Linux(Redhat6.9) 磁盤格式化/擴(kuò)容

預(yù)備知識(shí)

邏輯卷管理LVM是一個(gè)硬盤系統(tǒng)工具。無(wú)論在Linux或者其他類似的系統(tǒng)棘脐，都是非常的好用。傳統(tǒng)分區(qū)使用固定大小分區(qū)，重新調(diào)整大小十分麻煩秸滴。但是戒幔，LVM可以創(chuàng)建和管理“邏輯”卷幌陕，而不是直接使用物理硬盤汹买。可以讓管理員彈性的管理邏輯卷的擴(kuò)大縮小静暂，操作簡(jiǎn)單济丘，而不損壞已存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)∏⒅可以隨意將新的硬盤添加到LVM摹迷，以直接擴(kuò)展已經(jīng)存在的邏輯卷。LVM并不需要重啟就可以讓內(nèi)核知道分區(qū)的存在郊供。

lvm

圖中頂部峡碉，首先是實(shí)際的物理磁盤及其劃分的分區(qū)和其上的物理卷（PV）。一個(gè)或多個(gè)物理卷可以用來(lái)創(chuàng)建卷組（VG）驮审。然后基于卷組可以創(chuàng)建邏輯卷（LV）鲫寄。只要在卷組中有可用空間，就可以隨心所欲的創(chuàng)建邏輯卷疯淫。文件系統(tǒng)就是在邏輯卷上創(chuàng)建的地来，然后可以在操作系統(tǒng)掛載和訪問(wèn)。

pv/vg/lv

磁盤的擴(kuò)容主要依據(jù)就是lvm

磁盤信息

lsblk與df -hT

[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 17.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk 
[root@micocube ~]# df -hT
Filesystem           Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root
                     ext4    18G  1.9G   15G  12% /
tmpfs                tmpfs  939M     0  939M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1            ext4   477M   41M  412M   9% /boot

可以看到sdb的類型是disk熙掺，沒(méi)有分區(qū)未斑，也沒(méi)有掛載點(diǎn)，就是個(gè)空白盤

將空白磁盤直接格式化适掰，掛載到/data

如何將其掛上去用呢颂碧？最簡(jiǎn)單的方法，就是將整個(gè)磁盤格式化类浪，不分區(qū)载城，直接使用，但是用這種方法之后磁盤不再支持?jǐn)U容

[root@micocube ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb 
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621440 blocks
131072 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2684354560
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

臨時(shí)掛載

[root@micocube ~]# mkdir /data
[root@micocube ~]# mount /dev/sdb /data/
[root@micocube ~]# df -hT
Filesystem           Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root
                     ext4    18G  1.9G   15G  12% /
tmpfs                tmpfs  939M     0  939M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1            ext4   477M   41M  412M   9% /boot
/dev/sdb             ext4   9.8G   23M  9.2G   1% /data

永久掛載

[root@micocube ~]# vi /etc/fstab 


#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sun Apr 28 05:50:32 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=57ad23fa-8c2f-42f8-91c1-01e5bcf4a058 /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb                /data                   ext4    defaults        0 0

# reboot 
[root@micocube ~]# reboot

[root@micocube ~]# df -hT
Filesystem           Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root
                     ext4    18G  1.9G   15G  12% /
tmpfs                tmpfs  939M     0  939M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1            ext4   477M   41M  412M   9% /boot
/dev/sdb             ext4   9.8G   23M  9.2G   1% /data

## 可以看到sdb已經(jīng)掛載上去了
[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 17.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk

如果想給/(根)掛載點(diǎn)擴(kuò)容费就，咋辦诉瓦？

[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 17.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk /data

可以看到/根掛載點(diǎn)的類型是lvm，這說(shuō)明他可以動(dòng)態(tài)擴(kuò)容力细，為了試驗(yàn)睬澡，我加了一塊15G的硬盤:

[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 17.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk /data
sdc                              8:32   0   15G  0 disk

接下來(lái)我會(huì)把sdc擴(kuò)容到dev/vg_micocube/lv_root 即/節(jié)點(diǎn)
給sdc分區(qū)，為了方便眠蚂，這里只分一個(gè)區(qū),注意代碼8e煞聪，即Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)，分區(qū)的系統(tǒng)類型修改為lvm逝慧，

[root@micocube ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x66a87408.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-1958, default 1): 
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1958, default 1958): 
Using default value 1958

