本文是《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史》卷1導(dǎo)讀揍鸟，但放心，一定讓你讀的不知不覺(jué)～
聽(tīng)說(shuō)2016年最霸道的總裁是下面這位:
但霸動(dòng)總裁可不是當(dāng)代才有粉捻，《西方經(jīng)典學(xué)習(xí)群》昨天讀書(shū)會(huì)時(shí)幌衣，就發(fā)現(xiàn)了這位仁兄:
他是修昔底德 (Thucydides)屿附。夸下焊缤口挺份，要流芳百世，而且實(shí)際做到的男人贮懈！
他是誰(shuí)匀泊？
在《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史》卷1第1節(jié)有回答(標(biāo)注為1.1)：
1.1 Thucydides of Athens wrote this history of the war fought against each other by the Peloponnesians and the Athenians.
修昔底德是雅典人，他的生卒年介于公元前460~400 年間朵你，親眼見(jiàn)證自己的國(guó)家打輸斯巴達(dá)人（伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生于公元前431~404年）各聘，卻寫(xiě)下這本史書(shū)。
啥抡医，輸了還寫(xiě)躲因？
他為什么要寫(xiě)這本書(shū)早敬？
1.1 He began his work right at the outbreak, reckoning that this would be a major war and more momentous than any previous conflict. There were two grounds for this belief: both sides were at the full height of their power and their resource for war, and he saw the rest of the Greeks allying with one or the other, either immediately or in intent.
修昔底德說(shuō)，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為大脉，這是當(dāng)時(shí)最大的一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)搞监，值得紀(jì)錄。
……當(dāng)然他的原因不止于此镰矿，下面會(huì)再說(shuō)到琐驴。
他寫(xiě)這本書(shū)的困難是什么？
1.1 Accurate research into earlier or yet more ancient history was impossible given the great gap of time, but I have enquired as far into the past as I can, and on the evidence which I can trust I think there was nothing then on a large scale, either in wars or in anything else.
他說(shuō)秤标，準(zhǔn)確的歷史難以求得绝淡，他只是盡可能做到接近真相
1.20 All men show the same uncritical acceptance of the oral traditions handed on to them, even about the history of their own country...This shows how little trouble most people take in their search for the truth — they happily resort to ready-made opinions.
他說(shuō)，我搜集材料真的很困難苍姜，因?yàn)槿藗儍A向道聽(tīng)途說(shuō)牢酵。
譬如在本句稍早，他就說(shuō)了一個(gè)道聽(tīng)途說(shuō)的故事怖现。這故事也見(jiàn)于希羅多德《歷史》第6卷第123節(jié)茁帽，但他考證出來(lái)的真相，與這些說(shuō)法都是不同的 (此處藏有火藥味～)屈嗤。
1.22 My method in this book has been to make each speaker say broadly what I supposed would have been needed on any given occasion, while keeping as closely as I could to the overall intent of what was actually said. In recording the events of the war my principle has been not to rely on casual information or my own suppositions, but to apply the greatest possible rigour in pursuing every detail both of what I saw myself and of what I heard from others. It was laborious research, as eyewitnesses on each occasion would give different accounts of the same event, depending on their individual loyalties or memories.
他說(shuō)潘拨，他克服困難的方式是：采訪時(shí)盡量問(wèn)一個(gè)大圖景，再?gòu)拇髨D景中挖掘出自己想要的關(guān)鍵材料饶号。挖掘材料時(shí)铁追，盡可能把握細(xì)節(jié)。
既然茫船，寫(xiě)這書(shū)有那么多困難琅束，他又自己挖坑給自己跳，硬是要使用可靠的材料算谈，讓自己增加負(fù)擔(dān)涩禀，他干嘛讓自己那么累？
這問(wèn)題然眼，又回到他的初衷艾船，他為什么要寫(xiě)這本書(shū)？
請(qǐng)見(jiàn)1.22:
他說(shuō)高每，這部歷史著作讀起來(lái)可能無(wú)法引人入勝屿岂，因?yàn)闀?shū)中缺少虛構(gòu)的故事。但是鲸匿，對(duì)那些想要了解實(shí)情的人爷怀，本書(shū)具有價(jià)值。畢竟带欢，人類的歷史是重復(fù)的运授，相似的問(wèn)題烤惊，會(huì)在某個(gè)時(shí)候再次發(fā)生。本書(shū)的抱負(fù)是成為人類永遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn) 徒坡，而不是只是為了說(shuō)一個(gè)浮夸的故事撕氧，奪人眼目。
簡(jiǎn)言之喇完，本書(shū)的寫(xiě)作宗旨是伦泥，探討戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成敗的人為因素。而且修昔底德希望通過(guò)這本書(shū)锦溪，讓自己留名千古不脯。
他很厲害，他真的成功做到了刻诊。
他怎么做到的防楷？
維基百科上，History of the Peloponnesian War詞條下有寫(xiě)：
The gods play no active role in Thucydides' work. This is very different from Herodotus, who frequently mentions the role of the gods, as well as a nearly ubiquitous divine presence in the centuries-earlier poems of Homer. Instead, Thucydides regards history as being caused by the choices and actions of human beings.
