刻意練習(xí)
? ?學(xué)習(xí)到現(xiàn)在茎芋,我們知道這本書所持觀點(diǎn)就反對基因天賦決定論的颅眶,好,這點(diǎn)同意田弥,那我們就埋頭苦干吧涛酗,給自己定個(gè)目標(biāo),定個(gè)計(jì)劃,走出舒適區(qū)商叹,但問題是努力也努力了燕刻,但為什么達(dá)不到高手的水平呢?
其實(shí)今天要講的就是這個(gè)問題剖笙,我們平時(shí)所說的有目的的練習(xí)purposeful practice到底還缺少什么卵洗?什么才是練習(xí)中的黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)the gold standard?
所謂的purposeful practice有目的練習(xí)枯途,就是一個(gè)人有目的的忌怎,有反饋的,走出舒適區(qū)的酪夷。purposeful practice---in which aperson tries very hard to push himself or herself to improve ---and practice that is informed and guided by informed.
然而作為練習(xí)黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的刻意練習(xí)deliberate practice 卻是知道去哪里以及怎么去的(where is going and how to get there)有目的練習(xí)榴啸。
那么如何來定義這種“刻意練習(xí)”deliberate practice呢?其實(shí)和purposeful practice(有目的練習(xí))相比晚岭,首先鸥印,100%嚴(yán)格的刻意練習(xí),需要滿足兩個(gè)外部條件
1.存在于較成熟的領(lǐng)域坦报。
這些領(lǐng)域通常已經(jīng)發(fā)展了幾十甚至上百年库说,經(jīng)過千百次變革,形成了一套穩(wěn)定的行之有效的訓(xùn)練方法片择。而且這些領(lǐng)域潜的,對技能水平的高低,有著客觀的測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)字管。
比如:音樂類(提琴啰挪、鋼琴...) 舞蹈(芭蕾、拉丁...)體育(籃球嘲叔、滑冰亡呵、高爾夫...)智力(棋類、記憶競賽...)其他領(lǐng)域(醫(yī)學(xué)硫戈、)等等锰什。
而像“銷售”、“溝通”丁逝、“管理”汁胆、“設(shè)計(jì)”等認(rèn)知復(fù)雜度高的能力,比較難有客觀的測量和評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)霜幼。這些能力的水平高低沦泌,涉及的成因更加多元復(fù)雜,在這些并不“純粹”的領(lǐng)域辛掠,依然可以運(yùn)用刻意練習(xí)的原則去提高谢谦,但效果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如上述領(lǐng)域明顯释牺。
2.有權(quán)威的導(dǎo)師。
跟人學(xué)回挽,找到一位好的導(dǎo)師或教練没咙,是你學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步的最佳方式。優(yōu)秀的老師知道學(xué)習(xí)一件事情的最佳次序千劈,他會給你演示正確的行為祭刚、提供有效的反饋,并且避免你“走彎路”墙牌。
Deliberate practice is informed and guided by the best performers 'accomplishments and by an understanding of what these expert performers do to excel.
找一個(gè)權(quán)威的導(dǎo)師涡驮,這點(diǎn)我想大多數(shù)人還不具備這樣的條件,不過現(xiàn)在各種資源信息這么發(fā)達(dá)喜滨,我們可以充分利用書籍捉捅,網(wǎng)絡(luò),軟件虽风,視頻棒口,工具,微信等等這種多維度的“導(dǎo)師”來提高自己辜膝。比如跑步健身軟件就很多无牵,上面有各種跟蹤測量功能給你及時(shí)的反饋。
其實(shí)對大多數(shù)人來說厂抖,尋求刻意練習(xí)茎毁,并不是想成為某種領(lǐng)域的“專業(yè)職業(yè)選手”,而只是想精進(jìn)自己的技能忱辅。所以上述兩個(gè)外部條件通常不能都滿足七蜘,但這并不妨礙我們運(yùn)用刻意練習(xí)的以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn),來提到我們的某些技能耕蝉。
3.刻意練習(xí)發(fā)生在舒適區(qū)之外崔梗。
刻意練習(xí)的原則之一夜只,既在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)進(jìn)行練習(xí)垒在。
由美國人Noel Tichy提出的理論,圖里的3個(gè)區(qū)可以表示為你想學(xué)習(xí)的事物的等級:最里面一圈扔亥,“舒適區(qū)”场躯, 對于你來說是沒有學(xué)習(xí)難度的知識或者習(xí)以為常的事務(wù),自己可以處于舒適心理狀態(tài)旅挤。中間一圈踢关,“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”,對自己來說有一定挑戰(zhàn)粘茄,因而感到不適签舞,但是不至于太難受秕脓。最外面一圈,“恐慌區(qū)”儒搭,超出自己能力范圍太多的事務(wù)或知識吠架,心理感覺會嚴(yán)重不適,可能導(dǎo)致崩潰以致放棄學(xué)習(xí)搂鲫。
對于一個(gè)人來說傍药,最理想的狀態(tài)是處于“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”,學(xué)習(xí)具有適當(dāng)挑戰(zhàn)性的東西魂仍, 一段時(shí)間后拐辽,“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”會慢慢變?yōu)椤笆孢m區(qū)”, “舒適區(qū)”越變越大擦酌, 而一部分的“恐慌區(qū)” 也會相應(yīng)變成“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”俱诸。
不是在舒適區(qū),是在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)仑氛,這就要求不斷的努力超越他現(xiàn)有的能力范圍乙埃,這就意味著幾乎極限的努力,這當(dāng)然是不令人享受的锯岖。Thus it demands near-maximal effort,which is generally not enjoyable.