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x66a87408

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdc1               1        1958    15727603+  8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

接著創(chuàng)建pv昔脯，擴(kuò)展vg，擴(kuò)展lv笛臣，resize2fs

[root@micocube ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc1 
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
## 查看所有vg
[root@micocube ~]# vgs
  VG          #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  vg_micocube   1   2   0 wz--n- 19.51g    0 
## 掃描vg
[root@micocube ~]# vgscan 
  Reading all physical volumes.  This may take a while...
  Found volume group "vg_micocube" using metadata type lvm2
[root@micocube ~]# vgextend vg_micocube /dev/sdc1 
[root@micocube ~]# lvextend -L +15G /dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root 
  Insufficient free space: 3840 extents needed, but only 3839 available
[root@micocube ~]# lvextend -L +14G /dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root 
  Size of logical volume vg_micocube/lv_root changed from 17.51 GiB (4482 extents) to 31.51 GiB (8066 extents).
  Logical volume lv_root successfully resized.
  [root@micocube ~]# df -hlT
Filesystem           Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root
                     ext4    18G  1.9G   15G  12% /
tmpfs                tmpfs  939M     0  939M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1            ext4   477M   41M  412M   9% /boot
/dev/sdb             ext4   9.8G   23M  9.2G   1% /data
[root@micocube ~]# resize2fs -f /dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root 
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 2
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root to 8259584 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root is now 8259584 blocks long.
[root@micocube ~]# df -hlT
Filesystem           Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root
                     ext4    31G  1.9G   28G   7% /
tmpfs                tmpfs  939M     0  939M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1            ext4   477M   41M  412M   9% /boot
/dev/sdb             ext4   9.8G   23M  9.2G   1% /data

### 可以看到已經(jīng)擴(kuò)容成功了
[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk /data
sdc                              8:32   0   15G  0 disk 
└─sdc1                           8:33   0   15G  0 part 
  └─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /

如果想給/data節(jié)點(diǎn)擴(kuò)容呢云稚？

emmm，我又重新添加了一塊磁盤sdd:

[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk /data
sdc                              8:32   0   15G  0 disk 
└─sdc1                           8:33   0   15G  0 part 
  └─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
sdd                              8:48   0   20G  0 disk

先卸載sdb,umount /dev/sdb或者umount /data

## 將之前寫入分區(qū)表的 /dev/sdb                /data                   ext4    defaults        0 0 這一行刪除
[root@micocube ~]# vi /etc/fstab 
[root@micocube ~]# umount /dev/sdb
umount: /data: device is busy.
        (In some cases useful info about processes that use
         the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@micocube ~]# fuser -m -v /dev/sdb
                     USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
/data/:              root       1895 F.... bash
### 這一步可能連接會(huì)斷沈堡，畢竟你用到了/data 重連就好了

因?yàn)闆](méi)有分區(qū)静陈，不是lvm類型，肯定是擴(kuò)容不了的诞丽，只能給磁盤重新分區(qū)

[root@micocube ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe7603f99.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').
### 我想直接改變類型鲸拥，行不通，只能重新創(chuàng)建分區(qū)
Command (m for help): t
No partition is defined yet!

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): 
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): 
Using default value 1305

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe7603f99

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1305    10482381   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

在進(jìn)行下一步之前率拒，我還想再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)一下pv/vg/lv的關(guān)系
一個(gè)硬盤分區(qū)組成一個(gè)pv（物理卷）
一個(gè)或者多個(gè)pv組成一個(gè)vg（卷組）
一個(gè)vg可以劃分出多個(gè)lv（邏輯卷）
創(chuàng)建pv

## 用分區(qū)/dev/sdb1創(chuàng)建一個(gè)pv
[root@micocube ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
## 這一階段并沒(méi)有什么變化
[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk 
└─sdb1                           8:17   0   10G  0 part 
sdc                              8:32   0   15G  0 disk 
└─sdc1                           8:33   0   15G  0 part 
  └─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
sdd                              8:48   0   20G  0 disk

如果sdb1找不到可以試著重讀分區(qū)表

## 重讀分區(qū)表
[root@micocube ~]# partprobe 
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sda (Device or resource busy).  As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes until after reboot.
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sdc (Device or resource busy).  As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes until after reboot.
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.

