1. 概述
pytest是一個非常成熟的全功能的Python測試框架吃引，主要特點有以下幾點：
- 1蕊苗、簡單靈活沿后，容易上手，文檔豐富朽砰；
- 2尖滚、支持參數(shù)化，可以細(xì)粒度地控制要測試的測試用例瞧柔；
- 3漆弄、能夠支持簡單的單元測試和復(fù)雜的功能測試，還可以用來做selenium/appnium等自動化測試造锅、接口自動化測試（pytest+requests）;
- 4撼唾、pytest具有很多第三方插件，并且可以自定義擴(kuò)展哥蔚，比較好用的如pytest-selenium（集成selenium）倒谷、pytest-html（完美html測試報告生成）、pytest-rerunfailures（失敗case重復(fù)執(zhí)行）糙箍、pytest-xdist（多CPU分發(fā)）等渤愁；
- 5、測試用例的skip和xfail處理深夯；
- 6抖格、可以很好的和CI工具結(jié)合，例如jenkins
2. 使用介紹
2.1. 安裝
pip install pytest
2.2. 示例代碼
編寫規(guī)則
編寫pytest測試樣例非常簡單，只需要按照下面的規(guī)則：
- 測試文件以test_開頭（以_test結(jié)尾也可以）
- 測試類以Test開頭雹拄，并且不能帶有 init 方法
- 測試函數(shù)以test_開頭
- 斷言使用基本的assert即可
pytest1.py
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pytest
@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
def setup_function(request):
def teardown_function():
print("teardown_function called.")
request.addfinalizer(teardown_function) # 此內(nèi)嵌函數(shù)做teardown工作
print('setup_function called.')
@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def setup_module(request):
def teardown_module():
print("teardown_module called.")
request.addfinalizer(teardown_module)
print('setup_module called.')
@pytest.mark.website
def test_1(setup_function):
print('Test_1 called.')
def test_2(setup_module):
print('Test_2 called.')
def test_3(setup_module):
print('Test_3 called.')
assert 2==1+1 # 通過assert斷言確認(rèn)測試結(jié)果是否符合預(yù)期
fixture的scope參數(shù)
scope參數(shù)有四種收奔，分別是'function','module','class','session'，默認(rèn)為function滓玖。
- function：每個test都運行筹淫，默認(rèn)是function的scope
- class：每個class的所有test只運行一次
- module：每個module的所有test只運行一次
- session：每個session只運行一次
setup和teardown操作
- setup，在測試函數(shù)或類之前執(zhí)行呢撞，完成準(zhǔn)備工作损姜，例如數(shù)據(jù)庫鏈接、測試數(shù)據(jù)殊霞、打開文件等
- teardown摧阅，在測試函數(shù)或類之后執(zhí)行，完成收尾工作绷蹲，例如斷開數(shù)據(jù)庫鏈接棒卷、回收內(nèi)存資源等
- 備注：也可以通過在fixture函數(shù)中通過yield實現(xiàn)setup和teardown功能
2.3. 測試結(jié)果
如何執(zhí)行
- pytest # run all tests below current dir
- pytest test_mod.py # run tests in module file test_mod.py
- pytest somepath # run all tests below somepath like ./tests/
- pytest -k stringexpr # only run tests with names that match the
# the "string expression", e.g. "MyClass and not method"
# will select TestMyClass.test_something
# but not TestMyClass.test_method_simple - pytest test_mod.py::test_func # only run tests that match the "node ID",
# e.g "test_mod.py::test_func" will be selected
# only run test_func in test_mod.py
通過pytest.mark對test方法分類執(zhí)行
通過@pytest.mark控制需要執(zhí)行哪些feature的test，例如在執(zhí)行test前增加修飾@pytest.mark.website
- 通過 -m "website" 執(zhí)行有website標(biāo)記的test方法
$ pytest -v -m "website" pytest1.py
============================================================================== test session starts ===============================================================================
platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.14, pytest-3.0.0, py-1.5.2, pluggy-0.3.1 -- /home/kevin/soft/anaconda2/bin/python
cachedir: .cache
Using --randomly-seed=1522925202
rootdir: /home/kevin/learn/python-web/tox/case2, inifile:
plugins: randomly-1.0.0, mock-1.2, cov-2.0.0
collected 3 items
pytest1.py::test_1 PASSED
============================================================================= pytest-warning summary =============================================================================
WC1 None pytest_funcarg__cov: declaring fixtures using "pytest_funcarg__" prefix is deprecated and scheduled to be removed in pytest 4.0. Please remove the prefix and use the @pytest.fixture decorator instead.
