知道意味著什么扒俯？

莎莉?qū)懽魑臅r抬起頭問她的室友，“你們怎么拼寫 embarrass這個單詞一疯？”
南希說陵珍，“我不確定，我想它有兩個r和兩個s违施，哦互纯，我真的不知道】钠眩”
瑪麗自鳴得意地笑了留潦。“我猜拼寫不是你的強項辣往，南希兔院，正確的拼寫應(yīng)該是e-m-b-a-r-a-s-s.，只有一個r站削》宦埽”
這時候莎莉已經(jīng)打開了她的字典⌒砥穑“還是查字典吧十偶，”她說，“我看一下园细，embargo, embark . . .在這里了惦积，兩個r和兩個s。南希猛频，你是對的狮崩≈朊悖”

讓我們更仔細地思考一下發(fā)生了什么。瑪麗知道答案睦柴，但是她錯了诽凌。南希不知道，但是她對了坦敌。暈了皿淋。這個“知道”是什么東西？當(dāng)你知道的時候恬试，你不知道窝趣。當(dāng)你知道的時候，你不知道训柴。

還好哑舒，它只發(fā)生在這種形式中。出現(xiàn)困惑是因為當(dāng)我們不知道的時候幻馁，伴隨著知道的感覺會呈現(xiàn)出來∠赐遥瑪麗就有這種感覺。她不再好奇仗嗦，也不困惑膘滨；她確定知道答案，但是她是錯的稀拐。

知道的條件
南希的狀態(tài)比瑪麗更好火邓，因為她的回答是正確的。但是她不知道答案德撬，知道比正確的答案包含更多铲咨。它還包括你知道你知道答案。

當(dāng)然蜓洪，這個議題不會一直像拼寫一個單詞那么簡單纤勒。它可能需要對大量的細節(jié)或者復(fù)雜的規(guī)則或過程中的步驟的理解。（它還可能包括技巧——知道如何做什么事隆檀。摇天。但這個詞的用法與我們這里的用法稍有不同。）

知道通常還隱含著其他東西——有能力表達知道什么和如何知道它恐仑。當(dāng)然不是一直是這樣的泉坐。我們可能無法用文字表達出我們的知識。我們能說的最好的話是：“我就是知道菊霜，就這樣”或者“我知道因為我知道”坚冀。但是這些回答是無力的，并且難以滿足那些想要核實我們知識或者要得到它們的人鉴逞。

原文：
What Does It Mean to Know?

Sally looks up from her composition and asks her roommates, “How do you spell embarrass?”
Nancy says, “I’m not sure. I think it has a double r and a double s. Oh, I really don’t know.”
Marie smiles her smug smile. “I guess spelling isn’t your cup of tea, Nancy. The correct spelling is e-m-b-a-r-a-s-s. Only one r.”
By this time Sally has already opened her dictionary. “Might as well check to be sure,” she says. “Let’s see, embargo, embark . . . here it is, embarrass. Double r and double s. You were right, Nancy.”

Let’s consider what happened more closely. Marie knew the answer, but she was wrong. Nancy didn’t know, but she was right. Confusing.
What kind of thing can this knowing be? When you’re doing it, you’re not doing it. And when you aren’t, you are.

Fortunately, it only appears to be that way. The confusion arises because the feelings that accompany knowing can be present when we don’t know. Marie had those feelings. She no longer wondered or experienced any confusion; she was sure of the answer. Yet she was mistaken.

Requirements of Knowing
Nancy was in a better position than Marie because she answered correctly. Yet she didn’t know, for knowing involves more than having the right answer. It also involves the realization that you have it.

The issue, of course, may not always be as simple as the spelling of a word. It may require understanding numerous details or complex principles or steps in a process. (It may also involve a skill—knowing how to do something. But that is a slightly different use of the word than concerns us here.)

Knowing usually implies something else, too—the ability to express what is known and how we came to know it. This, however, is not always so. We may not be able to express our knowledge in words. The best we may be able to say is “I just know, that’s all” or “I know because I know.” Yet these replies are feeble and hardly satisfy those who wish to verify our knowledge or acquire it.