創(chuàng)建vg

## 用pv(/dev/sdb1)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)vg
[root@micocube ~]# vgcreate vg_data /dev/sdb1 
  Volume group "vg_data" successfully created

查看所有vg

## 查看創(chuàng)建的vg
[root@micocube ~]# vgdisplay 
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg_data
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               9.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              2558
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
  Free  PE / Size       2558 / 9.99 GiB
  VG UUID               iyB24d-X5KM-mhKR-Lxw1-kL9i-VALO-ez4EnG
   
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg_micocube
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  5
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizableF
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               34.50 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              8833
  Alloc PE / Size       8578 / 33.51 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       255 / 1020.00 MiB
  VG UUID               KBuu3K-sZ9j-NdYo-RaK3-ajJs-UAQm-3NJK53

創(chuàng)建lv

## -L 后面是分給lv的大小崩泡，-n 新建名字為vg_data的lv，所屬卷組(vg)為vg_data
[root@micocube ~]# lvcreate -L 9.99G -n vg_data vg_data
  Rounding up size to full physical extent 9.99 GiB
  Logical volume "vg_data" created.

格式化lv

## dev后邊第一個(gè)是vg 第二個(gè)是lv
[root@micocube ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_data/vg_data 
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2619392 blocks
130969 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2684354560
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 36 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

永久掛載

[root@micocube ~]# vi /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sun Apr 28 05:50:32 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=57ad23fa-8c2f-42f8-91c1-01e5bcf4a058 /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_micocube-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/vg_data/vg_data                    /data                   ext4    defaults        0 0

重新掛載

### 重新掛載,使/etc/fstab生效
[root@micocube ~]# mount -a

為了測(cè)試擴(kuò)容后數(shù)據(jù)是否丟失

#### 按慣例先寫一些文件猬膨，看擴(kuò)容后是否還存在
[root@micocube ~]# echo 111111111111 >/data/a.txt
[root@micocube ~]# echo 222222222222 >/data/b.txt
[root@micocube ~]# echo 333333333333 >/data/c.txt
[root@micocube ~]# ls /data/
a.txt  b.txt  c.txt  lost+found
[root@micocube ~]# cat /data/*.txt
111111111111
222222222222
333333333333

給sdd分區(qū)

### sdd分區(qū)
[root@micocube ~]# fdisk /dev/sdd 
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7a10ae95.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): 
Using default value 2610

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdd: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x7a10ae95

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdd1               1        2610    20964793+  8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

創(chuàng)建pv

### 創(chuàng)建pv
[root@micocube ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdd1 
  Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created
[root@micocube ~]# vgs
  VG          #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree   
  vg_data       1   1   0 wz--n-  9.99g       0 
  vg_micocube   2   2   0 wz--n- 34.50g 1020.00m
  
[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk 
└─sdb1                           8:17   0   10G  0 part 
  └─vg_data-vg_data (dm-2)     253:2    0   10G  0 lvm  /data
sdc                              8:32   0   15G  0 disk 
└─sdc1                           8:33   0   15G  0 part 
  └─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
sdd                              8:48   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdd1                           8:49   0   20G  0 part

將創(chuàng)建的pv擴(kuò)展到vg_data卷組中

## 將創(chuàng)建的pv擴(kuò)展到vg_data卷組中
[root@micocube ~]# vgextend vg_data /dev/sdd1 
  Volume group "vg_data" successfully extended

擴(kuò)展lv

## 擴(kuò)展lv
[root@micocube ~]# lvextend -L +20G /dev/vg_data/vg_data 
  Insufficient free space: 5120 extents needed, but only 5118 available
[root@micocube ~]# lvextend -L +19.9G /dev/vg_data/vg_data
  Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 19.90 GiB.
  Size of logical volume vg_data/vg_data changed from 9.99 GiB (2558 extents) to 29.89 GiB (7653 extents).
  Logical volume vg_data successfully resized.

resize2fs 使擴(kuò)展生效

## 寫入擴(kuò)展
[root@micocube ~]# resize2fs -f /dev/vg_data/vg_data 
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/vg_data/vg_data is mounted on /data; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg_data/vg_data to 7836672 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/vg_data/vg_data is now 7836672 blocks long.
### 可以看到sdb和sdd已經(jīng)合并了
[root@micocube ~]# lsblk
NAME                           MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                             11:0    1 55.3M  0 rom  
sda                              8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1                           8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2                           8:2    0 19.5G  0 part 
  ├─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─vg_micocube-lv_swap (dm-1) 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb                              8:16   0   10G  0 disk 
└─sdb1                           8:17   0   10G  0 part 
  └─vg_data-vg_data (dm-2)     253:2    0 29.9G  0 lvm  /data
sdc                              8:32   0   15G  0 disk 
└─sdc1                           8:33   0   15G  0 part 
  └─vg_micocube-lv_root (dm-0) 253:0    0 31.5G  0 lvm  /
sdd                              8:48   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdd1                           8:49   0   20G  0 part 
  └─vg_data-vg_data (dm-2)     253:2    0 29.9G  0 lvm  /data