這段話翻譯過(guò)來(lái)则涯，就是說(shuō)：修昔底德跟他的前輩希羅多德不同复局，也跟早期作者荷馬不同，他們寫(xiě)歷史像在寫(xiě)故事粟判，經(jīng)常講到神力的作用亿昏，但修昔底德，認(rèn)為神明不具有解釋歷史的效力档礁。
他在那個(gè)時(shí)代角钩，亮出了不同的寫(xiě)作姿態(tài)，不談怪力亂神呻澜，與先賢作出明顯的區(qū)隔递礼，所以他成功了！他被后世尊稱為「科學(xué)歷史」之父羹幸，也被政治科學(xué)脊髓，視為現(xiàn)實(shí)主義派的創(chuàng)始人。
修昔底德認(rèn)為栅受，影響戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成敗的關(guān)鍵供炼，不是神諭，而是：
軍事技術(shù)窘疮、地理形勢(shì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)資源冀墨、心理素質(zhì)等等因素的影響闸衫。
看看修昔底德深刻的分析：
他說(shuō)，自由來(lái)自勇氣诽嘉。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)在他的記載中蔚出，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)弟翘。我們一再看到盟國(guó)為了害怕被奴役，起而打仗戰(zhàn)斗骄酗。
我們總說(shuō)和平是好的稀余。但這里他說(shuō)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)也是必要的趋翻，如果有人企圖奴役你睛琳、壓迫你。
他說(shuō)踏烙，所謂朋友师骗，不是口頭說(shuō)說(shuō)，是實(shí)際互惠讨惩。這在歷史的描寫(xiě)中也可以看到辟癌，所謂結(jié)盟，就是要出人荐捻、出資黍少、出軍隊(duì)的，這是結(jié)盟的真諦处面〕е茫口頭說(shuō)的，算不得什么鸳君。
他說(shuō)农渊，你隨便附和人家，人家只會(huì)看輕你而已或颊。這點(diǎn)我們?cè)诒緯?shū)也可以重復(fù)看到砸紊。例如在卷1，當(dāng)斯巴達(dá)人刁難雅典時(shí)囱挑，雅典領(lǐng)袖說(shuō)醉顽，雖然今天斯巴達(dá)只是小小的為難我們，但我們也不能退讓平挑，否則就有更大的為難等在后頭游添。雅典領(lǐng)袖呼吁，一定要有自己的立場(chǎng)通熄，不要輕易復(fù)議他人唆涝。
更多關(guān)于修昔底德的看法：請(qǐng)搜 thucydides quotes
修昔底德認(rèn)為，造成戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的原因唇辨，是人性的恐懼與自利：
有人眼紅別人廊酣，有人擔(dān)心被侵犯，這時(shí)候就算沒(méi)有誰(shuí)攻擊誰(shuí)赏枚，也可能杯弓蛇影亡驰，引起挑畔晓猛。
1.23 In my view the real reason, true but unacknowledged, which forced the war was the growth of Athenian power and Spartan fear of it: but the openly proclaimed grievances on either side causing the breach of the treaty and the outbreak of war were as follows.
1.88 In voting for war on the grounds of breach of the treaty the Spartans were not so much influenced by the arguments of their allies as by their fear of increasing Athenian power, when they could see much of Greece already subject to Athens.
1.118 The Spartans could see what was happening, but made only little attempt to prevent it and were inactive for most of the time. They had never been quick to go to war without immediate compulsion, and they were to some extent hampered by wars closer to home: but now the growth of Athenian power was unmistakable, and the Athenians were making inroads on Sparta’s allies. At this point, then, the Spartans could tolerate it no longer, and decided that they must go on the attack with all their energies and, if possible, destroy the power of Athens by undertaking this war.
這三段，簡(jiǎn)言之凡辱，就是在說(shuō)戒职。修昔底德分析，兩方開(kāi)打透乾，主要是因?yàn)樗拱瓦_(dá)人懼怕雅典人崛起洪燥，懼怕他們的勢(shì)力，會(huì)侵犯到自己续徽，最終讓自己受制于雅典蚓曼。
還記得修昔底德的這個(gè)分析嗎？
修昔底德通過(guò)讓自己的作品钦扭，與荷馬和希羅多德等前輩的作品纫版，作出區(qū)隔。他被后世人譽(yù)為客情，現(xiàn)代歷史開(kāi)山祖師其弊。他的書(shū)也真的成為了大家心目中的經(jīng)典。
而你膀斋，也順著本文梭伐，不知不覺(jué)讀完《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史》卷一了。恭喜仰担。
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