=============================================================================== 2 tests deselected ===============================================================================
=========================================================== 1 passed, 2 deselected, 1 pytest-warnings in 0.00 seconds ============================================================
- 通過 -m "not website" 執(zhí)行沒有website標(biāo)記的test方法
$ pytest -v -m "not website" pytest1.py
============================================================================== test session starts ===============================================================================
platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.14, pytest-3.0.0, py-1.5.2, pluggy-0.3.1 -- /home/kevin/soft/anaconda2/bin/python
cachedir: .cache
Using --randomly-seed=1522925192
rootdir: /home/kevin/learn/python-web/tox/case2, inifile:
plugins: randomly-1.0.0, mock-1.2, cov-2.0.0
collected 3 items
pytest1.py::test_3 PASSED
pytest1.py::test_2 PASSED
============================================================================= pytest-warning summary =============================================================================
WC1 None pytest_funcarg__cov: declaring fixtures using "pytest_funcarg__" prefix is deprecated and scheduled to be removed in pytest 4.0. Please remove the prefix and use the @pytest.fixture decorator instead.
=============================================================================== 1 tests deselected ===============================================================================
=========================================================== 2 passed, 1 deselected, 1 pytest-warnings in 0.00 seconds ============================================================
Console參數(shù)介紹
- -v 用于顯示每個測試函數(shù)的執(zhí)行結(jié)果
- -q 只顯示整體測試結(jié)果
- -s 用于顯示測試函數(shù)中print()函數(shù)輸出
- -x, --exitfirst, exit instantly on first error or failed test
- -h 幫助
Case 1
$ pytest -v pytest1.py
============================================================================== test session starts ===============================================================================
platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.14, pytest-3.0.0, py-1.5.2, pluggy-0.3.1 -- /home/kevin/soft/anaconda2/bin/python
cachedir: .cache
Using --randomly-seed=1522920341
rootdir: /home/kevin/learn/python-web/tox/case2, inifile:
plugins: randomly-1.0.0, mock-1.2, cov-2.0.0
collected 3 items
pytest1.py::test_1 PASSED
pytest1.py::test_3 PASSED
pytest1.py::test_2 PASSED
============================================================================= pytest-warning summary =============================================================================
WC1 None pytest_funcarg__cov: declaring fixtures using "pytest_funcarg__" prefix is deprecated and scheduled to be removed in pytest 4.0. Please remove the prefix and use the @pytest.fixture decorator instead.
================================================================== 3 passed, 1 pytest-warnings in 0.01 seconds ===================================================================
Case 2
$ pytest -s pytest1.py
============================================================================== test session starts ===============================================================================
platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.14, pytest-3.0.0, py-1.5.2, pluggy-0.3.1
Using --randomly-seed=1522920508
rootdir: /home/kevin/learn/python-web/tox/case2, inifile:
plugins: randomly-1.0.0, mock-1.2, cov-2.0.0
collected 3 items
pytest1.py setup_function called.
Test_1 called.
.teardown_function called.
setup_module called.
Test_2 called.
.Test_3 called.
.teardown_module called.
============================================================================= pytest-warning summary =============================================================================
WC1 None pytest_funcarg__cov: declaring fixtures using "pytest_funcarg__" prefix is deprecated and scheduled to be removed in pytest 4.0. Please remove the prefix and use the @pytest.fixture decorator instead.
================================================================== 3 passed, 1 pytest-warnings in 0.01 seconds ===================================================================
3. 擴(kuò)展插件
3.1. 測試報告
安裝與樣例
pip install pytest-cov # 計算pytest覆蓋率祝钢，支持輸出多種格式的測試報告
pytest --cov-report=html --cov=./ test_code_target_dir
Console參數(shù)介紹
- --cov=[path], measure coverage for filesystem path (multi-allowed), 指定被測試對象比规，用于計算測試覆蓋率
- --cov-report=type, type of report to generate: term, term-missing, annotate, html, xml (multi-allowed), 測試報告的類型
- --cov-config=path, config file for coverage, default: .coveragerc, coverage配置文件
- --no-cov-on-fail, do not report coverage if test run fails, default: False，如果測試失敗拦英，不生成測試報告
- --cov-fail-under=MIN, Fail if the total coverage is less than MIN. 如果測試覆蓋率低于MIN蜒什，則認(rèn)為失敗
Console Result
---------------------------------------------------------------- coverage: platform linux2, python 2.7.14-final-0 ----------------------------------------------------------------
Name Stmts Miss Cover
--------------------------------
pytest1.py 18 0 100%
Html Result
image.png
3.2. 測試順序隨機(jī)
pip install pytest-randomly
3.3. 分布式測試
pip install pytest-xdist
3.4. 出錯立即返回
pip install pytest-instafail
4. 參考
python的測試工具大全
https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonTestingToolsTaxonomypython主流的測試工具橫向比較
http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/tests/
http://pythontesting.net/test-podcast/python單元測試框架pytest簡介
https://blog.csdn.net/liuchunming033/article/details/46501653
