?of?the United?States?will?undoubtedly?have?a?huge?impact?in?half?a?year.?More?than?three?months?will?also?bring?the?message?to?more?people's??lives, ?with ?international ??opinion ??and??substantial ?pressure ?and??the??opposition ??support ?for??the??NP?simultaneously;?I?think?three?to?six?months?is?the?scope?for?a?reasonable?time?to?address?potential?obstacles?and?attract?the?attention?of?the?large-scale?international?community.

CONCLUSION

As ?a ?responsible ?world ?superpower, ?the ?United ?States ?addressed ?the ?humanitarian ?crisis ?in ?the ?Maroon ?and?restoring ?the ?political ?rights ?of ?its ?minorities ?in ?a ?peaceful ?and??effective??manner.??The??two??main??forms??are?diplomatic?action?and?targeted?economic?sanctions,?aimed?at?avoiding?military?conflicts,?reducing?casualties?and?unnecessary?property?losses,?and?promoting?the?long-term?stability?and?democratic?development?of?the?US?trading partners.?Recognizing?the?importance?of international?support,?highlighting?the?use?of social?media?and?modern

communication?tools,?and?stating?the?need?to?note ?"targeted"?in?the?implementation?of?economic?sanctions?to?minimize?the?impact?on?civilians.?Non-use?of?military?and?military?conflicts?reduces?the?potential?of?regional?insecurity ?in?the ?international ?community, ?and ?demonstrates ?the ?legitimacy??of?US ?actions ?to ?avoid ?violating?international?law to the greatest?extent,?and also?reflects?the US's?long-term?responsibility?and?interest?in?resolving?the Maroon humanitarian crisis.

Part2:?What?Would?You?Change???

???????????????The?ability?of the?UN?Security?Council?to?prevent?states?from?acting.?Propose?a?modification?to?the?UN charter that would mitigate the ability?of?a?single?country?to?veto?a?proposed?course?of?military?action?(2-3?sentences).

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Answer：When using a veto, the whole event can?first be?a?qualitative proof?approved by?the?UN?Security?Council.?If?there?is?a?serious violation?of?human?rights; then?a veto?will not?hold?it.?This?could?be?a?new?mechanism?for?the UN?Security Council; it needs to be opened through any?member?motion.?Certification?can?be?certified?directly by?a?special?United?Nations?group?or?by?the?office?of?the?Commission,?but?this?must?be?approved?by?the?United?Nations Security?Council.?By?thus?limiting?the?use?of veto?in?military?action?proposals?designed?to?prevent?serious?human?rights?violations?or?potential?genocide.?I?think?there?are?permanent?members?of the?board,?and?there?is?the?use?of?"one veto".?So establishing such a mechanism in?advance will?ensure that?the?will?of?the?international?community?to?act?humanitarianism?is?not?strangled?by?opposition?from?a?single?country, while?still?maintaining?a?level?of checks?and balances within the United Nations system.

???????????????The?lack?of legal?clarity?on whether you?can?use?force?for protecting?human?rights.?Suggest?a?resolution?to?the?disputes?among?states,?scholars,?and?other?actors?about?the?legality?of infringing?on?a?nation's sovereignty in the interest of?preserving human rights (3-4?sentences).

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Answer?：In?order?to?address?the?current?lack?of legal?clarity?regarding the use?of force?to protect?human rights,?I?believe?it?is?possible?to?amend?the?Charter?of?the?United?Nations?under?the?amendment?mechanism?recommended in?my?previous?paragraph;?clearly?recognizing?the?right?of?the?United?Nations?Security?Council?to?authorize?the?use of force?in?the?context?of serious?violations?of human?rights?or?genocide.?This?would?involve?amending?Chapter?VII?of the?Charter,?"?allowing?the?use?of?force?as?a?last?resort?to?prevent?or?prevent?mass?atrocities,?even?if?it?involves?infringement?of?the?sovereignty?of?a?country."For?the?revision?of?the?resolution,?the?principles?of?national sovereignty?and?international?protection?and?responsibility?for?human?rights,?it?needs?to?be?accompanied?by?more?clear?standards?and?a?strong?decision-making process?in?the?Security?Council to?ensure?that?a?detailed?situation?in?the use of?force is reasonable, necessary, and appropriate.