檢查文件是否丟失

### 檢查文件是否丟失
[root@micocube ~]# ls /data/
a.txt  b.txt  c.txt  lost+found
[root@micocube ~]# cat /data/*.txt
111111111111
222222222222
333333333333
### 未丟失

一次給oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)盤擴(kuò)容的經(jīng)歷

接手的時(shí)候角撞，oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文件在一個(gè)磁盤(/dev/vdb)的vdb7分區(qū)里，即類型為part勃痴，掛載點(diǎn)為/database/db1谒所，也就是說(shuō)，沒(méi)有建lvm(邏輯卷管理)沛申，直接格式化分區(qū),數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文件全在里邊(dbf),150G劣领，已經(jīng)用了差不多99%，另外加了一塊600G的空白磁盤(/dev/vdc)很明顯铁材，是不能直接擴(kuò)容的尖淘，因?yàn)槭情_(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境奕锌，那就有的搞了，隨便停機(jī)多久都沒(méi)問(wèn)題啊
思路
- 將vdc分區(qū)(/dev/sdc1)村生，分區(qū)系統(tǒng)類型為lvm惊暴，創(chuàng)建pv/vg(vg_data)/lv(vg_data_lv),掛載到/db/temp(之前不存在)文件夾
- 將/database/db1/下的所有文件拷貝到/db/temp,cp -R /database/db1/* /db/temp/
- vd7 已經(jīng)是part類型了，那就直接創(chuàng)建pv,之后vgextend vg_data /dev/vdb7,擴(kuò)展/dev/vdb7到vg_data卷組趁桃，lvextend -L +150G /dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv辽话，將原本的150G分配給/dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv
- resize2fs -f /dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv
- 擴(kuò)容成功之后將/dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv永久掛載到/database/db1
意外：
- resize2fs 報(bào)錯(cuò)kernel does not support online resizing：先將/dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv卸載(umount /dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv),再執(zhí)行resize2fs -f /dev/vg_data/vg_data_lv，之后掛載(mount -a),參考連接：‘filesystem not support online resizing’ 錯(cuò)誤
- 擴(kuò)容之后數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)起不來(lái)了卫病，報(bào)錯(cuò)：ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info,造成這個(gè)問(wèn)題的原因是oracle用戶訪問(wèn)不了/database/db1油啤，因?yàn)閿U(kuò)容的時(shí)候用的是root用戶創(chuàng)建的，所以沒(méi)權(quán)限蟀苛，更改用戶所屬組就好了益咬，chown -R oracle:dba /database/db1 就好了.參考連接：ORACLE11g 實(shí)例啟動(dòng)報(bào)錯(cuò) ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info

總結(jié)

使用空白磁盤的時(shí)候不要直接格式化整個(gè)磁盤，最少給磁盤分個(gè)區(qū)屹逛，分區(qū)系統(tǒng)類型設(shè)置為lvm(8e),再創(chuàng)建pv/vg/lv础废，要不然以后擴(kuò)容麻煩
lvextend命令最好再加上-r 參數(shù)
lvextend -r -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home
如果不加 -r 參數(shù)，需要手動(dòng)使用 resize2fs /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home才能生效罕模。

lvm 的常用操作

lv/pv/vg	查看顯示	創(chuàng)建	刪除	擴(kuò)容	激活	掃描查找
LV	lvdisplay	lvcreate	lvremove	lvextend	lvchange	lvscan
PV	pvdisplay	pvcreate	pvremove		pvchange	pvscan
VG	vgdisplay	vgcreate	vgremove	vgextend	vgchange	vgscan

參考鏈接

RedHat/CentOS根目錄擴(kuò)容
 linux分區(qū)滿了评腺，如何進(jìn)行擴(kuò)容
 【linux】新添加一塊硬盤制作LVM卷并進(jìn)行分區(qū)掛載
 故障處理：磁盤擴(kuò)容出錯(cuò)：e2fsck: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/vdb1

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