4.刻意練習(xí)要有經(jīng)過精確定義的目標(biāo)和計(jì)劃介袜。
刻意練習(xí)需要通過一旦設(shè)定了總體目標(biāo),導(dǎo)師或教練將制訂一個(gè)計(jì)劃出吹,以便實(shí)現(xiàn)一系列微小的改變遇伞,一系列微小改進(jìn)的積累,而獲得整體的進(jìn)步捶牢。
5.刻意練習(xí)是有意而為的鸠珠。也就是說,它需要人們完全的關(guān)注和有意識的行動秋麸。簡單地遵照導(dǎo)師或教練的指示去做渐排,還不夠。學(xué)生必須緊跟他的練習(xí)的特定目標(biāo)灸蟆,以便能做出適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整驯耻,控制練習(xí)。
6.刻意練習(xí)要包含有效的反饋炒考。獲得有效反饋極為重要可缚,你必須及時(shí)的知道你的練習(xí)對還是不對,如果不對斋枢,錯(cuò)在哪里帘靡。沒有有效的反饋,你會因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤的練習(xí)方式而產(chǎn)生相反的結(jié)果瓤帚。不斷獲得積極客觀的反饋描姚,才是嚴(yán)肅有效的刻意練習(xí)涩赢。
7.刻意練習(xí)既產(chǎn)生有效的心理表征,又依靠有效的心理表征轩勘。在任何領(lǐng)域谒主,技能與心理表征之間的關(guān)系是一個(gè)良性循環(huán):你的技能越嫻熟,創(chuàng)建的心理表征就越好赃阀;而心理表征越好霎肯,就越能有效地練習(xí),以磨煉技能榛斯。
文中大量篇幅用在完全符合作者所說的符合比較成熟的观游,易監(jiān)控的刻意練習(xí)領(lǐng)域的音樂領(lǐng)域,比如小提琴以及芭蕾舞領(lǐng)域驮俗,當(dāng)大家所有外部條件都滿足懂缕,具備領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)成熟性,又有權(quán)威的導(dǎo)師王凑,學(xué)生們有具備有目的練習(xí)的各種條件搪柑,在這種情況下,大師索烹,優(yōu)秀和好選手之間的唯一差別就在于練習(xí)的時(shí)間長短了工碾。No pain,no gain.
單詞部分
1.disparity? n.不同;不等;差異;懸殊 If there is a disparity between two or more things, there is a noticeable difference between them.
...the great disparity of wealth between rich and poor countries.
2.whizzes? n.1.高手;能手 If you are a whizz at something, you are very good at it.
the key difference between whizzes lies in the details of their training.
She's a whizz at crosswords.
v.2飛馳;嗖嗖地移動 If something whizzes somewhere, it moves there very fast.
A car whizzed past.
He whizzed down the road on his motorbike.
v.3.to do sth very quickly 快速地做垒拢;匆匆地干
She whizzed through the work.
3.slapdash adj.馬虎的;草率的;魯莽的;粗心大意的 If you describe someone as slapdash, you mean that they do things carelessly without much thinking or planning.
Whatever methods there are seem slapdash and produce un predictable results.
His work methods appear amazingly slapdash.
He's always slapdash in his work.
4.subset? n.小組;分組;子集 A subset of a group of things is a smaller number of things that belong together within that group.
...these fields have a subset of performers who also serve as teachers and coaches and who...
...subsets of the population such as men, women, ethnic groups, etc
5.versus prep.1.used to compare two different ideas, choices, etc. (比較兩種不同想法旬迹、選擇等)與…相對,與…相比
good versus better versus best
...bottle-feeding versus breastfeeding.
2.(體育比賽中)與…對陣求类,與…競爭 Versus is used to indicate that two teams or people are competing against each other in a sporting event.
It is France versus Brazil in the final.
6.an apples-to-apples comparison? an apples-to-apples這個(gè)詞組總是和comparion在一起出現(xiàn)奔垦,同類的比較,比如比較兩個(gè)人尸疆,你不能把一方的臉和一方的腿做比較椿猎,It‘s not an apples to apples of comparion,把兩者的臉對比,才是It‘s an apples to apples of comparion
apple-to-apple: comparing like with like.
如果你說甲和乙是兩碼事仓技,you can say: you are comparing apples with pears.
...so to have an apples -to-apples comarison,we looked at the accumulated amount of practice through age seventeen and the skill at age eighteen.
7.in the preteen and teenage years? ? A pre-teen is a child aged between nine and thirteen.
A person's teens are the?period?in which they are?aged?between 13 and 19.
8.hang out? v.閑逛鸵贬,逗留 If you hang out in a particular place or area, you go and stay there for no particular reason, or spend a lot of time there.
We can just hang out and have a good time.
hang out with
....studying ,shopping ,hanging out with friends....
I also hang out with my friends and with my family.
Hang out with people who inspire you to take action.